状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当，例如：
Naturally, our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call. (副词作状语)
我们的爷爷奶奶接到我们的电话自然会非常高兴。
We worked hard, from sunrise to sunset.
(介词短语作状语)我们努力工作，日出而作，日落而息。
To help my disabled aunt, I spend an hour working in her house every day.
(不定式作状语)为了帮助我身体残疾的伯母，我每天花一小时在她家做家务。
Seen from a distance, the farmhouse looked deserted.
(过去分词作状语)从远处看，这个农场看起来很荒凉。
I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before.
(原因状语从句作状语)我知道如何点篝火，因为我以前做过。
状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。但是enough 用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置，
例如：
The boy is old enough to look after himself.
这个男孩年龄够大了，能够照顾自己了。
►用一个句子来作状语就叫状语从句，状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语，一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。
(2/31) 时间状语从句-简介
引导时间状语的连词有：
when“在……的时候”；while“在……期间”；as“在……的同时”；after“在……之后”；before“在……之前”；as soon as“一……就……”；since“自……以来”；till/until“直到……”；by the time“到……为止”等。
(3/31) 时间状语从句-由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.
当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
Strike while the iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it.
当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。
(4/31) 时间状语从句-由before引导的时间状语从句
【注意】
当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。
It will be four days before they come back.
他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.
爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced.
他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
(5/31) 时间状语从句-由till或until引导的时间状语从句
till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.
直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
Please wait until I arrived.
在我到达之前请等我。
(6/31) 时间状语从句-由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute等引导的时间状语从句
as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute等这些连词都表示“一……就”。
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast.
一吃完早饭，我就到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.
我一听到消息，就马上赶到了出事地点。
【注意】
hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。
主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序（倒装句的具体解释请参见倒装句部分）。
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.
太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。(倒装)
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.
我刚坐下，他就进来了。(倒装)
(7/31) 时间状语从句-由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句
这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久，长达……”，此外还可以译为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。
The movie takes as long as I expected.
电影和我预料的一样长。
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark.
你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body!
只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况！
(8/31) 地点状语从句-简介
引导地点状语从句的连词有：
where“在……地方”；wherever“在任何地方”；everywhere“每一……地方，到处”；anywhere“任何地方”等。
(9/31) 地点状语从句-Where＋地点从句，there＋主句
Where＋地点从句，there＋主句。
此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”。主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。
例句：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.
哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语)
(10/31) 地点状语从句-wherever引导地点状语从句
wherever表示“在任何地方”时引导的是地点状语从句，等同于anywhere；wherever表示“无论什么地方”的时候等同于no matter where，引导的是让步状语从句。
例句：
Wherever you go, I go too.
无论你到什么地方，我都去。(让步状语从句)
Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.
无风不起浪。(谚语)(地点状语从句)
(11/31) 条件状语从句-简介
引导条件状语从句的连词有：if“如果”；unless (=if not)“除非……否则”；suppose/supposing that“假如”，provided/providing (that)“假如”；as(so) long as “只要……就……”；on condition that“在……条件下”；in case “万一，如果”。
例句：
You will get good grades if you study hard.
如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩。
I will go to the party unless he goes there too.
我会去参加聚会的,除非他也去。(如果他不去,我就去。)
You will be late unless you leave immediately.
如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的。(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.)
Suppose you had a million pounds, how would you spend it?
假如你有一百万英镑，你将如何花费？
I will agree to go provided/providing (that) my expenses are paid.
如果支付我的费用，我同意走。
You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.
如果穿上大衣，你就可以出去。
Tell me in case you get into trouble.
万一遇到麻烦请告诉我。
(12/31) 原因状语从句-简介
引导原因状语从句的连词有：because，as，since，for，now that，seeing that，considering (that)，in that 等。
例句：
I didn't go to school yesterday because I was ill.
我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。
Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.
既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧。
As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.
既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜。
I asked her to stay for tea, for I had something to tell her.
我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她。
You ought to have a good rest now that you've finished the work.
既然已完成了工作,你就应该好好休息一下。
This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.
这本书不同于那本,因为这本是有关化学的,而那本是有关历史的。
Seeing/Considering that it is eight o'clock, we'll wait no longer.
由于时间已到八点,我们将不再等了。
(13/31) 目的状语从句-简介
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that“以便”，lest“唯恐，以免”，in order that“以便”，in case“免得，以防”，for fear(that)“唯恐，以免”等。
例句：
I opened the window so that fresh air might come in.
我把窗户打开以便新鲜空气可以进来。
We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can make your arrangements.
我们将很快让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。
We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry.
我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。
She explained again and again in case we should misunderstand her.
她再三解释，生怕我们误解她。
We spoke in whispers for fear that we might wake the baby.
我们轻声说话,生怕吵醒婴儿。
(14/31) 结果状语从句-简介
引导结果状语从句的连词有：(so) that, so…that, such…that。
例句：
He always studied so hard that he made great progress.
他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.
天气是如此的好，以至于我们大家都想去公园玩。
【注意】
so和 such用法不同：such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组；so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为 so与such之间的转换。且so that与such…that都可以引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，当它们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等词。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以至于大家都相信他。(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.)
(15/31) 让步状语从句-简介
让步状语从句的连词有： though, although, as, even if, even though, whether… or…，no matter+疑问词等。though, although当“虽然”讲时, 都不能和but连用，但是它们都可以同yet (still) 连用。
例句：
Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐。
Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.
尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩。
(16/31) 让步状语从句-as 引导的倒装句
as引导的让步状语从句必须把表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。
例句：
Child as he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
尽管他是个小孩子，他知道什么事情是应该做的。
Hard as he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
虽然他尽了力，但他的工作总做的不尽如人意。
(17/31) 让步状语从句-ever if=even though “即使”
ever if=even though “即使”。
例句：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
即使天气不好，我们也要旅行。
(18/31) 让步状语从句-whether…or…“不管……都……”
whether…or…“不管……都……”。
例句：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你信不信，它都是真的。
(19/31) 让步状语从句-no matter+疑问词或疑问词+后缀-ever“无论……”
no matter+疑问词或疑问词+后缀-ever“无论……”。
例句：
No matter what happened, he would not mind =Whatever happened, he would not mind.
不管发生了什么，他都不在乎。
【总结】
no matter what = whatever；no matter who = whoever；no matter when = whenever；no matter where = wherever；no matter which = whichever；no matter how = however
(20/31) 让步状语从句-while引导的让步状语从句
while引导的让步状语从句
例句：
While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.
虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色,但我不喜欢它的形状。
(21/31) 比较状语从句-简介
比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级及最高级的句子之中，通常由as或than引导。
例句：
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.
他醒来得和入睡一样突然。(第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词)
The youth of today are better off than we used to be.
今天的年轻人比我们过去的境况要好。
(22/31) 比较状语从句-not so much…as… “与其说……不如说”
not so much…as… “与其说……不如说”
与这种结构连用的词语必须在对称的位置上,即not so much之后的词语和as之后的词语在词性上要保持一致。
例句：
He is not so much a scholar as a businessman.
他与其说是学者倒不如说是个商人。
(23/31) 比较状语从句-sb./sth. is more A than B表示“与其说sb./sth.是B，不如说是A”
sb./sth. is more A than B表示“与其说sb./sth.是B，不如说是A”
例句：
He is more an artist than a philosopher.
与其说他是位哲学家，不如说他是位艺术家。
(24/31) 比较状语从句-no more… than “两者都不”
no more… than “两者都不”
例句：
The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。
(25/31) 比较状语从句-rather than “而不是”
rather than “而不是”
例句：
These are political rather than social matters.
这是政治问题而不是社会问题。
(26/31) 比较状语从句-other than “除了”
other than “除了”
He has no friend other than you.
他除你之外就没有别的朋友了。
(27/31) 比较状语从句-no other than=none other than “正是”
no other than=none other than “正是”
例句：
This is no other than my old friend, John.
这位不是别人，正是我的老朋友约翰。
(28/31) 比较状语从句-anything but “根本不”
anything but “根本不”
例句：
Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.
虽然他单独一人住在一所废弃的房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。(句中anything but意为not at all)
(29/31) 比较状语从句-nothing but “只不过是”
nothing but “只不过是”
例句：
His public expressions of grief are nothing but show.
他公开表示悲痛只不过是做做样子而已。(句中nothing but意为only)
(30/31) 方式状语从句-简介
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…“正如……，就像”, as if, as though “仿佛……似的，好像……似的”引导。
例句：
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，就像鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
They completely ignore these facts as if/as though they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它们不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气虚拟语气的详细讲解请参见虚拟语气部分。)
He cleared his throat as if (he was) to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。(as if引导的从句若是“主系表”结构，可省略主语和系动词。)
【注意】
as if/as though在look, seem等连系动词后引导表语从句。
He looks as if/as though he had been hit by lightning.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)
(31/31) 状语从句的省略
状语从句在表达过程中可以进行省略，由于主从句的主语是否一致导致两种不同的省略方式：
（1）分词作状语
在状语从句中，若前后主从句主语一致，则省略从句的主语，将后面的动词发生形式上的变化，主动语态变成ing形式，若是被动语态，则保留过去分词。连词可以省略，可以保留。
a. 条件：状语从句，前后主语一致
b. 省略方式：关系词（可保留可去除）+动词形式变化（-ing/-ed）
Eg. When the mouse saw the cat, it ran off.
= When seeing the cat, the mouse ran off.
= Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off.
If I were given more time, I would be able to complete it.
= If given more time, I would be able to complete it.
= Given more time, I would be able to complete it.
When she was reading the letter, she burst out crying.
= When reading the letter, she burst out crying.
= Reading the letter，she burst out crying.
例1：When _______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
【解析】四个选项是compare的不同形式，但是题干句首引导词when后面美有主语，说明与后面的主语保持一致，即we。“我们比较不同的文化”，应该是主动概念，应该是comparing。
例2：He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society，________ insufficiently(不够地)popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering
C. to be considered D. having considered
【解析】逗号前后应该是两个分句，但是后面的分句没有主语，因此是he，与前面的分句主语保持一致。“他没有接任协会主席，_____不受到所有成员的拥戴”，两句话之间是因果关系，但关系词被省略，因此考点是分词作状语。后面分句补足省略的信息应该是“他被认为不受到所有成员的拥戴”，“被认为”是否定概念，保留过去分词，因此排除BD两项。C不定式不能用于分词作状语，只能选A。其实正确答案应该是considered，但是be considered结构在省略时可以把be看成动词，因此变成being。
例3：Feeling threatened，companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels，trying to anticipate every possible accident.
【解析】本句是典型的分词作状语，前面分句没有主语，与后面的companies一致。trying to anticipate every possible accident是分词作定语，对于前面动作的进一步解释说明。
【妙译】公司感觉受到威胁，贴出更长的警示牌，试图预测所有可能发生的事故。
例4：Being interested in the relationship of language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
【解析】此句的主干为Whorf developed the idea，现在分词短语“Being interested in the relationship of language and thought”作状语，从句that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society是the idea的同位语，说明是什么样的idea.
【妙译】沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
（2）独立主格结构
状语从句如果前后两个分句的主语不一致，也可以省略，称为独立主格结构。但是省略的方式与分词作状语不同：通常省略从句的连词，保留主语，后面的动词发生形式的变化，主动语态将动词变成ing形式，被动语态保留过去分词。
如：If time permits, I will pay a visit to the museum.
= Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the museum. (省略连词if，前后主语不一致，保留主语time，动词主动概念变成ing形式)
独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言，是一种很常用的修辞手法，考研中比较少见，大家只作了解。独立主格结构在句中有多种作用，如表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等。
Eg. Mary coming back, they discussed it together. （表时间）
玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。
That being the case, we’d better make another plan. （表原因）
情况既然如此，我们最好重新制定计划。
Health and persistence given, one can do great things.（表条件）
有健康的身体和顽强的毅力的话，一个人能做出伟大的事情。
She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind.(表伴随)
她沿着小路走，她的女儿紧跟在后面。
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