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感恩节散文赏析:感恩节

时间:2022-03-31 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:We will probably remember this Thanksgiving as a banquet of mixed emotions. This is, after all, a profoundly American holiday. The undertow of business as usual seems especially strong this year. The shadow of a war and misgivings over the future loom in the minds of many of us. Most years we enjoy the privacy of Thanksgiving, but this year, somehow, the holiday feels like part of a public effort to remember and reclaim for ourselves what it means to be American.That means giving thanks for some fundamental principles that should be honored every day of the year in the life of this nation-principles of generosity, tolerance and inclusion. This is a feast that no one should be turned away from. The abundance of the food piled on the table should signify that there is

第三单元 庆典与祝贺——节日文化

原文

The Thanks We Give

It’s not the turkey alone we’re grateful for. Not the cranberry sauce or the stuffing or even the pumpkin pie. Some of the people seated at the table are strangers-friends of friends, cousins of in-laws-and some are almost desperately familiar, faces we live and work with every day.

In any other week, today would merely be Thursday and the gathering of all these people—the cooking and serving and cleaning—a chore. But today it doesn’t feel that way. The host—perhaps it’s you—stands up and asks that we give thanks, and we do, each in our own way. And what we’re thankful for is simply this, the food, the shelter, the company and, above all, the sense of belonging.

As holidays go, Thanksgiving is in some ways the most philosophical. Today we try not to take for granted the things we almost always take for granted. We try, if only in that brief pause before the eating begins, to see through the well-worn patterns of our lives to what lies behind them. In other words, we try to understand how very rich we are, whether we feel very rich or not. Today is one of the few times most Americans consciously set desire aside, if only because desire is incompatible with the gratitude—not to mention the abundance—that Thanksgiving summons.

It’s tempting to think that one Thanksgiving is pretty much like another, except for differences in the guest list and the recipes. But it isn’t true. This is always a feast about where we are now. Thanksgiving reflects the complexion of the year we’re in. Some years it feels buoyant, almost jubilant in nature. Other years it seems marked by a conspicuous humility uncommon in the calendar of American emotions.

And this year? We will probably remember this Thanksgiving as a banquet of mixed emotions. This is, after all, a profoundly American holiday. The undertow of business as usual seems especially strong this year. The shadow of a war and misgivings over the future loom in the minds of many of us. Most years we enjoy the privacy of Thanksgiving, but this year, somehow, the holiday feels like part of a public effort to remember and reclaim for ourselves what it means to be American.

That means giving thanks for some fundamental principles that should be honored every day of the year in the life of this nation-principles of generosity, tolerance and inclusion. This is a feast that no one should be turned away from. The abundance of the food piled on the table should signify that there is plenty for all, plenty to be shared. The welcome we feel makes sense only if we also extend it to others.

(文章选自《中国翻译》2006年第5期,87页)

原文注释

Thanksgiving Day

1. History

Thanksgiving’s Ancient Origins

Although the American concept of Thanksgiving developed in the colonies of New England, its roots can be traced back to the other side of the Atlantic. Both the Separatists who came over on the Mayflower and the Puritans who arrived soon after brought with them a tradition of providential holidays—days of fasting during difficult or pivotal moments and days of feasting and celebration to thank God in times of plenty.

As an annual celebration of the harvest and its bounty, moreover, Thanksgiving falls under a category of festivals that spans cultures, continents and millennia. In ancient times, the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans feasted and paid tribute to their gods after the fall harvest. Thanksgiving also bears a resemblance to the ancient Jewish harvest festival of Sukkot. Finally, historians have noted that Native Americans had a rich tradition of commemorating the fall harvest with feasting and merrymaking long before Europeans set foot on their shores.

In 1621, the Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag Indians shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies. For more than two centuries, days of thanksgiving were celebrated by individual colonies and states. It wasn’t until 1863, in the midst of the Civil War, that President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a national Thanksgiving Day to be held each November.

2. Thanksgiving Traditions

In many American households, the Thanksgiving celebration has lost much of its original religious significance; instead, it now centers on cooking and sharing a bountiful meal with family and friends. Turkey, a Thanksgiving staple so ubiquitous it has become all but synonymous with the holiday, may or may not have been on offer when the Pilgrims hosted the inaugural feast in 1621. Today, however, nearly 90 percent of Americans eat the bird—whether roasted, baked or deep-fried—on Thanksgiving, according to the National Turkey Federation. Other traditional foods include stuffing, mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie. Volunteering is a common Thanksgiving Day activity, and communities often hold food drives and host free dinners for the less fortunate.

Parades have also become an integral part of the holiday in cities and towns across the United States. Presented by Macy’s department store since 1924, New York City’s Thanksgiving Day parade is the largest and most famous, attracting some 2 to 3 million spectators along its 2.5-mile route and drawing an enormous television audience. It typically features marching bands, performers, elaborate floats conveying various celebrities and giant balloons shaped like cartoon characters.

Beginning in the mid-20th century and perhaps even earlier, the president of the United States has “pardoned” one or two Thanksgiving turkeys each year, sparing the birds from slaughter and sending them to a farm for retirement. A number of U.S. governors also perform the annual turkey pardoning ritual.

译文

感恩节寄语1

叶子南 译

不单单是因为有火鸡我们才感恩,也不是因为有红莓果酱、火鸡馅料,甚至不是因为有南瓜派2。餐桌前就座的人有些是陌生人,是朋友的朋友,亲戚的亲戚3,有些则是熟得不能再熟的人,一块儿共事的同事4

要是一年中其他时候, 周四也就是个普通的周四,这么一群人聚在一起,少不了要做饭上菜、清洗杯盘,麻烦是难免的5。可今天不同,今天我们并不感到麻烦。主人(也许正是你)站起身来,邀大家感恩,每个人便以各自的方式感恩。我们要感恩,也就是因为有饭吃,有房住,有人陪伴,更重要的是有那份归属感6

在众多的假日中,感恩节可以说是最令人深思的7节日。今天我们会把平时习以为常的东西看得很珍贵8。我们至少会在吃饭前的片刻,看透那一成不变的生活,悟出背后的道理。换句话说,无论我们觉得自己是贫是富,我们总是尽力把自己看得十分富有。今天是美国人难得有意识地将欲望搁置一旁的日子,这至少是因为今天我们有一颗感恩的心,更不用说还有一桌丰盛的菜肴,欲望此时光临便显得格格不入。

人们不禁会觉得,除了宾客不同,菜式翻新9,感恩节还是年年依旧。其实不然。感恩节这一餐总是关乎到我们的处境,反映出一年的年景。有些年的感恩节我们心情愉悦,几乎是喜气洋洋,但有些年头我们却把感恩节过得相当低调,不敢骄傲,这并不是美国人惯有的情绪。

那么今年呢?日后若想起今年这个感恩节,我们也许会记得,这一餐吃得五味杂陈10。这毕竟是一个深具美国特色的节庆之日。但一切如旧的现状对美国人造成的影响在今年似乎特别大。战争的阴影,对未来的担忧,一直盘踞在我们许多人的脑海中。感恩节我们一般与至亲好友在一起,感受那种其乐融融的气氛。可是今年,我们似乎要借感恩节与国人一起重温身为美国人的意义,重拾美国的精神11

这就意味着, 我们要为能有一些基本的原则而感恩,一些这个国家的生活中每日应该尊崇的原则,也就是慷慨、容忍、包容的原则12。所以这一餐应是来者不拒。桌上菜肴如此丰盛,足够我们丰年留客,有福同享。我们感受的节日温馨,只有与他人分享才合乎情理。

译文赏析

1. 这是一篇在感恩节的背景下所写的有感人生的散文。在该散文中,作者以发人深思的口吻探讨了平凡人生的真谛,以及美国人在感恩节这个特殊的节日里所感悟到的珍惜,从而激发美国人重拾精神,即慷慨、容忍、包容的精神。散文通篇的重点在于感悟,特别是激励与鼓舞。此散文的题目为“The Thanks We Give”,直译的话平淡无味。译文当中处理为“感恩节寄语”就非常贴切。寄语是指寄托的美好愿望,同该散文的内容相契合,也在形式上体现了散文的性质。

2. 第一段想要表达的是在感恩节里,人们感恩的不单单是节日的盛宴,更重要的是同亲朋好友欢聚一堂。开头的两个句子都是关于感恩节的传统食物。因此翻译第一个句子时在顺序上可以稍作调整,这样不仅可以更合乎逻辑,还可以同第二个句子相呼应。即此处可以改译为“我们感恩,不仅仅是因为有火鸡,也不是因为有红莓果酱、火鸡馅料,又或是南瓜派”。其中的stuffing直译应为“填在禽鸟里的馅;食物中的填料”。至于是什么样的馅,联想感恩节的传统食物就不难想到是填在火鸡当中的馅。因此,译文做了增译的处理,即“火鸡馅料”,这样就更准确地将原文所要传达的信息介绍给了读者,消除了文化差异所带来的理解难度。

3. cousins of in-laws在译文中做了模糊的意译的处理,这样就更好地传达了原文的信息。其中,in-laws是“姻亲,亲家”,cousin是“堂(表)兄弟;堂(表)姐妹”。若直译则未免显得冗余混乱。译文处理为“亲戚的亲戚”,不仅准确地传递了原文想要表达的核心内容,同时也同前文的“朋友的朋友”相呼应,无论是从内容上还是从形式上都加强了译文的效果,简练且形象而生动。

4. 将“faces we live and work with every day”译为“一块儿共事的同事”显然遗漏了一个重要的方面,应改译为“每天同我们生活工作在一起的人”。

5. 原文接连使用了几个名词结构“the gathering of all these people—the cooking and serving and cleaning—a chore”。英语惯用名词,而汉语则是动词居多。因此,译文将名词结构处理为“这么一群人聚在一起,少不了要做饭上菜,清洗杯盘,麻烦是难免的。”几个动词词组和主谓结构的使用符合汉语的习惯,表达更为贴切。

6. simply一词在翻译时可做加强的处理,改译为“我们感恩的原因其实很简单:有饭吃,有房住,有人陪伴,最重要的是有那份归属感”。另外值得注意的是,此处名词food,shelter,company同样转化成了动词结构,可见将名词结构转化为动词结构是英译汉最为常用的方法之一。

7. philosophical一词若直译应为“哲学的;豁达的;达观的”。而在此处直译则显然不妥。翻译这类抽象的词汇时,译者要运用形象思维去构筑原文想要表达的意象,再结合后文的论据对该主题句进行意义的解析,不难发现philosophical一词是讲“人们在感恩节怀有一颗感恩的心,从而能够悟出平淡生活的真谛”。显然,译文当中的“令人深思的”准确而形象地表达了philosophical这一抽象词汇的内涵。

8. 原文在一句中两次使用take…for granted,一个肯定,一个否定。由于定语从句的使用,句子整体的逻辑依然清晰,且起到了加强语气的效果。若直译为汉语则未免混乱冗余,译文将第一个否定的take…for granted译为“把……看得很珍贵”同后面的“习以为常”形成对比,是不错的处理方法。

9. differences in the guest list and the recipes译为“宾客不同,菜式翻新”,不仅体现了名词短语和主谓短语的转化,还将difference一词两译,既强调了意义,又加强了语气。

10. 译文将“mixed emotions”译为“五味杂陈”不当。五味杂陈是指酸甜苦辣咸各种味道一起涌上心头,体会不出是哪一种,形容人的心里不好受。而此文虽有提及战争的阴影和对未来的担忧,但文章的中心是学会感恩,重拾精神。显然文章的感情色彩是积极而向上的。这样,“五味杂陈”一词所表达的负面感情色彩显然是不对的。可以考虑改译为“百感交集”,即各种感触交织在一起,形容心情复杂,感慨无比。可见对原文感情色彩的把握直接关系到译文内容的准确。

11. 将“we enjoy the privacy of Thanksgiving”翻译为“感恩节我们一般与至亲好友在一起,感受那种其乐融融的气氛”欠妥。译文的重点落在了“enjoy”一词上,而原文的重点显然应当是“privacy”一词,同后文的“public”形成对比。可以考虑改译为“以往的感恩节,我们只是与亲朋好友一起欢度。可是今年,我们……”。这样今昔的对比更加明显,进而强调了今年感恩节的意义。

12. 将“fundamental principles”直译为“基本原则”比较生硬。结合译文的上一句“重拾美国的精神”,可以了解到这里的principles实际上就是指精神,因此可以改译为“这就意味着,我们要为这个国家的生活中每日所推崇的精神而感恩,也就是慷慨、容忍、包容的精神。”

跨文化小贴士

英美节日文化

节日是传统的纪念或庆祝的日子,是一个国家或民族在漫长的历史过程中形成的风俗和习惯,是民族文化的集中体现。英美国家的传统节日就充分体现了其文化特性,以下介绍其中四个主要的节日:复活节、万圣节、感恩节和圣诞节。

1. 复活节(Easter/Easter Day/Easter Sunday)。复活节是英美等西方国家为了纪念和庆祝耶稣基督复活的重要宗教节日,时间是每年春分月圆后的第一个星期日。复活节前40天是大斋期。在这段时间里,教徒们斋戒和忏悔。在复活节的前一天,教徒们举行夜间祈祷。教堂的灯火会全部熄灭,象征世界黑暗一片。当午夜钟声敲响的时候,神父手持一枝点燃的、象征基督光芒的蜡烛走进教堂,并将教徒们手中的蜡烛一一点燃。当所有的蜡烛都被点燃,教堂被照得通明的时候,祈祷仪式也随之结束。复活节当天,很多教徒还会举行迎日出的宗教仪式。除了以上的宗教仪式和活动之外,人们在复活节还会互赠彩蛋(Easter egg)。彩蛋是复活节的象征,所染的颜色和所绘的图案都有一定的含义,表达祝福和喜悦,象征生命和复活。除了彩蛋之外,兔子是复活节的又一象征,因为兔子的繁殖力强,所以被视为新生的象征。

2. 万圣节前夕(Halloween)。每年的11月1日为万圣节(All Hallows),是纪念所有圣徒的日子。万圣节的前夕(每年的10月31日)被称为Halloween或Hallowe’en,即All Hallows’ Eve的缩写。万圣节是西方的“鬼节”。在古代,人们点燃篝火,穿戴上各种古怪的服饰和面具,驱除鬼怪和妖魔。流传至现代,万圣节的宗教色彩渐淡,演变成一个讲述鬼故事、参加化装舞会的喜庆娱乐节日。象征万圣节的妖魔图案现在也变成了古灵精怪的可爱模样。孩子们穿戴上古怪的服饰和面具,提着南瓜灯笼,挨家挨户讨糖吃,不给糖就扬言要捣乱:“想挨捉弄,还是款待我们!”(Trick or treat)。

3. 感恩节(Thanksgiving Day)。每年11月的第四个星期四是感恩节。感恩节是美国在早期独特的历史背景下独创的传统民俗节日,是喜庆丰收、合家团聚、举国同庆的盛大节日。1620年,一批清教徒为了寻求自由,乘坐“五月花”号船(Mayflower),克服种种困难险阻,在马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯登陆。这些移民们在新大陆上白手起家,遭遇到极大的困难,幸得当地印第安人的帮助,终于迎来了1621年的大丰收。为了庆祝来之不易的丰收、感谢当地印第安人的帮助、感激上帝的赐予,移民们举行了一次盛大的庆祝、感恩活动。印第安人受到邀请一同庆祝。火鸡、南瓜、玉米、红薯等被制成了美味佳肴。这便是美国感恩节的雏形。直到1941年,每年11月的第四个星期四才固定下来作为统一庆祝感恩节的日子。现在,人们在感恩节期间会举办化装游行、表演、比赛等活动。而最重要的莫过于一家人围坐在一起享用传统的感恩宴,热闹的场面不亚于中国人过春节。烤火鸡、南瓜馅饼、玉米布丁等这些传统的感恩节食物还一直沿用至今。

4. 圣诞节(Christmas/Xmas)。圣诞节原本是基督教徒纪念耶稣基督诞生的宗教性节日,后来演变成一个全民性的节日。12月25日为圣诞日(Christmas Day),12月24日至翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期(Christmas tide),12月24日为圣诞前夜(Christmas Eve),也称平安夜。圣诞节期间,人们互赠礼物和贺卡。传统的食物有烤火鸡和布丁。圣诞节的标志是圣诞树(Christmas tree)和圣诞老人(Santa Claus/Father Christmas)。圣诞树一般使用松柏之类的常绿树,树上挂满金银纸片、棉制雪花、彩灯、蜡烛和圣诞礼物。除了圣诞树以外,其他长青植物也通常用来装饰室内。圣诞老人是和蔼可亲的老人形象,传说他在圣诞夜驾着八只鹿拉的满载礼物的雪橇,从北方雪国赶来,由各家的烟囱下来,把礼物装进孩子们吊在壁炉或床头上的袜子(Christmas stocking)里。

以上就是英美等西方国家的四个主要节日,或源于宗教传统,或源于特殊的历史事件。无论起源是什么,现在这四个节日都已经演变成全民性质的重大节日,并且在国际范围内产生深远的影响。每一个节日都俨然是一面镜子,折射英美文化的方方面面。

参考文献

胡文仲. 跨文化交际学概论. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.

胡文仲. 英美文化辞典. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995.

贾玉新. 跨文化交际学. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.

王催春,朱冬碧,吕政. 跨文化交际. 北京:北京理工大学出版社,2008.

翻译练习

(一)《元日

——王安石

爆竹声中一岁除,春风送暖入屠苏。

千门万户曈曈日,总把新桃换旧符。

(二)《寒食》

——韩翃

春城无处不飞花,寒食东风御柳斜。

日暮汉宫传蜡烛,轻烟散入五侯家。

参考译文

1.New Year Day

In the sound of firecrackers an old year is gone,

Spring wind brings warmth as we drink Tusu wine.

Thousands of households the sun shines upon,

The new charm will always replace the old sign.

注释:

元日,即农历正月初一春节。诗中描写了春节的民间习俗:一是燃放爆竹,辞旧迎新。二是屠苏,指的是屠苏酒。诗词道出了古人过年饮屠苏酒之风俗。三是“新桃换旧符”,即“桃符”。古时候人们过年时,将桃木削成两块长方形的木板,分别画上神荼和郁垒两个神像,钉在大门两旁,用来镇鬼驱邪。爆竹在英语中有相应的词汇firecracker/cracker,可以直译。屠苏,是中华民族节日民俗的特色之一,由于其配方为中药,具有民族地域性。对于这类词英语里无对应词,可以采用音译。当纯音译不能清楚地表达原词意义时可采取音意兼译,即保留原词的语音或部分语音,兼顾意义的办法来进行翻译,而不要牵强在英语中找词汇对应翻译或一味地按照汉语的字面意思和语序结构,进行生硬的套译,否则不是民俗色彩丧失就是古诗的美感无存。根据屠苏的特点,采取音意兼Tusu wine为佳。桃符,是现在的春联的前身,而春联在英语中的相应词汇是couplet,而在翻译时使用couplet是不妥的,应充分运用对于该词汇的认知,追溯到它在诗中的具体形象,是桃木制成的避邪符器,因此charm 比couplet更能保留民俗色彩。

2.Cold Food Festival

All over the capital catkins flew wantonly,

A scene of the spring so significant:

On “Cold Food” the east wind willfully

Made the imperial willows slant.

Now as the dusk approached quietly

Within the Han palace candles glowed

Towards the five mansions of nobility

The silvery smoke of the tapers flowed.

注释:

这是一首有关寒食节的诗,也是借汉事以喻唐事的讽刺诗。古人每逢寒食,前后三天不生火,只吃冷食,故称“寒食”。据《西京杂记》所载,在汉代,寒食节虽然全国都禁火,但皇帝却赏赐封侯的贵族们以蜡烛,特许照明。此诗借古喻今,以见皇家恩泽,只及上层。

《寒食》所描述的寒食节,随着历史的发展已经淡化。寒食节在夏历冬至后一百零五日,清明节前一二日,禁烟火,只吃冷食,并在发展中逐渐增加了祭扫、踏青、秋千等风俗,寒食节绵延两千余年,曾被称为民间第一大祭日。

对于淡化弱化的节日民俗的翻译,此类节日民俗,现今在本民族相关的活动都是不容易见到,更不用说是对于异域文化的人群了。因此翻译时要尽量避免晦涩难懂的音译,而根据具体情况采取意译、直译加注释或意译加注释的方式,使本族和异域人群对这类民俗现象有一个清晰的理解。对于如今影响不大的寒食节,可采取意译的方式用Cold Food Festival将寒食的含义表达出来,至于寒食节典故等对原诗的解读有密切相关的因素,可后加注引导读者去翻阅。

(译文及注释节选自《论坛集萃》 2011第8期,266-277页)

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