国际劳工标准在我国的适用

五、国际劳工标准在我国的适用

我国是国际劳工组织成员国，并积极参与国际劳工组织的活动。我国批准的国际劳工标准对我国具有约束力，同样为我国法院承认和执行。国际劳工标准在我国具有国际条约的地位，可以通过转化立法等方式在我国适用。对国际条约在我国的地位与适用，目前我国没有统一的法律规定。但我国《民法通则》、《票据法》等多部法律规定，当国际条约与我国国内立法冲突时，国际条约具有优先地位。但性质上归属于劳动法范畴的国际劳工标准，是否可以如同民事法律一样，在国内具有优先地位呢?目前尚未见相应的国内立法和实践予以说明。但是，由于国际劳工标准，尤其是核心劳工标准，常常涉及劳动中人权的保护，一旦我国批准或参加，就应保障其在我国有效实施。当同国内宪法和劳动法发生冲突时，应作为规定一致的理解，假定不存在冲突。因此，可以认为，我国批准或参加的国际劳工标准具有较之民事法律方面的公约更高的法律地位，至少是相同的法律地位，应为我国国内法院所尊重和实施。我国应参照对我国有约束力的国际劳工标准，修改国内《劳动法》及相关立法。

保障国际劳动标准在国内的实施，不仅是一个立法的价值取向，而且还是一个作为国际组织成员国要实现承诺的义务问题。我国是ILO会员国，虽然我们目前只加入了核心公约的第100号公约和第138号公约。但八项国际基本劳工公约所涉及的结社权、集体谈判权、反对就业歧视等显然都是人权问题，中国一贯尊重国际社会关于人权普遍性的原则，积极参与国际人权领域的活动，主张在平等与相互尊重的基础上与国际社会就人权问题开展对话与合作。这些标准应该引起我国的重视。中国政府已加入17个国际人权公约，1997年10月和1998年10月签署了联合国《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。而八项国际基本劳工公约所涉及的“核心劳动标准”，也是《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的基本内容。

【注释】

[1]参见单海玲.论完善我国涉外劳动合同的法律适用问题［OL］．［2004-10-07］．http:// bbs.hrsalon.org/archiver/tid-13287.html.

[2]See R.Blanpain.Swiss，Austria［J］．ELL-Suppl.，181(June 1996)．

[3]在本章欧盟特殊劳动合同的法律适用中，对该问题将会继续详尽分析。

[4]See Sebastian Krebber.Conflict of Laws in Employment in Europe［J］．21 Comparative Labor Law＆Policy Journal 501，1999-2000.

[5]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:15.

[6]直接适用的法、强制性规范及公共秩序保留规定均为限制或排除外国法适用的共同的目标而产生的。虽然它们有各自的特征与适用范围，但其区分并非本文讨论的主题。通常认为强行法是第一道防线，公共秩序是最后一道防线，公共秩序在某些法律领域的个别化、具体化，使得这种因素作为直接适用的法提前发生作用。因此文中采取一种概括的方法，将其统一纳入强制性规范的范围予以讨论。这点在第三章第二节“强制性规范的适用”中有论述。

[7]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1309.英国的这种观点常常被认为不利于对雇员利益保护。

[8]它们有细小些微的区别，雇主与工会之间的协议，不等同于集体协议，集体协议的内容主要是规定工资、工作条件等内容，而雇主与工会之间的协议则不限于此，或者是规定这些内容之外的问题。

[9]它们共存于劳动合同法律选择过程中，但实践中常见对它们分裂的情况，二者对劳动合同法律适用的确定同样重要。

[10]See Sebastian Krebbert.Conflict of Laws in Employment in Europe［J］．21 Comparative Labor Law＆Policy Journal 501，1999-2000.

[11]See Peter E.Herzog.Private International Law Aspects of Labor［J］．30 Am.J.Comp. L.Supp.，1982:143.

[12]The Extraterritorial Force of TittleⅦ:Regulating the Conduct of American Employers Overseas［J］．9 Hofstra Lab.L.J.257-286，1991-1992.

[13]See Sebastian Krebbert.Conflict of Laws in Employment in Europe［J］．21 Comparative Labor Law＆Policy Journal 501，1999-2000.

[14]See Manfred Stolz and Timothy J.Darby.Choice of Law in EC States under the Convention of Rome Described in Terms of German Law:A Practitioner's Review［J］．21 Comp.Lab.L.＆Pol'y J.543，1999-2000.

[15]See Manfred Stolz and Timothy J.Darby.Choice of Law in EC States under the Convention of Rome Described in Terms of German Law:A Practitioner's Review［J］．21 Comp.Lab.L.＆Pol'y J.543，1999-2000.

[16]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labour Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labour Office Geneva，1984: 15.

[17]参见张仲伯.国际私法学［M］．北京:中国政法大学出版社，2002:170．

[18]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:15.

[19]参见单海玲.论完善我国涉外劳动合同的法律适用问题［OL］．http://www.chinainterlaw.org/display_topic_threads.asp?ForumID=28＆TopicID=442.

[20]Richard Plender.Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations(Rome Convention)［OL］．http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33109.htm.

[21]See Sebastian Krebbert.Conflict of Laws in Employment in Europe［J］．21 Comparative Labor Law＆Policy Journal 501，1999-2000.

[22]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1322.

[23]正如欧洲一位法官指出:“现在如果(欧盟国家)商事法院法官不提及罗马公约，那一定是因为他们认为它已经众所周知而毋庸提起了。”转引自Text of the Giuliano Lagarde Report［OL］．［1980-10-31］．http://www.rome-convention.org/instruments/i_rep_lagarde_en.htm.

[24]参见吕岩峰.国际合同法律适用的理论分歧和历史演进［OL］．［2003-11-19］．http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n65/ca160907.htm.

[25]参见张仲伯.国际私法学［M］．北京:中国政法大学出版社，2002:173-176.

[26]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office，1984:20.

[27]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1322.

[28]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1322.

[29]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1318.

[30]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:25.

[31]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:25.

[32]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:25.

[33]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1320.

[34]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:23.

[35]See R.Blanpain.Nepal［J］．ELL-Suppl.，181(June 1996):56.

[36]See R.Blanpain.Peru［J］．ELL-Suppl.，113(June 1990):120.

[37]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:23.

[38]联邦法院曾经陈述，当事人具有同一国籍的事实，被认为他们选择自己国家法律的初步证据，并认为在特定案例中，这可能比雇员通常工作地更重要。

[39]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:23.

[40]笔者认为，该雇员是荷兰公司驻得克萨斯的英国分支机构的代表，同时为得克萨斯的荷兰分支机构工作。雇员在英国并未设立办公处。此时，雇员营业地并不能认定为在英国。

[41]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1320.

[42]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1320.

[43]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:24.

[44]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:24.

[45]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1310-1313.

[46]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1322.

[47]特殊劳动合同涉及哪些领域，不同的学者可能有不同的观点，并随着时代的发展而不同。本文涉及的领域未能全面包含这些领域。

[48]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:27.

[49]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1312.

[50]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:28.

[51]Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:27.

[52]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1312.

[53]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:27.

[54]英文文本与公约其他文本相比，被认为不是很精确。

[55]“临时在另一国被雇用”和“临时派遣到另一国”意义不尽相同。根据1980年《罗马公约》规定，习惯性地在一国履行工作的工人，被其所惯常工作的企业临时派遣到另一国工作，原来适用于惯常工作地的法律仍然适用。而根据前者理解，习惯性地在一国履行工作的工人，临时在另一国被雇用，他同原工作地的关系似乎可以割断，不必然适用原来的法律。

[56]See Manfred Stolz and Timothy J.Darby.Choice of Law in EC States under the Convention of Rome Described in Terms of German Law［J］．A Practitioner's Review 21 Comp.Lab.L.＆Pol'y J.543，1999-2000.

[57]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:28.

[58]See Dicey and Morris.The Conflict of Laws［M］．13th ed.Sweet and Maxwell，2000: 1313.

[59]See R.Blanpain.Belgium［J］．ELL-Suppl.，205(March 1998):77.

[60]See R.Blanpain.Belgium［J］．ELL-Suppl.，205(March 1998):77-78.

[61]这些强制规则在比利时被称为“警察法”(police law)，比利时多数劳动法为“警察法”。

[62]See R.Blanpain.Belgium［J］．ELL-Suppl.，205(March 1998):77-78.

[63]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:28.

[64]See Roger Blanpain.European Labor Law［M］．6th ed．Kluwer Law International，1999.

[65]通过工作本座决定应适用的法律，这是萨维尼理论的体现。

[66]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:28.

[67]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:28.

[68]萨尔托格兰德(Salto Grande)水电站建设工程跨越阿根廷和乌拉圭两国边境，工程建设工人与建设部门之间的劳动合同的准据法根据协议特别规定。

[69]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:30.

[70]See Manfred Stolz，Timothy J.Darby.Choice of Law in EC States under the Convention of Rome Described in Terms of German Law:A Practitioner's Review［J］．21 Comp.Lab.L.＆Pol'y J.543，1999-2000.

[71]这种情况下的时间分配并未经过考察，具体在英国工作多长时间才具有这种效力，并没有一致的观点。

[72]See Manfred Stolz，Timothy J.Darby.Choice of Law in EC States under the Convention of Rome Described in Terms of German Law:A Practitioner's Review［J］．21 Comp.Lab.L.＆Pol'y J.543，1999-2000.

[73]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:30.

[74]参见王献枢.国际法［M］．北京:中国政法大学出版社，1996:87.

[75]其他移动工人则不具有这个特点。

[76]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:30.

[77]该判决中的观点在确定船旗国法的适用中具有广泛意义。

[78]1976年国际劳工组织《关于海员持续雇佣公约》中规定有这种情况。

[79]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:30.

[80]每一船舶应有一国籍并悬挂该国国旗，但一些船舶为了避税、逃避责任或经济利益等目的，在航行中悬挂非真正国籍国国旗，为国际法所反对。

[81]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:32.

[82]Sayers v.International Drilling Corp.

[83]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:38.

[84]参见王献枢.国际法［M］．北京:中国政法大学出版社，1996:187-195.

[85]参见最新不列颠法律袖珍读本(英汉对照)——欧盟法［M］．袁发强，译.武汉:武汉大学出版社，2003:39．

[86]See Bart Vanpoucke ABVV＆Ger Essers FNV．Guide for Mobile European Workers，European Trade Union Confederation(2004)［OL］．www.tradeunionpress.eu/Web/EN/Publication/2007/MobilityEN3.pdf.

[87]参见吕岩峰.国际合同法律适用的理论分歧和历史演进［OL］．http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n65/ca160907.htm.

[88]这些方面的法律适用问题在本章第四节有所涉及。

[89]参见吕岩峰.国际合同法律适用的理论分歧和历史演进［OL］．http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n65/ca160907.htm.

[90]See Richard Plender.Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations(Rome Convention)［OL］．http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33109.htm.

[91]See Richard Plender.Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations(Rome Convention)［OL］．http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33109.htm.

[92]See Sebastian Krebbert.Conflict of Laws in Employment in Europe［J］．21 Comparative Labor Law＆Policy Journal 501，1999-2000.

[93]The Giuliano Lagarde Report［R/OL］．http://www.rome-convention.org/instruments/ i_rep_lagarde_en.htm.

[94]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:74.

[95]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:74.

[96]See International Labour Law Report，Vol.6.

[97]报酬的含义和范围可以视为由识别解决的问题，通过定义“报酬”而决定其由哪些内容构成。

[98]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:74.

[99]美国民事权利法令第7条即如此。

[100]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:75.

[101]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:76.

[102]即对弱势人群保护的义务。这主要是由于分支机构的地位决定的，但是此时的义务不应该是消除，而是由母公司承担。

[103]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:78.

[104]竞业禁止是当前讨论的热点问题之一，无论适用于竞业禁止的法律是什么，但它可以从劳动合同的准据法中分割出来而适用独立的法律是无疑的。

[105]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:80.

[106]关于移民地位的ILO公约通常有此类规定，参见http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/chinese/docs/convdisp1.htm。

[107]See Felice Morgenstern.International Conflicts of Labor Law—A Survey of Law Applicable to the International Employment Relation［M］．International Labor Office Geneva，1984:82.

[108]参见梁西.国际法［M］．武汉:武汉大学出版社，2000:15-25.

[109]参见屈广清.论经济全球化背景下冲突法条约的适用［OL］．［2005-11-30］．http:// article.chinalawinfo.com/article/user/article_display.asp?ArticleID=21575.

[110]See Arturo Bronstein and Constance Thomas.European Labour Courts International and European Labour Standards in Labour Court Decisions，and Jurisprudence on Sex Discrimination［R］．International Labour Office(1995).

[111]此为德国法认为宪法效力高于国际法的事例。

[112]参见姜爱丽.我国外派劳务关系法律调整理论与实务［M］．北京:北京大学出版社，2004:2-10.