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产品内分工与贸易理论的发展前景

时间:2022-05-29 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:所以,如何运用现有的西方产品内分工理论来解释改革开放以来我国加工贸易方式的变化及我国贸易模式演变的路径,是现代中国国际贸易体系必须解释的问题。而作为产品内分工全球铺展过程中不可或缺的中国,其在全球生产网络中扮演着重要的角色,如何利用产品内分工理论来解释中国近年来的贸易现实,将是我国经济学者在此理论体系下将要重点回答和解决的问题。

第七节 产品内分工与贸易理论的发展前景

通过上述对产品内分工理论发展历程的综述,我们可以得出产品内分工理论的发展经历了一个比较长的时期,现在这种理论已经开始进入了一个比较规范的发展时期的结论。其中,全球生产组织理论是产品内分工理论最前沿的研究阵地,这个部分的理论的进一步发展将是下一个研究阶段最让人心襟荡漾的理论创新。产品内分工理论的后续发展可能是多方向和多层次的,但是本文作者认为以下几个方面是该理论下阶段可能取得突破进展的关键,因为这些问题的解决,有利于现代贸易理论对现实贸易现象的科学解释。

首先,继续寻求国际贸易理论的微观经济基础,扩展现有产品内分工理论中厂商选择理论的范围和变量因素。当代国际贸易的特点在于跨国公司代替传统贸易中国家的支配地位,成为当今世界贸易的主宰力量。在这种背景下,产品内分工理论由于有了全球生产组织理论的介入,微观基础得到了极大加强,由此使得国际贸易理论具有了较强的现实意义。虽然全球生产组织提出了新的范式,并将制度经济学中交易费用、组织成本、委托代理问题以及激励机制等变量引入了贸易分工理论,但是新的变量也急需引入现有理论体系,由此可以更加科学的解释当代国际贸易的新形式和新特质。

其次,对于全球生产组织的逻辑实证研究较多,而这些研究很多缺乏经验证明。由于现代产品内分工理论具有微观基础,所以其经验实证需要微观数据的支撑。但是,现实微观企业数据的搜集比较困难,所以该理论体系中许多假设命题缺乏经验实证的证明。而我们所看到了产品内分工理论中的经验实证多脱胎于传统贸易理论框架,多用宏观数据进行分析,而一旦涉及微观数据,这些研究也会望而却步,所以如何进一步丰富产品内分工理论的经验实证成为下一阶段国际贸易学者需要解决的问题。

最后,针对中国的国际分工地位和国际贸易现实而言,现有产品内分工理论的研究视角都是从发达国家,即从“外包国”而不是“承包国”角度进行分析的。这些理论主要目的在于解释发达国家生产外包对于其国内福利分配及其贸易模式的影响,这些研究命题很难解释与中国类似的发展中国家在全球生产网络中的贸易福利及其贸易模式变化问题。所以,如何运用现有的西方产品内分工理论来解释改革开放以来我国加工贸易方式的变化及我国贸易模式演变的路径,是现代中国国际贸易体系必须解释的问题。这个问题解释程度的高低直接关系到贸易理论对作为全球生产网络中主要角色的中国和印度等后发国家贸易模式解释的合理性。所以,“承包国”贸易模式的变化及其福利分析是产品内分工理论下一步主要研究的一个领域。

综上所述,产品内分工理论是一个刚刚兴起的理论,其理论范式有待于进一步完善,其科学性有赖于进一步的经验证实。而作为产品内分工全球铺展过程中不可或缺的中国,其在全球生产网络中扮演着重要的角色,如何利用产品内分工理论来解释中国近年来的贸易现实,将是我国经济学者在此理论体系下将要重点回答和解决的问题。

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