首页 理论教育 《感化型政治:以圣雄甘地绝食的理论与实践为例》文献的评估

《感化型政治:以圣雄甘地绝食的理论与实践为例》文献的评估

时间:2022-09-10 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:甘地的绝食确实是一个充满了争议的话题,这个话题已经为多数的甘地研究者所注意到了。这充分体现了甘地绝食的复杂性。这种零散性给甘地绝食的研究带来根本性的瓶颈。为此,急需加强对甘地绝食全面系统性的研究。惟有如此,才能充分审视甘地绝食的思想和实践,充分吸纳各方意见,理性全面分析甘地的绝食行为。

三、文献的评估

由上面的综述可以知道,对甘地的政治绝食的研究,论者已经从多个角度、多个方面展开了各不相同的论述和争论。甘地的绝食确实是一个充满了争议的话题,这个话题已经为多数的甘地研究者所注意到了。由于各自的价值观、立场以及审视角度的不同,不同的观察者总能获得不同的结论。这充分体现了甘地绝食的复杂性。论争也基本涉及了甘地绝食的多个侧面,也谈及了甘地绝食的核心问题——伦理合理性和结果功效性问题,能围绕这个核心问题而展开研究。就甘地绝食的基本解读来说,论者们也能结合甘地本人的言论以及行动,基本梳理清楚其基本思想和内涵。为我们进一步展开研究提供良好的基础。

可惜的是,对甘地绝食的研究,由于各种原因,现在仍然存在许多不足,主要有:

第一,盲人摸象式的零散研究。甘地文献的零散性,我们在前面(文献基本概况部分)已有谈及。这种零散性给甘地绝食的研究带来根本性的瓶颈。主要是没有完整的专著出现,也没有建立在对甘地所有政治绝食言行的研究基础上来下判断。论者们或者只是抓住甘地的只言片语,或者只是对某个运动、某次绝食、某个派别的反馈进行研究并下判断,显得“只见树木、不见森林”。这种缺陷如同盲人摸象,使论者们各执一词、莫衷一是,也使得对甘地绝食的解读和研究上出现纷繁复杂、真伪难辨的怪相。为此,急需加强对甘地绝食全面系统性的研究。

第二,理论和实践的分离。对甘地的绝食研究,我们归纳了三种路径:功能主义、话语分析以及两者结合的方式。虽然结合方式是更多的论者所采取的。但是,部分由于零散性的原因,部分由于论者方法论自觉性不够的原因,最后一种路径与其说是结合,不如说是“混合”的路径。这种路径的论者基本上没有对甘地所有的绝食言论进行系统的归纳,仅凭几句甘地的言论,就试图梳理出一个简单的教条,然后对几次运动(尤其是1932年、1943年、1947年等)进行审视,就下结论。其实结合是不紧密的,基本上还是停留在功能主义的分析范畴。而解读路径来说,这部分的论者虽然能够较好地解读甘地的绝食思想,但是却跳出甘地思想本身,从历史社会的反应上来客观审视其意义。加上这部分的论者多数是“甘地主义者”,这种意识形态的站位,也给甘地绝食研究带来了困难。

第三,鲜有客观的研究。由于非暴力本身就是一个充满着规范伦理意义的话题,本身无可避免地就涉及了对暴力—非暴力的价值判断,这使得以非暴力反抗精神指导的甘地绝食研究,一开始就带上了浓厚的意识形态争论意蕴。这也使得许多论者自觉或不自觉地掉入意识形态争论的泥潭,模糊了规范研究与经验研究的界限,在下判断时,其主观的价值观念常起决定性的作用,无法践行“价值—事实”二分,对绝食本身进行客观的分析。比如,一些赞同非暴力价值的作者——尤其是一些甘地主义者,多数高度盛赞绝食的功能和意义,而没有看到这种社会变革和抗争手段的局限性;另外一些对非暴力的价值表示冷淡或反对的作者,却仅仅只能从外部来审视甘地绝食,没有看到其精神内核和潜在的社会功效。这是多数论者大多偏执一方、好走极端的一个重要原因。

综合当前甘地绝食研究的发展和不足,我们认为可以获得以下几个启示:

第一,须将甘地的绝食作为一个独立的主题进行全面、系统、专注的研究。惟有如此,才能充分审视甘地绝食的思想和实践,充分吸纳各方意见,理性全面分析甘地的绝食行为。这是克服以上各种局限的首要前提。

第二,研究的方法上,必须采取功能主义与话语分析并重、理论与实践相结合、重视思想与历史的对比研究的办法。必须注意“价值—事实”二分的科学方法,不可以价值扭曲对事实的判断,不可以主观预判主导客观分析。这种方法绝非完全的价值冷淡,而是明确的研究自律,区分问题性质,采取相应的研究办法——对规范问题进行价值判断,对事实问题采取经验分析。而在整个经验分析中,又不得不采取价值中立,以确保分析的可靠性

第三,研究的问题必须围绕着甘地的“坚持真”精神展开。把绝食作为一种“坚持真”来展开研究,并且在可能的情况下进而推导反思“坚持真”的意义和局限。而其核心问题就在于绝食(乃至整个“坚持真”)的有效性和非强迫性上,这两个目标的实现程度恰是甘地绝食(或“坚持真”)成败的指标和内在尺度。

【注释】

(1)参见M.K.Gandhi,Gandhi’s Great Fast-1932,Dewan Ram Parkash(ed.),Lahore:Popular Pub-lishers,1932;M.K.Gandhi,Ethicsof Fasting,Jag Parvesh Chander(ed.),Lahore:India Printing Works,1944。

(2)当前国内对甘地绝食的研究论文仅有两篇(甘信风、葛立云的文章,见参考文献),均为简单介绍性的文章,不具严格的学术探讨意义。

(3)Robert E.Klitgaard,Gandhi’s Non-violence as a Tactic,Journal of Peace Research,Vol.8,No.2,1971,pp.143-153.

(4)Anthony Parel,Symbolism in Gandhian Politics,Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revueca-nadienne de science politique,Vol.2,No.4,Dec.1969,pp.513-527.

(5)参见Dennis Dalton,Nonviolencein Action:Gandhi’sPower,New Delhi:Oxford University Press,1993;Afaque Khan,Gandhian Ap proach to Communalism,Delhi:Ajanta Books International,1986;Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya,Social and Political Thought of Gandhi,Delhi&etc:Allied Publishers,1969。

(6)参见J.K.Mehta,Gandian Fast,from Gandhi Marg(volumes uncertained)。

(7)参见A.Jayabalan,Satyagraha and Fasting:A Gandhian Perspective,Gandhi Marg,1999,Vol.20,No.4。

(8)参见Margaret Chatterjee,Gandhi’s Religious Thought,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1983。

(9)参见Micheal W.Sonnleitner,Gandhian Nonviolence:Levelsof Satyagraha,New Delhi:Abhinav Publications,1985。

(10)参见Joan V.Bondurant,Conquestof Violence:TheGandhian Philosophy of Conf lict,Princeton&New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988;Louis Fischer,Gandhi:His Life and Message for the World,New York:New American Library,1954;Johan Galtung,The Way Is the Goal:Gandhi Today,Ahmedabad:Gujarat Vidyapith,1992;Richard G.Fox,Gandhian Fasting as Cultural In-vention,Gandhi Marg,January-March,1996;Thomas Weber,The Lesson from the Disciples:Is There a Contradiction in Gandhi’s Philosophy of Action?Modern Asian Studies,Vol.28,No.1,Feb.1994,pp.195-214;B.R.Nanda,Gandhi and His Critics,Delhi&New York:Oxford Univer-sity Press,1985;E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948;Gene Sharp,The Politics of Nonviolent Action,Boston:Por-ter Sargent Publishers,1973。

(11)参见Gene Sharp,The Politics of Nonviolent Action,Boston:Porter Sargent Publishers,1973;A.Jayabalan,Satyagraha and Fasting:A Gandhian Perspective,Gandhi Marg,1999,Vol.20,No.4;Richard G.Fox,Gandhian Fasting as Cultural Invention,Gandhi Marg,January-March,1996;E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948。

(12)参见Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya,Social and Political Thought of Gandhi,Delhi&etc:Allied Publishers,1969;Micheal W.Sonnleitner,Gandhian Nonviolence:Levels of Satyagraha,New Delhi:Abhinav Publications,1985;P.R.Diwakar,Saga of Satyagraha,New Delhi,etc:Gandhi Peace Foundation,1969;Joan V.Bondurant,Conquest of Violence:The Gandhian Philosophy of Conf lict,Princeton&New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988。

(13)如E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948,p.150。

(14)参见Joseph Francis Backianadan,Love in the Life and Works of Mahatma Gandhi,New Delhi:Sterling Publishers Private Limited,1991。

(15)参见William Robert Miller,Non-violence:A Christian Interpretation,London:George Allen&Unwin Ltd,1964,p.174;S.S.Gill,Gandhi:A Sublime Failure,New Delhi:Rupa.Co.,2001,pp.86,195。

(16)参见Thomas Weber,The Lesson from the Disciples:Is There a Contradiction in Gandhi’s Philoso-phy of Action?Modern Asian Studies,Vol.28,No.1,Feb.1994,pp.200-201。

(17)如Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya,Social and Political Thought of Gandhi,Delhi&etc:Allied Publishers,1969。

(18)如Ignatius Jesudasan,A Gandhian Theology of Liberation,Maryknoll&New York:Orbis Books,1984;Afaque Khan,Gandhian Ap proach to Communalism,Delhi:Ajanta Books Interna-tional,1986。

(19)参见J.K.Mehta,Gandian Fast,from Gandhi Marg(volumes uncertained),pp.229-231。

(20)如Joan V.Bondurant,Conquest of Violence:The Gandhian Philosophy of Con f lict,Princeton&New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988;J.K.Mehta,Gandian Fast,from Gandhi Marg(volumes uncertained),p.230;Margaret Chatterjee,Gandhi’s Religious Thought,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1983,p.71;Ignatius Jesudasan,A Gandhian Theology of Libera-tion,Maryknoll&New York:Orbis Books,1984,p.10等。

(21)如Nicholas F.Gier,The Virtue of Nonviolence:FromGautama to Gandhi,Albany:State Univer-sity of New York Press,2004;Gene Sharp,The Politics of Nonviolent Action,Boston:Porter Sargent Publishers,1973;Thomas Weber,The Lesson from the Disciples:Is There a Contradiction in Gandhi’s Philosophy of Action?Modern Asian Studies,Vol.28,No.1,Feb.1994,pp.200-201等。

(22)参见Dennis Dalton,Gandhi:Ideology and Authority,Modern Asian Studies,Vol.3,No.4,1969,pp.377-393;Anthony Parel,Symbolism in Gandhian Politics,Canadian Journal of Political Sci-ence/Revuecanadienne de science politique,Vol.2,No.4,Dec.1969,p.521;Erikih Erikson,Gandhi’s Truth on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence,New York:Norton,1969。

(23)参见Nicholas F.Gier,The Virtue of Nonviolence:From Gautama to Gandhi,Albany:State Uni-versity of New York Press,2004,pp.31,61;Margaret Chatterjee,Gandhi’s Religious Thought,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1983,pp.33,71;Raghavan N.Iyer,The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi,New York:New York Oxford University Press,1973,pp.261,335;Esme Wynne-Tyson,Fasting in the West and East,Gandhi Marg(volumes uncer-tained),p.220。

(24)参见E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948;Dennis Dalton,Gandhi:Ideology and Authority,Modern Asian Studies,Vol.3,No.4,1969,pp.377-393。

(25)参见Thomas Weber,The Lesson From the Disciples:Is There a Contradiction in Gandhi’s Philoso-phy of Action?Modern Asian Studies,Vol.28,No.1,Feb.1994,pp.200-201;Himansu Roy,Poverty of Gandhian Philosophy,New Delhi:Concept Publishing Company,2001。

(26)参见Dennis Dalton,Nonviolencein Action:Gandhi’s Power,New Delhi:Oxford University Press,1993;B.R.Nanda,Gandhi and His Critics,Delhi&New York:Oxford University Press,1985;J.K.Mehta,Gandian Fast,fromGandhi Marg(volumes uncertained);Louis Fischer,Gandhi:His Lifeand Message for the World,New York:New American Library,1954;Gene Sharp,The Pol-itics of Nonviolent Action,Boston:Porter Sargent Publishers,1973;Anthony Parel,Symbolism in Gandhian Politics,Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique,Vol.2,No.4,Dec.1969,p.521。

(27)参见Richard G.Fox,Gandhian Fasting as Cultural Invention,Gandhi Marg,January-March,1996。

(28)参见Vinay Lal,When Gandhi Did Not Fast,Gandhi Marg,March,1988。

(29)参见E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948,p.141。

(30)参见Ambedkar,What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables,1944,from www.Ambedkar.org;Nathuram Godse,Why I Assassinated Mahatma Gandhi?Delhi:Arya Offset Printing Press,1993。

(31)参见Ambedkar,What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables,1944,from www.Ambedkar.org,Charpter X;Nathuram Godse,Why I Assassinated Mahatma Gandhi?Delhi:Arya Offset Printing Press,1993,p.97。

(32)参见Jawaharlal Nehru,Jawaharlal Nehru:An Autobiography,Delhi:Oxford University Press,1989,p.403。

(33)参见S.S.Gill,Gandhi:A Sublime Failure,New Delhi:Rupa.Co.,2001,pp.81,183。

(34)参见Jawaharlal Nehru,Jawaharlal Nehru:An Autobiography,Delhi:Oxford University Press,1989,p.370。

(35)Nathuram Godse,Why I Assassinated Mahatma Gandhi?Delhi:Arya Offset Printing Press,1993,p.50.

(36)S.S.Gill,Gandhi:A Sublime Failure,New Delhi:Rupa.Co.,2001,p.81.

(37)Erikih Erikson,Gandhi’s Truth on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence,New York:Norton,1969,pp.363,362.

(38)Harold Coward,Indian Critiques of Gandhi,New York:State University of New York Press,2003,p.161.

(39)参见Harold Coward,Indian Critiques of Gandhi,New York:State University of New York Press,2003,pp.246-247。

(40)参见Jawaharlal Nehru,Jawaharlal Nehru:An Autobiography,Delhi:Oxford University Press,1989,p.372。

(41)参见Dennis Dalton,Nonviolencein Action:Gandhi’s Power,New Delhi:Oxford University Press,1993,p.153。

(42)B.R.Nanda,Gandhi and His Critics,Delhi&New York:Oxford University Press,1985,p.107.

(43)参见Pyarelal,The Epic Fast,Ahmedabab:Mohanlal Maganlal Bhatt,1932。

(44)D.G.Tendulkar,Mahatma:Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(8 volumes),New Delhi:Publications Division,Minstry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India,Vol.3,1954,p.206.

(45)D.G.Tendulkar,Mahatma:Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(8 volumes),New Delhi:Publications Division,Minstry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India,Vol.3,1954,p.206.

(46)Dennis Dalton,Nonviolence in Action:Gandhi’s Power,New Delhi:Oxford University Press,1993,pp.156-157.

(47)参见Dennis Dalton,Nonviolencein Action:Gandhi’s Power,New Delhi:Oxford University Press,1993;Harold Coward,Indian Critiques of Gandhi,New York:State University of New York Press,2003;B.R.Nanda,Gandhi and His Critics,Delhi&New York:Oxford University Press,1985;Ignatius Jesudasan,A Gandhian Theology of Liberation,Maryknoll&New York:Orbis Books,1984。

(48)参见E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948,p.147;M.M.Verma,Gandhi’s Technique of Mass Moblization,New Delhi:P.K.Gupta&Co.,1990,p.145。

(49)参见E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948,p.156。

(50)Ibid.,p.142.

(51)Louis Fischer,Gandhi:His Life and Message for the World,New York:New American Library,1954,p.123.

(52)B.R.Nanda,Gandhi and His Critics,Delhi&New York:Oxford University Press,1985,p.21.

(53)参见Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya,Social and Political Thought of Gandhi,Delhi&etc:Allied Publish-ers,1969,pp.232-252;Afaque Khan,Gandhian Approach to Communalism,Delhi:Ajanta Books Inter-national,1986,pp.50-52;S.M.Burke,and Salim Al-Din Quraishi,Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah:His Personality and His Politics,Oxford University Press,1997,pp.388-389。

(54)参见Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya,Social and Political Thought of Gandhi,Delhi&etc:Allied Publishers,1969;Afaque Khan,Gandhian Ap proach to Communalism,Delhi:Ajanta Books Inter-national,1986。

(55)Afaque Khan,Gandhian Approach to Communalism,Delhi:Ajanta Books International,1986,pp.50-52.

(56)Louis Fischer,Gandhi:His Life and Message for the World,New York:New American Library,1954,pp.79-80.

(57)Himansu Roy,Poverty of Gandhian Philosophy,New Delhi:Concept Publishing Company,2001,pp.201-206.

(58)参见A.Jayabalan,Satyagraha and Fasting:A Gandhian Perspective,Gandhi Marg,1999,Vol.20,No.4,p.466;Joan V.Bondurant,Conquest of Violence:The Gandhian Philosophy of Con-f lict,Princeton&New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988,p.43;Arne Naess,Gandhi and Group Con f lict,Netherlands:Springer,2005,pp.148-149。

(59)Louis Fischer,Gandhi:His Li fe and Message for the World,New York:New American Library,1954,pp.79-80,122-124,178,183,187.

(60)Horace Alexander,Gandhi Through Western Eyes,Asia Pub.House,1969,pp.52-53.

(61)参见Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya,Social and Political Thought of Gandhi,Delhi&etc:Allied Publishers,1969,p.252;Afaque Khan,Gandhian Ap proach to Communalism,Delhi:Ajanta Books International,1986,pp.50-52;Raghavan N.Iyer,The Moral and Political Thought of Ma-hatma Gandhi,New York:New York Oxford University Press,1973,p.333。

(62)参见Micheal W.Sonnleitner,Gandhian Nonviolence:Levelsof Satyagraha,New Delhi:Abhinav Publications,1985,p.51;E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hod-der and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948,p.143。

(63)参见Micheal W.Sonnleitner,Gandhian Nonviolence:Levelsof Satyagraha,New Delhi:Abhinav Publications,1985,pp.51-52;Joan V.Bondurant,Conquest of Violence:The Gandhian Philoso-phy of Conf lict,Princeton&New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988,pp.9-11;Arne Naess,Gandhi and Group Con f lict,Netherlands:Springer,2005,p.91。

(64)参见Raghaven N.Iyer,The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi,New York:New York Oxford University Press,1973,p.335。

(65)参见E.Stanley Jones,Mahatma Gandhi:An Interpretation,London:Hodder and Stoughton,St.Paul’s House,1948,p.150;J.K.Mehta,Gandian Fast,fromGandhi Marg(volumes uncertained),p.230。

(66)Thomas Weber,The Lesson From the Disciples:Is There a Contradiction in Gandhi’s Philosophy of Action?Modern Asian Studies,Vol.28,No.1,Feb.1994,pp.201-202.

(67)M.M.Verma,Gandhi’s Technique of Mass Moblization,New Delhi:P.K.Gupta&Co.,1990,p.145.

(68)参见Mark Juergensmeyer,The Gandhi Revival—A Review Article,The Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.43,No.2,Feb.1984,pp.293-298;William Robert Miller,Non-violence:A Christian Inter-pretation,London:George Allen&Unwin Ltd.,1964,pp.174-175。

(69)参见Thomas Weber,The Lesson from the Disciples:Is There a Contradiction in Gandhi’s Philoso-phy of Action?Modern Asian Studies,Vol.28,No.1,Feb.1994,pp.205-206;Himansu Roy,Poverty of Gandhian Philosophy,New Delhi:Concept Publishing Company,2001,p.205。

(70)Johan Galtung,The Way Is the Goal:Gandhi Today,Ahmedabad:Gujarat Vidyapith,1992,p.118.

(71)Thomas Weber,The Lesson from the Disciples:Is There a Contradiction in Gandhi’s Philosophy of Action?Modern Asian Studies,Vol.28,No.1,Feb.1994,p.205.

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