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国际贸易与技术进步关系检验

时间:2022-05-29 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:第四节 国际贸易与技术进步关系检验国外对国际贸易和技术进步的关系进行了广泛的实证研究。国内外就中国国际贸易对生产率增长的影响也进行了一定的研究。不管是以宏观国家数据、行业数据,还是以微观的企业数据为样本,对国际贸易和技术进步因果关系检验的实证结果都是“混合的”。表15.4.1 部分国际贸易和技术进步关系的实证检验结果资料来源:作者根据文献整理。

第四节 国际贸易与技术进步关系检验

国外对国际贸易和技术进步的关系进行了广泛的实证研究。这些研究可以分为三类:一类是宏观范围的研究。这类研究一般以各国截面样本,就一国的贸易开放度和产出增长做回归分析,这类研究基本上证实开放经济国家趋于更快的经济增长(Sachs和Warner,1995)。Awokuse(2007)以三个转型国家为例的最新实证结果表明,出口、进口都促进了经济增长。但是这类研究存在几个问题,一个是内生性问题;另一个就是这类研究的结果对于样本使用截面数据还是面板数据比较敏感(Harrison,1996)。另外,各个国家由于具有不同的其他经济背景,采用截面数据也难以考虑到各个截面数据的异质性。第二类是行业范围的研究。这类研究主要考虑贸易政策等变量对各国行业样本的索洛剩余即TFP增长的影响(Kim,2000;Lee,1995)。Harmse和Abuka(2005)对南非制造业的实证研究表明贸易自由化有利于竞争和学习效应,从而有利于南非制造业的技术进步。另外一种就是微观范围的研究。这类研究主要以某个国家的企业为样本,分析贸易政策等变动对企业的产出增长或者TFP增长的影响(Krishna和Mitra,1998;Pavcnik,2000;Fernandez 2003)。但是这类研究的结果并不一致。Wagner和Joachim(2007)对1995-2006年期间发表的涉及34个国家的54篇微观实证文献进行了综述,从这些文献中可以发现出口企业比非出口企业具有明显的高生产率水平,但是企业的出口并不一定显著提升其生产率水平。

国内外就中国国际贸易对生产率增长的影响也进行了一定的研究。Perkins(1997)最早对中国沿海省份的企业改革与出口绩效进行了研究,发现出口企业比非出口企业具有显著的生产率水平;Xiaolan Fu(2005)就中国26个制造业行业1990-1997年的出口和生产率增长的关系进行了实证分析,发现出口并没有显著促进各行业的生产率增长。Wei andLiu(2006)对中国制造业样本的研究发现,中国制造业产业间存在显著的D&D技术溢出和国际贸易技术溢出效应,并且来自欧美等国的外资企业的技术溢出效应更加明显。

不管是以宏观国家数据、行业数据,还是以微观的企业数据为样本,对国际贸易和技术进步因果关系检验的实证结果都是“混合的”(mixed)。Arnade和Vasavada(1995)的实证结果表明亚洲和美洲国家中生产率和出口不存在显著的因果关系;Wyn Morgan和Bruce Morley(2004)在对欧盟内8个国家的国际贸易和技术进步的检验中发现,只有德国和英国显示了技术进步促进出口的长期因果关系,法国和爱尔兰显示了出口促进技术进步的长期因果关系。尽管基于企业样本的大多数实证结果都显示,出口企业比非出口企业具有高的生产率,但是出口和生产率之间的因果关系仍然不是很明确。Marin (1992)和Yamada(1998)对美国、英国、日本和德国等工业化国家的实证发现,出口促进了技术进步;Baldwin和Gu(2003)对加拿大企业的实证结果也表明出口和技术进步存在一定的双向因果关系;Clerides,Lach和Tybout(1998)、Bernard和Jensen (1999)、Aw,Chung和Roberts(2001)、Bernard和Jensen(2001)等对哥伦比亚、墨西哥和摩洛哥、美国、韩国和中国台湾的企业样本实证显示出口并没有促进技术进步,在绝大部分情况下都是企业因为技术进步而自发选择了出口等行为。

表15.4.1 部分国际贸易和技术进步关系的实证检验结果(基于企业样本的分析)

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资料来源:作者根据文献整理。

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【注释】

(1)Dahlman和Westphal(1982)把技术努力定义为:使用技术知识和其他资源去吸收或采纳已有技术或者去制造新的技术。

(2)我们不能排除企业因为自身技术水平高而选择出口的自我选择情况。

(3)out FDI定义为一个国家的国内企业所进行的对外FDI活动。

(4)Mohnen(2001)对此做过很好的综述。

(5)Madani(1997)和Ziele(1993)有此指数的推导。

(6)但随后Coe和Hoffmaister(1999)对此进行了反驳,他们认为Keller的权重构造并不是真正随机的。

(7)没有内化的R&D溢出是相对于内化于资本品贸易的R&D溢出以及内化于FDI的R&D溢出等各种形式的内化R&D溢出(embodied R&D spillovers)来说的。

(8)尽管对G-7国家来说,国内R&D存量对生产率影响更大,G-7国家的国内R&D存量对生产率的弹性为0.23,非G-7国家是0.08;,外国R&D存量对G-7国家和非G-7国家生产率的弹性分别为0.06和0.12。

(9)在分析方法上,除了使用资本性商品贸易、5年平均而不是年度数据、回归元中还包括中等教育变量、使用TFP增长率而不是TFP水平作为回归字等这些差别外,CHH所采用的方法和CH相似;该文更进一步假设发展中国家不存在R&D,因此,在回归中没有国内R&D变量,国外R&D存量以22个发达国家R&D存量的加权平均估算,加权数以资本品的双边进口份额表示,他们认为资本性商品贸易更可能是技术溢出的渠道。

(10)以前的许多实证文献并没能发现国际R&D溢出的显著证据,例如,Soete和Verspagen(1993)和Gittleman和Wolff(1995)。

(11)R&D支出在行业之间高度集中。在OECD国家中,整个制造业80%的R&D支出都集中在化学品制造、电子和非电子机器(包括计算机和电讯装备)和运输装备业。

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