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第节,定语从句

时间:2022-09-17 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:在复合句中修饰名词或代词,作定语的句子叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步,而引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。Next month, when you'll spend your summer holidays in your hometown,is approaching.关系副词where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词,在定语从句中充当地点状语.这就是他工作过的办公室。

(1/16) 定语从句简介

在复合句中修饰名词或代词,作定语的句子叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步,而引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词

(2/16) 关系代词-指人的关系代词who, whom和that的用法

(1)作主语(who, that)。
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.

那些要参加比赛的人午饭后1:30在大门口集合。

在本句中,先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句,同时代替先行词,在从句中担任谓语动词are going to play 的主语。
(2)作动词宾语(whom, that),此种情况下的关系代词可以省略。
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.

这正是我要的做这份工作的人。

在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句,同时代替先行词,在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。
(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时,关系代词不能用that,也不能省略,但是当介词放在从句末尾时,作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。
The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist. =The book (that/which) I got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous scientist.

我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago?=Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?

刚才和你说话的那个男孩是谁?

(3/16) 关系代词-指物的关系代词which和that的用法

(1)作主语。
This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.

这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。
(2)作宾语,包括作介词宾语。
The chair (which/that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.

你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在维修。
This is the bike for which I paid $ 100.

这就是我花了100美元买的那辆自行车。

(4/16) 关系代词-whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定语,of which 可用whose代替

whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定语,of which 可用whose代替。

例句:

The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father's.

那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。
That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which) was broken.

这就是那本封皮破了的书。

(5/16) 关系代词-关系代词作从句的主语时,从句的谓语动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致

关系代词作从句的主语时,从句的谓语动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致。

例句:

These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English.

这就是用英文写成的使用说明。
So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception.

就我所知,有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。

(6/16) 关系代词-非限定性定语从句不用that,只用who(whose, whom)和which指代人和物

非限定性定语从句不用that,只用who(whose, whom)和which指代人和物。

例句:

That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years.

那栋塔楼空着已经5年了,建它花了500万美元。

The accounts of the company, which I've been paying great attention to, are in balance.

公司的账目是保持平衡的,我一直非常注意这些账目。

(7/16) 关系副词简介

when,where,why属于关系副词,都在其引导的定语从句中充当状语,其具体用法见下面知识点。

(8/16) 关系副词when

关系副词when引导定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)修饰表示时间的先行词,在定语从句中充当时间状语。

例句:
I still remember the day when I first met Jennifer.

我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。
Next month, when you'll spend your summer holidays in your hometown,is approaching.

下个月即将来临,届时你们将在家乡度暑假。

(9/16) 关系副词where

关系副词where引导定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)修饰表示地点的先行词,在定语从句中充当地点状语.

例句:
This is the office where he worked.

这就是他工作过的办公室。
She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends.

她要到澳门去定居, 在那里她有几个密友。

(10/16) 关系副词why

关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason,在定语从句中充当原因状语。

例句:
I don't know the reason why he came so late.

我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。
That is the reason why I don't want to go.

那就是我不想去的理由。
He didn't tell me the reason why he was so upset.

他没有告诉我他为什么那样心烦意乱。

(11/16) 关系代词与关系副词的联系

关系代词与关系副词之间并非毫无关联,两者之间存在密切的联系。很多情况下关系副词用“介词+关系代词which”来代替,其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定,见下表:

例句:

I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place.
这就是谋杀发生的地方。
He didn't give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired.
他没给任何解雇我的理由。
This is the house where (=in which) my parents used to live.
这就是我父母以前住过的房子。

(12/16) 重点-是用关系代词还是用关系副词

关系代词和关系副词是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词,一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分;二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。如果关系词代表的是人或物,作主语或者宾语则用关系代词,如果关系词代表地点或原因等,在定语从句中作状语则用关系副词。

例句:
This is the room where/in which we'll celebrate the New Year.

这是我们将要庆贺新年的房间。在定语从句中充当地点状语,用关系副词where。
This is the room(that/which) we'll celebrate the New Year in.

这是我们将要庆贺新年的房间。在定语从句中充当介词in的宾语,用关系代词,且可以省略。

(13/16) 重点-限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

限定性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内,对先行词起限定的作用,是先行词必不可少的修饰语,没有它,整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整。
非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用,不是先行词必不可少的修饰语,只对先行词起补充说明的作用,没有它,整个句子的意思不会受到影响、仍然完整。非限定性定语从句相当于一个分句,翻译时也是把它当作分句处理的。非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间要用逗号隔开;而限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间不能用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句中除了不用that以外,其他关系词都可使用,使用方法与限定性定语从句一样。

例句:
The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down.

两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。(限定性定语从句)
The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down.

那家超市现在已经倒闭了,它是两个月前开的。(非限定性定语从句)

(14/16) 重点-as引导定语从句

在the same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,含义是“像……一样”。偶尔the same 后面也用that,此时,含义不再是“像……一样”,而是“就是……的那个”。

例句:
I've never heard such stories as he tells.

我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do.

如果他做这件事的方法和我一样,那就奇怪了。
He's wearing the same suit as he wore at Mary's wedding.

他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
He's wearing the same suit that he wore at Mary's wedding.

他穿着他在Mary婚礼上穿的衣服。
【注意】
①as 引导非限定性定语从句可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,常用于下列句型:as is known, as is said, as is reported, as is announced 等。

例句:
As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.

我们都知道,王先生是一位好老师。
②as 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别:当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which。

例句:
He made a long speech, as was expected.正如大家期待的,他做了长篇演说。
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

没有想到,他做了长篇演说。

(15/16) 定语从句省略

①关系词充当从句宾语
关系词充当从句宾语时,可以直接省略,后面的从句没有形式的变化,因此会出现两个名词或一个名词一个代词连用在一起的情况。

例1:I know the boy who the teacher praised just now.

【解析】who在从句中充当praise的宾语,可以直接省略为 I know the boy the teacher praised just now。省略之后的句中可以看到the boy和the teacher两个名词连用。
例2:The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.
【解析】which在从句中充当face的宾语,可以直接省略为The police explained that the difficulties they faced were too severe.省略之后的句中可以看到the difficulties和they名词代词连用。

②关系词充当主语
关系词充当从句主语时,也可以省略,但后面的从句发生形式的变化,从句是主动语态,将动词变成-ing形式;从句为被动概念,将动词只保留过去分词。因此省略之后会出现 “名词+动词-ing/ed”结构。
例1:The first thing which is needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder.
【解析】which在从句中充当主语,可以省略,但后面的动词is needed是被动概念,要直接保留过去分词,为The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder。省略之后的句中可以看到“名词+动词过去分词”结构。
例2:Hamilton isn’t the only educator who crossed the Atlantic.
【解析】who在从句中充当主语,可以省略,但后面的动词crossed是主动概念,要改成-ing形式,为Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic。省略之后的句中可以看到“名词+动词-ing”结构。

例3:Databases which are used by some companies don’t rely on data which are collected systematically.
【解析】此句中出现两处定语从句,而且which在从句中都充当主语,可以省略,后面的动词均为被动概念,要直接保留过去分词,为Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically.

例4:Police hunting the killer of a part-time police officer stabbed outside her home in northwest London are seeking a man wearing a hooded top seen running away from the scene.
【解析】短短的一个句子里面含有四个分词作定语:hunting:现在分词,作后置定语,修饰police,与其构成主谓关系,即“搜捕凶手的警方”;stabbed:过去分词,作后置定语,修饰officer,与其构成动宾关系,即“被刺死的警察”;man后面有两个修饰,一个是wearing与其构成主谓关系,即“穿着带有帽兜上衣的男子”,一个是seen:与其构成动宾关系,即“有人看见该名男子”。

例5:Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements.
【解析】这里现在分词arising from mass migration movements作定语修饰前面的名词,表示“大量人口流动造成的问题”。

例6:Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004.
【解析】这里出现 “名词+动词-ing”结构,因此是分词作定语,现在分词leaving home each year to study abroad作定语修饰前面的名词students,表示“每年去国外留学的学生”。

(16/16) 分割式定语从句

前面章节中我们讨论的定语从句,其先行词不论是一个单词、一个短语还是一个完整的句子,都是与后面的关系词紧密相连。

例句:
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
【解析】这个句子包含三个定语从句,它们所对应的先行词分别为:先行词child被定语从句who is raised in an environment修饰;先行词environment被定语从句where there are many stimuli修饰;先行词stimuli被定语从句which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses修饰。
【妙译】行为主义者的看法是:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境长大,而这些刺激物又能培养其做出适当反应的能力,那么他就会有比较高的智力发育水平。
►这里的先行词都与其各自定语从句紧密相连,二者没有被其他成分分隔。但在考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句,它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词,而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了其他修饰成分,这时靠近关系词前面的名词就不是先行词了,即先行词与关系词被分隔,也就是我们所说的分割式定语从句,
其中最常见的是在先行词与关系词之间插有其他的定语。这是因为先行词同时带有多个定语造成的,而定语从句与其他定语相比一般较长,结构也较复杂,因此,按照英语构句规则,结构复杂的定语从句置于其他定语后边,从而造成先行词与关系词被分隔的状况。
例1:
     Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.
【解析】这里先行词是changes,而不是economy, in the economy作为一个短语定语修饰前面的changes,然后再接定语从句that lead to…,从而造成先行词与关系词的分隔。
【妙译】社会结构方面的变化也许在间接地影响青少年犯罪率。比如,经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少、失业率上升,从而导致赚钱的工作日益难找。
例2:
    Today stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise!-fall off.
【解析】这里先行词labels带有定语several inches long,然后再接定语从句that warn…,从而造成先行词与关系词的分隔。among other things是插入语结构,可以跳过不看,定语从句中warn是动词,后面还接出一个宾语从句。
【妙译】现在的梯子带有几英寸长的警告标签,除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外,还警告你可能会摔下来—这种警告真是莫名其妙!
例3:       
    The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.
【解析】这里先行词elements带有定语from the soil,然后再接定语从句that are…,从而造成先行词与关系词的分隔。另外,这里before从句虽然是表示时间,但就上下文逻辑关系来看,我们可以转译成一个条件从句,译成“只有…才…”。
【妙译】土壤里的矿物质是无法被植物直接利用的,它们只有在溶于土壤的落液之后,才能为植物的根系所吸收。
例4:
    As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
【解析】这里先行词language or dialect与that引导的定语从句间用一个短语定语in the world隔开。
【妙译】作为一名语言学家,他承认所有的人类语言,包括非标准的语言,如黑人英语,都可以明确地表情达意—世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。


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