5.4.5 启示五:不存在“万能”的治理模式
从美国大都市区治理的案例可以看出,不同区域面临的主要问题不同,而且就算是同一问题,紧迫性也有所区别,因此并没有一个适合所有区域的“放之四海而皆准”的解决方案。
在路易斯维尔,最初的大都市区治理所要解决的问题是衰落城市的财政和经济基础问题,解决的方案不是合并而是税收共享和职能合并,实际上,这样的区域合作确实解决中心城衰退问题,并且能够部分使其康复;在匹兹堡,面临的主要问题是工业衰退,解决的方案是公私伙伴关系来管理一个后工业化经济中的转型问题;在华盛顿,面临的问题是提供一个区域决策的平台,大都市政府联席会满足这一要求;在迈阿密,主要问题是迅速增长和它如何战胜一个农村、过时县政府的能力,迈阿密的选择是建立一个双层制的大都市政府结构;在杰克逊维尔,主要问题是与腐败、顽固的政治机器相联系的失败的服务,而合并建立一个统一的大都市政府,成为一项很好的改革方案,并且成功增强了地方服务;此外,波特兰大都市建立是为了提供区域规划和吸收特定的服务,明尼阿波利斯—圣保罗为财政均等化和区域理性规划而建立。而洛杉矶的空气质量管理区的建立是为解决具有区域影响的单一问题:空气污染。
由此可见,各个区域的情况千差万别,不存在适用于所有大都市区的“万能”治理模式。
【注释】
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