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新生儿性别发育异常

时间:2022-03-19 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:正常情况下,新生儿出生后,其染色体性别和其性腺性别及外生殖器的表型相一致。新生儿时期,由雄激素或雌激素调节的下丘脑分泌的LH对性别的分化是必需的。性别是由性腺发育后的调节来确定的。同时有许多相关的基因会协同作用到性腺的发育并最终形成男性表型。WNT-4则下调胚胎睾丸合成睾酮。随着生殖细胞和支持细胞等在性腺中的增生,形态学上了出现性别的分化。卵巢本身在女性生殖道的分化过程中不

正常情况下,新生儿出生后,其染色体性别(男:46XY,女:46XX)和其性腺性别(男:睾丸,女:卵巢)及外生殖器的表型(男:阴茎阴囊,女:大小阴唇和阴道)相一致。但是,在人群中,还存在第三种性别的人,他们所拥有的性别类型,其染色体性别、性腺性别、外生殖器表型常不一致,其性别的分类是依据其性腺的状态来进行的,分别是:女性假两性畸形,性腺发育不全,真两性畸形和男性假两性畸形;此外,还有因生殖细胞在减数分裂过程中染色体出现异常而导致性别分化异常等。

一、胚胎时期性别分化与发育

(一)下丘脑、垂体发育与性别分化

在人类,垂体是由两叶组成,前叶是在胚胎时期由口腔外胚层Rathke囊外翻而形成,而后叶是由中脑腹侧的前凸所构成,这两个基本结构可以在胚胎第4或第5周就可辨认,自分泌和旁分泌活动使与相邻外胚层和神经组织的起相互作用,促使了这个区域的分化。在胚胎早期,下丘脑-垂体系统向具有内分泌功能方向进行分化,促性腺激素黄体生成素(LH)和卵泡刺激素(FSH)在胚胎第5周即已产生,促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)和其他释放激素也在这个时期,由在发育中的下丘脑产生。当门血管形成后,这些释放激素就能通过这些血管运送到垂体而产生作用。由于胚胎发育过程中,性腺开始产生激素,性腺与下丘脑-垂体相互作用、相互促进发育。男性胚胎中睾丸间质细胞(Leydig cell)在胚胎第7~8周在胎盘绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)的调节下产生雄激素,睾酮最早的高峰发生在胚胎12周。女性胚胎中,雌激素是在第10~14周即产生,但到20周才达到高峰。这个高峰是紧跟下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)和垂体促性腺激素水平达到高峰而产生的。随后的一个负反馈调节抑制了下丘脑和垂体,接下来的低水平垂体促性腺激素一直持续到胚胎结束。在围生期,女性有一个下丘脑促使性器官逐渐对上升的雌激素水平起作用的过程,最终使排卵和LH周期性上升相关,但这个过程必须到青春发育期生殖系统完全发育成熟后才开始。新生儿时期,由雄激素或雌激素调节的下丘脑分泌的LH对性别的分化是必需的。

(二)胚胎时期的性别决定与发育

性别是由性腺发育后的调节来确定的。性别分化的一系列过程是跟随于性腺器官形成的,这些过程至少由70个位于性染色体和常染色体上不同的基因来调节的。这些基因的调节机制涉及到性腺类固醇、肽激素和组织受体。在胚胎早期的发育中,原始性腺组织是双向的,即可以分化成卵巢也可以分化成睾丸。两侧的尿生殖脊来源于体腔上皮和下面的间叶细胞。当生殖细胞定殖到性腺脊上后,开始产生有双向分化潜能的性腺胚基。Y染色体的存在则发育成睾丸,而这个基因开关启动向睾丸发展的基因已经被确定是SRY基因。同时有许多相关的基因会协同作用到性腺的发育并最终形成男性表型。如果没有这些基因的参与,则向女性表型发展。原始的男性和女性生殖组织(Wolffian和Mullarian管)分别分化成有功能的生殖道的能力依赖于正常的性腺发育和性激素的分泌。

(三)性别分化的基因调节

SRY基因启动向睾丸发展的分子机制目前尚不清,除了SRY基因,还有一大群基因在男女性别的分化过程中起到了重要的作用。WT1(Wilm tumor),转录调节基因,在尿生殖发育早期作用于胚胎后肾胚细胞。SF-1(Steroidogenic factor-1),核受体基因,起转录调节作用,在男女性合成雄激素和雌激素的组织中均有表达。在睾丸支持细胞中,这个基因起调节抗Mullarian激素基因作用。WT1和SF-1两个基因对生殖脊从中胚层进行分化起到了非常重要的作用。DAX-1基因的表达起到了抗睾丸因子的作用,而且可以在SRY基因表达之前几天出现在原始性腺脊中,SRY和DAX-1的作用是抗性腺发育不良。SOX-9基因转录后同时表达在男性和女性胚胎性腺脊上,当性腺向睾丸发育时表达增强,而性腺向卵巢发育时减弱。DMRT-1和DMRT-2两个基因存在于9号常染色体上,也起到了性别决定的作用。WNF-1则在胚胎性腺中起调节类固醇合成的作用。WNT-4则下调胚胎睾丸合成睾酮。在胚胎卵巢中这个基因起到了抑制性腺雄激素的合成。

(四)胚胎时期的卵巢发育

当缺少睾丸决定基因时,包括SRY基因,原始性腺就发育成卵巢。卵巢的完全发育需要减数分裂并将生殖细胞包绕到卵泡中以及间质细胞分化合成类固醇。有迹象显示原始生殖细胞存定居于胚泡内层细胞的外胚层,原始生殖细胞先从中胚层移行至外胚层原始性腺索,然后再移行羊膜囊内胚层并发展成中肠,最后移行到系膜背侧到达性腺。随着生殖细胞和支持细胞等在性腺中的增生,形态学上了出现性别的分化。在相同时期,胚胎7~8周,卵巢生殖细胞第一次进行有丝分裂期。大约在胚胎12周,在卵泡形成前几乎没有类固醇激素的合成。随着原始生殖细胞的迁移,生殖细胞数量由不到100增加到5 000左右。迁移结束后,卵原细胞继续增殖,人类胚胎第7个月时,数量可以达到600万~700万。作为性腺,卵巢首次可被辨认是卵原细胞进入分裂期,在人类胚胎,这个时期是从第7~8周开始的。此后,卵原细胞被称为卵母细胞。在这个时间,Wnt基因可以抑制类固醇源细胞在胚胎中的分化。从卵原细胞的分裂一直持续到全部分裂为卵母细胞,然后休止。进一步分裂将延迟到成年后开始排卵。在人类,卵母细胞被包绕入颗粒细胞内,在原始卵泡中卵母细胞停留在有丝分裂I期可以持续50年。生殖细胞的数量在胚胎末期达到顶峰,此后,终身都在减少。原始卵泡就像一个池,所有发育的卵泡都从中分化出来。所有卵泡不管从胚胎或青春前期在成熟之前都要退化。但是,在青春期和成年期,一些卵泡将继续发育并排卵,但有些却不会。随着卵泡的发育,能够产生积聚类固醇激素的细胞逐渐可以在卵泡中发现,在人类胚胎,这些能产生类固醇的有超微结构有特点的细胞可以在胚胎20周以后发现。当可以引导向男性方向分化的Mullerian抑制物质(mullerian inhibiting substance,MIS)和睾酮不存在时,在女性生长过程中,Mullerian管将发育成输卵管、子宫和上半部分阴道,此外,Wolffian管退化。但是,如果在胚胎发育特定时期暴露于足量的睾酮或其他雄激素情况下,女性的表型就会雄性化。卵巢本身在女性生殖道的分化过程中不起任何作用。

(五)胚胎时期的睾丸发育

到具有二向分化潜能的性腺发育到末期,原始生殖细胞开始移行到性腺脊,此后,生殖细胞继续分化。体腔上皮被来源于生殖细胞的薄层所分隔并形成性索进行发育,白膜由间叶组织逐渐构成。睾丸的发育是在位于Y染色体上的一些基因,包括SRY基因的诱导下进行的。支持细胞(sertoli cell)与生殖细胞一起出现在睾丸索上。当男性生殖细胞被睾丸索包绕,这些细胞就被称为前精原细胞。这些前精原细胞在进入有丝分裂休止期前与形态改变同步进行分裂。此后,精原细胞到青春发育前不再进入减数分裂。当睾丸可以辨认不久,睾丸内间质细胞(Leydig cell)就开始分化并产生类固醇。人类促性腺激素(human gonadotrophic hormone,HCG)的高峰出现在间质细胞分化之前。睾丸内睾酮的高峰出现在胚胎12~14周,然后开始下降到28~32周再出现第2个高峰,然后下降直到出生。由研究表明涉及FSH、抑制素(inhibin)、LH和睾酮的负反馈调节系统在胚胎时期即发育和由功能表现。此外,胚胎睾丸雄激素被认为在发育早期促成了大脑向男性方向发展。任何因素如果影响到这个负反馈调节系统的发育将有可能导致下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的异常发育,从而性成熟和到成年时的生殖能力。睾酮诱导Wolffian管分化成副睾、输精管和曲细精管。Wolffian管的这种分化依赖于睾酮作用于靶组织上的雄激素受体。相应的必须依赖双氢睾酮分化的尿生殖窦和生殖结需要5α还原酶将睾酮转化成双氢睾酮。由睾丸支持细胞产生的Mullerian抑制物质(MIS)促成了Mullerian管的退化。如果睾丸不能分泌睾酮,则男性表型就会出现女性化表现。支持细胞分泌抑制素、养育生殖细胞、表达干细胞因子、合成雄激素结合蛋白和防止在青春期前生殖细胞的有丝分裂。

二、性别分化异常的特点

正常的两性胚胎发育是在第6周才可以被区分,此后两性的解剖和生理向着不同的方向进行发育。正常的性别发育依赖于3个连贯的过程。首先是建立染色体性别,异型配子的性别是男性(XY),而同型配子的性别是女性(XX)。其次是由染色体性别而建立起来的性腺性别,即卵巢和睾丸。最后阶段是由性腺性别诱导出现表型性别。只存在卵巢而不存在有功能睾丸的表型性别是女性。而相应的男性泌尿生殖道和外生殖器的雄性化过程需要胚胎睾丸产生的几种激素的作用来完成。抗米勒激素(antimullerian hormone)、睾酮、双氢睾酮和能代谢睾酮的5α还原酶。对于抑制副中肾管(mullerian duct)形成子宫和输卵管,抗米勒激素是必需的。睾丸和血浆中的睾酮能将中肾管(wollian duct)转化成副睾、输精管和曲细精管。而5α还原酶可以将睾酮转化为双氢睾酮,后者作用于靶细胞而形成男性尿道、前列腺和外生殖器。

在上述正常性别发育过程中受到任何因素的干扰都可以引起性别发育的异常。其特点如下。

1.性别发育异常其外表差别可以很大。

2.外表相似的性别异常可以由不同的原因引起。

3.外生殖器的模棱两可通常是由下述三个原因之一引起:①睾丸不能产生足够的雄激素来使男性胚胎完全雄性化,可以是睾丸发育异常或睾酮合成缺陷;②睾丸能合成足够的睾酮,但由于雄激素受体的异常而使胚胎无法雄性化;③由于某种酶缺乏,如21-羟化酶、11-羟化酶缺乏,雌性胚胎肾上腺产生过多的雄激素。

4.不同的性别发育异常疾病可以有不同的起病时间和不同的远期内分泌后果。

三、性别分化取向

目前较多研究显示,激素对性别取向的形成起到了关键的作用。通过对动物实验和人类各种两性畸形病例的分析,在人类存在一些关键时期,激素对控制不同性别行为的大脑神经元的发育起到了关键的作用。这些时期分别是胚胎14~18周、生后前3个月和青春发育期,在这三个时期,雄激素分别达到顶峰。因此在两性畸形患儿进行性别确立时,要充分考虑这些问题。此外,患儿抚养的社会因素和文化背景也对性别定向起到了作用。

四、性别分化异常分型

由于导致性别分化异常的原因不一,结果所发生的异常性别类型也多种多样,要完整地对异常性别类型进行归纳分类,实在是一件困难、也许是不可能的事情。随着对人类性别分化研究的不断深入,将会有更多异常性别类型被发现,被研究。

(一)女性假两性畸形

女性假两性畸形(female pseudohermaphroditism,FPH)是最常见的两性畸形疾病,该类患儿染色体为46XX,有正常的卵巢和输卵管,其异常表现是由于胚胎时期暴露于高水平雄激素后出现的外生殖器的雄性化。这类病人中,最大多数的是先天性肾上腺增生症(congenital adrenal hyperplasia,CAH),一组以常染色体隐性遗传为特征的疾病。当人体类固醇合成过程中的5个基因中的一个或多个出现缺陷而导致类固醇合成障碍。这5个基因和它们编码的酶分别是:CYP21,21-羟化酶;CYP11,11β-羟化酶、18-羟化酶、18-氧化酶;CYP17,17α-羟化酶、17,20-还原酶;3β2HSD,3β-羟化类固醇脱氢酶;StAR,侧链裂解酶。虽然这些生化缺陷都会影响到皮质醇的分泌,但只有CYP21和CYP11缺陷才会出现明显的雄性化表现。虽然女性胚胎的雄性化是由于肾上腺雄激素及其前体过度分泌,但是男性胚胎的外生殖器可无异常。相反的,因3β2HSD、CYP17和StAR缺陷而引起的皮质醇和性腺类固醇合成障碍可引起不同程度的男性假两性畸形,而女性则外生殖器可无异常。

CAH最常见的病因是CYP21基因的失活导致21-羟化酶缺乏,从而无法催化17-羟孕酮转换成11-脱氧皮质醇(皮质醇前体)和将羟孕酮转化成去氧皮质酮(醛固酮前体)。其临床表现可以从轻微到严重的阴蒂肥大。典型的21-羟化酶缺乏有两种形式,一种是伴有醛固酮合成障碍而引起的失盐型和另一种只有雄性化表现。轻度的CAH可以没有症状或仅生后存在过度雄激素分泌征象。CYP11基因有两个,CPY11B1是将11-脱氧皮质醇转化成皮质醇,而CYP11B2则是将脱氧皮质酮转换成皮质酮,再转化成18-羟化皮质酮,最后转化成醛固酮。这类病人中有2/3存在高血压,据估计是由于过多的去氧皮质酮造成的水钠潴留而引起的。过度分泌的雄激素在胚胎时期可导致女性外生殖器雄性化,而生后不论男性或女性如不治疗,可以出现进展性的雄性化表现和快速机体生长和较早的骨骺闭合。

3β2HSD催化了3个反应:将孕烯诺龙转化成孕酮;17-羟孕烯诺龙转化成17-羟孕酮;脱氢表雄酮转化成雄烯二酮。3β2HSD完全缺乏影响到肾上腺醛固酮、皮质醇、性腺睾酮和雌二醇的合成。这类新生儿在生后第一周即可出现严重糖皮质激素和盐皮质激素缺乏的CAH临床表现。雄性化表现是由于脱氢表雄酮在胎盘和周围组织中转化成睾酮而引起阴蒂轻到中等肥大。

CYP17也催化3个反应:将孕烯诺龙转化成17-羟孕烯诺龙,再转化成脱氢表雄酮和将羟孕酮转化成17-羟孕酮。临床表现为女性患儿有正常的内外生殖器,但是由于卵巢不能在青春期分泌雌激素而出现幼稚型性别特征。轻型病例醛固酮分泌可以正常和没有高血压。

StAR缺陷又称类脂肾上腺增生,是CAH的一种罕见类型,是类固醇合成中最严重的基因缺陷类型。由于无法从外侧将胆固醇转运到线粒体膜内侧而阻滞了胆固醇转化成孕烯诺龙,从而可以出现严重的糖皮质激素和盐皮质激素的缺乏。许多患儿在婴儿期即死亡,约有1/3经替代治疗而存活。

(二)性腺发育不全

混合性性腺发育不全(gonadal dysgenesis,GD)是第二常见的两性畸形疾病。通常,性腺发育不全的疾病包含了因性染色体或常染色体异常而引起的从完全性腺发育缺失到迟发性性腺功能障碍引起一系列畸形。性腺缺失正常发育至睾丸或卵巢而形成发育不全睾丸或条索状性腺。

纯粹性性腺发育不全是带有条索状性腺的46XX病儿,或更常见的是Turner综合征(45,XX或45,XX/46,XX)。45,XX/46,XX嵌合型中75%为Turner综合征。另一不常见的纯粹型性腺发育不良是Swyer综合征。这类病儿外观上是女性并有子宫和输卵管,但是染色体型是46XY,其Y染色体通常不起作用,两个发育不良性腺存在于腹腔。

部分性性腺发育不全是指睾丸部分发育,包括混合性性腺发育不全、发育不全男性假两性畸形和一些形式的睾丸或卵巢退化。混合性或部分性性腺发育不全(45,XX/46,XY或46,XY)涉及到一侧条索状性腺另一侧睾丸,其通常发育不良。有Y染色体病人的条索状或发育不良性腺较正常人群有较高的发生肿瘤的机会。性腺母细胞瘤是最常见的并呈良性生长的肿瘤。由于有20%~25%年龄相关的危险性,无性细胞瘤会发展成恶性,因此建议手术切除该类性腺。有45,XX/46,XY核型,睾丸活检正常并已经降至或手术降至阴囊,可以不切除,但这类患儿需要进行每月一次的自我检查来及时发现肿瘤形成。

(三)真两性畸形

真两性畸形(true hermaphroditism,TH)需要同时存在睾丸和卵巢组织,其原因是染色体嵌合、融合或Y染色体异位。在美国最常见的核型是46,XX,虽然46,XY或46,XX/46,XY也可发生。嵌合现象可能是源于染色体未分离,而融合现象可能是二次受精或两个受精卵的融合。一些46XX真两性畸形病人其Y染色体异位到X染色体。但对大多数病人,其基因缺陷仍未确定。这类不常见的疾病可分为3型:①一侧睾丸,一侧卵巢(通常在左侧);②两侧均为卵睾;③一侧卵睾,一侧睾丸或卵巢,这类最多,其外生殖器模棱两可伴有尿道下裂、隐睾和不完全融合的阴囊,其生殖道通常与其相应的性腺相符合,如输卵管结合卵巢,输精管结合睾丸。

(四)男性假两性畸形

男性假两性畸形(male pseudohermaphroditism,MPH)是有睾丸存在但表现各异的一组疾病,其内生殖道和外生殖器未能完全雄性化。其外表差异较大,从完全女性外生殖器到中等程度男性外表,包括尿道下裂和隐睾。男性假两性畸形按基本病因可以分为:①间质细胞缺陷;②睾酮合成障碍;③雄激素不敏感综合征;④5α-还原酶缺陷;⑤米勒管永存综合征(persistent mullerian duct syndrome,PMDS);⑥睾丸生发障碍;⑦睾丸形成障碍或睾丸退化综合征;⑧外源性因素。

1.间质细胞缺陷(Leydig cell failure) 诱导男性性别分化包括中肾管和外生殖器需要睾丸间质细胞产生睾酮。当睾丸间质细胞对绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)和黄体生成素(LH)的刺激无反应,就会出现MPH。其外表从完全女性化到尿道下裂各有不同。

2.睾酮生物合成酶缺陷(testosterone biosynthesis enzyme defects) 在类固醇生物合成的4个步骤从胆固醇到睾酮出现缺陷即可表现为男性生殖器的异常。这些缺陷包括4种较为少见的CAH类型:3β2HSD缺陷、CYP17缺陷、StAR蛋白缺陷和17βHSD缺陷。虽然脱氢表雄酮转化成睾酮可以引起女性的雄性化,但相同的过程如果缺陷,也可以引起男性患儿雄性化不足。这些患儿表现为模棱两可外生殖器,伴有不同程度的尿道下裂、隐睾、阴茎阴囊转位和一个盲端的阴道囊袋。患有CYP17缺陷的男性可表现为从正常女性外表到模棱两可的尿道下裂。雄性化不足的程度与患儿17α羟基化受阻程度呈正相关。StAR缺陷患儿由于有严重的睾酮缺乏,外观表型为女性并伴有盲端阴道。存活的46XY病人到青春期都没有睾丸功能。17βHSD缺陷46XY患儿有女性外生殖器、腹股沟睾丸、腹腔内男性生殖管和盲端阴道,这些病人到青春期会出现垂体促性腺激素、雄烯二酮、雌酮和睾酮水平升高。如果当睾酮水平达到正常,可以出现延迟的雄性化表现。

3.雄激素不敏感综合征(androgen insensitivity syndrome) 该病症为46XY病人从完全雄激素不敏感综合征,或睾丸女性化到部分雄激素不敏感综合征。这种综合征的发生是由于雄激素受体上类固醇结合区出现变异,导致受体不能结合雄激素或受体结合了雄激素但不能正常行使有效的功能。该病的发生率为1/20000,是母亲遗传方式,因为雄激素受体基因是在X染色体的长臂上。完全性雄激素不敏感综合征的患儿虽然染色体为46XY,但外生殖器却是正常女性外观,而睾丸则存在腹腔内。病史中,这些孩子是当女孩抚养,大多数患儿是到青春发育期因月经不至再经检查才发现,偶尔,也有在腹股沟疝修补时才发现。现在也有产前染色体检查与生后外生殖器不一致而或诊断。

4.5α还原酶缺乏(5α-Reductase deficiency) 5α还原酶缺乏最初是在假阴道、会阴阴囊型尿道下裂中被描述的。在这个常染色体隐性遗传疾病中,病人存在的缺陷是无法将睾酮转化成双氢睾酮(dihydrotestosterone,DHT)。这些患儿染色体为46XY,外生殖器模棱两可,但有正常分化的睾丸和男性内生殖管。到青春发育期,由于睾酮达到正常成年男性水平而出现雄性化表现,但其DHT的水平仍异常的低下。很多病人在青春发育期后将性别从女性变为男性。雄性化表现可以是轻度DHT升高和达到成年人水平的睾酮慢性作用于雄激素受体。

5.米勒管永存综合征(persistent mǘllerian duct syndrome,PMDS) 抗半勒管激素(Antimullerian hormone,AMH),或米勒管抑制物(mullerian inhibitory substance,MIS)是由睾丸支持细胞(sertoli cell)在从胚胎时期曲细精管分化至青春发育期分泌的。MIS在胚胎第8周前与米勒管周围间质中的受体结合,引起米勒管的凋亡和退化。由于该疾病的诊断通常是在腹股沟疝修补或睾丸下降术时建立,故该综合征又称为腹股沟子宫疝。PMDS的发生是由于:①AMH基因变异而导致睾丸不能合成或分泌MIS;②AMH2受体基因变异导致米勒管对MIS无反应。PMDS是性连锁常染色体隐性遗传。AMH的变异的家庭通常是纯合子,血清中只能测到很低或没有MIS,而AMH2受体变异则通常是杂合子。病人血清中可以测到高于正常的MIS。

6.睾丸发育不全(Testicular dysgenesis) 发育不全的男性假两性畸形病人表现为模棱两可的内生殖管、尿生殖窦和外生殖器。睾丸发育不全可以是任何涉及到睾丸决定的基因出现变异或缺失而发生。这些基因是SRY、DAX、WT1和SOX9。SRY基因是位于Y染色体短臂上只有一个外显子的基因。SRY基因变异可导致完全性腺发育不全和XY性逆转或Swyer综合征。DSS区域(剂量敏感性逆转)已经发现是在Xp21其中包含DAX1基因。重复的DSS区域与发育不全男性假两性畸形和其他畸形有关。从理论上讲,DSS区域包含了沃尔夫(Wolffian)抑制因子,该因子作为一个抑制基因参与到睾丸形成途径中。患Denys-Drash综合征的病人表现为外生殖器模棱两可、条索状或发育不良性腺、进展型肾病和肾母细胞瘤。这些病人的发病原因是位于11p13的肾母细胞瘤抑制基因(WT1)出现杂合子型变异。WAGR综合征(肾母细胞瘤、无虹膜、泌尿生殖系畸形和智力障碍)也是与WT1基因变异有关。SOX9基因与躯干发育异常、致死性骨骼畸形并伴有男性假两性畸形有关。受影响的46XY男性的外表可以从正常男性到正常女性,其程度取决于性腺的功能。

7.先天性无睾症(Congenital anorchia) 先天性无睾症或消失睾丸综合征是由于睾丸丧失了睾丸功能,其包含了一组畸形。46XY病人在胚胎第8周前丧失睾丸表现为女性内外生殖器,没有或条索状睾丸。而在胚胎发育的第8~10周丧失睾丸可导致模棱两可生殖器和生殖管。当在男性发育的关键时期,胚胎第12~14周丧失睾丸,可以出现正常男性外表但是没有睾丸。

8.外源性原因 外源性因素影响男性发育的有母亲摄入黄体酮或雌激素或环境有害因素。早在1942年Courrier RI等就有发现合成黄体酮对人体胚胎有抗雄激素作用。而男性试管婴儿更易出现尿道下裂,其可能原因母体的黄体酮摄入。

(五)性染色体异常

性染色体异常是另一类两性畸形。Klinefelter综合征(47XXY)通常到青春期出现症状,表现为男性女子乳房、不同程度雄激素缺乏和曲细精管透明样变的小的萎缩睾丸,此外还有无精症和促性腺激素水平升高。该综合征最常见的变异是46XY/47XXY嵌合型。通常,嵌合型的症状较典型型的要轻。

(六)性逆转

性逆转(Sex reversal)这一类型46XX性逆转包括有正常外表的典型XX男性、有不同程度性异常的非典型XX男性和XX真两性畸形。80%~90%的46XX男性是由于在有丝分裂时涉及SRY基因的Y染色体与X染色体易位而引起的。通常,Y染色体DNA数量存在越多,外表的雄性化表现就越明显。虽然8%~20%的XX男性检测不到Y染色体序列,包括SRY,但是,约1/20000的外表男性的其染色体为46XX。大多数这些病人存在模棱两可生殖器,但有报道典型的XX男性不存在SRY基因。

五、性别分化研究展望

性别的分化与发育,是一个非常复杂艰难的过程,为了搞清楚性为何物,人类已经耗费了上千年的时间,但仍未得出一个较为满意的答案,就像我们不得不承认同性恋者是人类的一分子一样,对于性别分化异常者,我们也要承认其作为人类的一分子存在于现代社会的必要性。譬如对女性假两性畸形,医学上似乎已对其发病机制作出了较明确的结论,也找到了相应的治疗办法,但在临床实践中,女性假两性畸形的治疗效果却差强人意,真有顾此失彼、力不从心之感。

尽管如此,人类对于性别分化的研究,仍会持续不断的进行下去,目的是试图从根本上研究清楚人类性别分化的真正机制,在性别分化的胚胎时期,及早发现性别分化异常的迹象,以便能及早进行干预性治疗,使胎儿性别朝着人类认为正常的性别取向发育。

(唐达星)

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