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用户与行为研究

时间:2022-03-10 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:六、用户与行为研究从数字出版最初的发展阶段开始,用户与行为都是常规的研究项目。两次调查总共回收4.8万份问卷。除了对用户行为的研究之外,也有一些研究对数字出版另一端的机构和行为人,即出版者和作者进行了调查分析。与此同时,也评价了“反馈”这一改变社会行为的刺激因素。无疑,对于数字出版这一新型出版范式,关于用户和行为的研究对于提升数字出版实践水平是十分有益的。
用户与行为研究_海外人文社会科学发展年度报告(2010)

六、用户与行为研究

从数字出版最初的发展阶段开始,用户与行为都是常规的研究项目。出版领域实践工作者与理论研究者、图书情报界、科学社会学领域的研究人员,乃至整个学术界都非常积极地从事这方面的调查研究,并且积累了大量的研究成果。一般来说,数字出版哪个子领域发展越快,相应地该领域的用户研究往往也就越发达。一直以来大量存在的关于数字学术出版物用户的调查研究就印证了这一点。

近两年来关于高等教育机构的用户使用电子书尤其是电子教材的研究仍然不少,其中,英国JISC发起的“国家电子书观测项目”(National E-Books Observatory Project)可能是迄今为止最大、最详细的电子书使用情况调查项目(Estelle,2009)。限于经费制约,项目组通过层层筛选从136种中标的电子教材中挑出36种进行调查,教材涵盖商学(5种)、媒体研究(7种)、工程学(14种)和医学(10种)四个学科,其中前三个学科的教材可以通过My-iLibrary平台获取,医学教材则由Books@Ovid提供。从2007—2008学年度的第一个学期开始,全英国的高等教育机构都可以申请免费使用这些教材。结果有127家机构签订了MyiLibrary的使用合约,80家签了Books@Ovid的使用合约。2008年1月到2009年夏天,曾经帮助设计观测项目的伦敦大学学院的研究小组CIBER(36)进行了深度的调研分析,其目的有两个:一是收集电子书用户行为的定性和定量数据;二是衡量电子书免费使用对于出版商印刷版本图书销售以及图书馆流通情况的影响。2008年1月和2009年1月,CIBER又进行了两次基准调查(benchmarking surveys),目的是摸清当前用户关于电子书的意识、感觉和态度。两次调查总共回收4.8万份问卷。此外,项目组还针对8所大学的学生、教员和图书馆员进行了用户焦点小组访谈。研究发现,免费电子教材的确能够促进用户使用,学生更多地是浏览而非阅读免费电子教材。还有,免费电子教材对于出版商印刷教材的销售量并没有什么影响,因为用户以不同的方式使用它们。(37)2008年CIBER资助的另一项对伦敦大学学院师生使用电子书情况的调查同样显示:用户对于电子书的兴趣很大,但是具体的使用情况往往因用户的年龄、性别、具体身份和所在学科而有较大差异(Lewis,2008)。对中国香港中文大学12名学生为期两年半的深度调查则重点揭示了从用户的角度来看,当前的电子书存在有哪些不足之处(Lam,2009)。调查显示至少在中国香港中文大学,电子书还不是学生经常使用的工具。被调查者认为目前的电子书软件尽管较易使用,但其中涉及的一些技术和程序因素如下载、格式转换和身份认证等仍然会给使用者带来负担和消极影响;另外电子书品种不够丰富、借阅期过短以及电子书硬件不足等都将制约电子书的应用。(38)

除了对用户行为的研究之外,也有一些研究对数字出版另一端的机构和行为人,即出版者和作者进行了调查分析。Charalampos Z.Patrikakis(2008)等人以欧盟的Bio@gro项目为例,利用回归模型对合作参与多语言数字内容出版的各群体(包括收集资料的群体、评议群体和用户等)的行为变化和结果进行了评估。与此同时,也评价了“反馈”这一改变社会行为的刺激因素。最后,研究者提出了一系列通过社会行为刺激机制来提高合作出版效率的建议:对于好的做法要有适当的反馈机制予以揭示;如果发现某些群体出现效率下降的情况,应该给予一定的反馈或利用跨群体讨论等方式启动新的工作周期;努力消除出版过程中的例行公事效应;防止因为赶进度或者因为革新工作方法而导致工作的质量标准下降。

无疑,对于数字出版这一新型出版范式,关于用户和行为的研究对于提升数字出版实践水平是十分有益的。此前尽管不乏对数字出版个案的研究,或者对数字出版用户的量化调查,但是深入到数字出版行为的实施者即人的层面去探讨效率问题和改进措施的研究还不多见,今后很有必要加强。

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【注释】

(1)本项研究得到了武汉大学“海外人文社会科学研究前沿追踪计划”和2009年度国家社会科学基金项目“开放获取学术资源分布与集成研究”(09CTQ024)的资助。

(2)方卿,武汉大学信息管理学院、武汉大学出版发行研究所教授。徐丽芳,武汉大学信息管理学院教授。本报告在撰写过程中,丰静、程旭、吴睿、蒋艳和邹莉等硕士研究生参与了文献收集和整理工作。

(3)Joost Kist.New Thinking for 21st-century Publishers:Emerging Patterns and Evolving Stratagems.Oxford:Chandos,2009:31-32.

(4)电子出版国际会议(ElPub)是持续时间最长、最专业的数字出版国际会议。第12届(2008年)和第13届(2009年)会议的主题为“开放学术:创作、社区和可持续性”和“电子出版再思考:交流范式与技术的创新”,分别收录论文47篇和43篇(包括短论文、海报论文等)。其他一些IEEE的会议也往往收录数字出版技术方面的论文。

(5)Publishing Research Quarterly、Logos:Journal of theWorld Book Communit、Learned Publishing和Journal of Scholarly Publishing为季刊;Journal of Electronic Publishing为纯电子期刊,每年出版三期。

(6)Heather Morriso.Dramatic Growth ofOpen Access:Open Data Edition.[2009-07-28].http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=pqCs8wrw32HHNKIMXUTgbSA&hl=en.

(7)WilliamA.Gamson,Andre Modigliani.Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power:A Constructionist Approach.American Journal of Sociology,1989,95(1):1-37.

(8)Rick Weiss.Open Access to Research Funded by U.S..The Washington Post,2007-11-01(A2).

(9)Joseph J.Esposito.Open Access2.0:Access to Scholarly PublicationsMoves to a NewPhase.The Journal of Electronic Publishing,2008,11(2).

(10)Claire Bird.Oxford Journals'Adventures in Open Access.Learned Publishing,2008,21(3):200-208.

(11)对于该模式而言,第一阶段并不是必要的组成部分,而且通常只在预印本文化十分普及的学科领域才会出现;至于第二个时点,也可以发生在论文和期刊正式出版之前。

(12)E.A.Henneken.E-prints and Journal Articles in Astronomy:a Productive Co-existence.Learned Publishing,2007,20(1):16-22.

(13)S.Pinfield.Can Open Access Repositories and Peer-reviewed Journals Coexist.Serials,2007,20(3):163-71.

(14)R.Terry.Funding the Way to Open Access.PloS Biology,2005,3(3): 97.[2009-07-28].http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030097.

(15)http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ls/rioja/.

(16)http://openlibrary.org/.

(17)Caren Milloy.E-books:Setting up the National Observatory Project.[2009-08-09].http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2007/november/Milloy%20Nov%2007.htm.

(18)L.Bennett.E-books:The Options:A Manual for Publishers.London:The Publishers Association,2006.

(19)Gold Leaf.Promoting the Uptake of E-books in Higher and Further Education. JISC e-Books Working Group,London.[2009-07-28].http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_ documents/PromotingeBooksReportB.pdf.

(20)B.Berelson.Content Analysis in Communication Research.New York,NY: Free Press,1952.

(21)GUG原为一本英国大学排行榜的图书。

(22)这至少由两方面的因素决定:一是数字技术所提供的可能性;二是不影响纸质图书销售的设计要求。

(23)Miha Kovac.Never Mind the Web,Here Comes the Book.Oxford:Chandos Publishing,2008:17.

(24)Scholarly Exchange home page.[2009-08-07].http://www.scholarlyexchange.org.

(25)Timmers认为商业模式是产品、服务和信息流的统一架构,其中包含参与者及其角色,其所获得的潜在收益以及收入来源等。参见:P.Timmers.Business Models for Electronic Markets.CommerceNet,1998,8(2):3-8.

(26)[2009-08-07].http://www.stembook.org.

(27)[2009-08-07].http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/Humanist/ v17/0336.html.

(28)Teri Tan.Champions of the XML Workflow.Publishers Weekly,2009,256(13):1.

(29)Teri Tan.Gaining Converts.PublishersWeekly,2009,256(3):25.

(30)[2009-08-07].http://www.doi.org.

(31)[2009-08-07].http://www.isan.org/portal/page?_pageid=164,40165&_ dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL.

(32)[2009-08-07].http://www.istcinfo.com/agency.asp.

(33)[2009-08-07].http://www.isni.org/.

(34)[2009-08-07].http://www.the-acap.org.

(35)书卷权利即以书卷形式出版作品,包括纸皮本、精装本、俱乐部版本或教材版等;也包括在单期杂志中以再版方式完整地出版作品,或完整地或者部分地以文选形式出版。通常由作者或作者代理人与出版商谈判而成。

(36)Centre for Information Behaviour and the Evaluation of Research,信息行为与评价研究中心。

(37)更多结论参见:Findings fromthe First User Survey.JISCCollections,April 2008.[2009-08-07].http://www.jiscebooksproject.org/wp-content/e-books-project-first-user-survey-a4-final-version.pdf.

(38)Paul Lam.Usability and Usefulness of eBooks on PPCs:HowStudents'Opinions Vary Over Time.In Hello!Where are you in the Landscape of Educational Technology?Proceedings Ascilite Melbourne 2008.[2009-08-07].http:// www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/melbourne08/procs/lam.pdf.

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