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肾功能异常

时间:2022-03-28 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:1.术前肾功能异常 是术后肾衰竭的危险因素之一。而且肝移植术中创伤大,术中出血、门腔静脉阻断等使肾小球滤过率进一步下降,进一步加重肾功能损害,甚至术后出现肾衰竭。肝移植术后一旦出现肾功能不全,对患者生命会带来严重威胁。因此,应立即积极采取各种措施,尽力挽救肾功能。若非手术治疗无效,应立即手术止血。

肾功能不全(renal dysfunction)是肝移植术后常见的并发症,肝移植术后早期出现肾功能不全是预后不良的标志之一,严重影响手术的成功率及长期的生存率。目前对于肝移植术后急性肾衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)尚缺乏准确的定义及统一的诊断标准。Rimola等提出的标准为:对于术前肾功能正常者,术后血Cr(creatinine)>132μmol/L和(或)血UN(urea nitrogen)>18mmol/L;对于术前肾功异常者,术后血Cr/UN比值增加50%以上,可诊断为肝移植相关性肾衰竭(renal failure associated with liver transplantation,RFALT)。

【原因】

引起肾功能不全的原因有:

1.术前肾功能异常 是术后肾衰竭的危险因素之一。严重终末期肝病患者术前常合并有肝肾综合征,易出现肾功能不全,血Cr水平高于正常。而且肝移植术中创伤大,术中出血、门腔静脉阻断等使肾小球滤过率进一步下降,进一步加重肾功能损害,甚至术后出现肾衰竭。

2.术中大量的输血输液 术中大量出血导致大量的输血输液,这可增加术后并发症的发生率,是术后早期死亡的重要危险因素之一。肝移植患者术中经历了门腔静脉的阻断和开放,引起血流动力学的波动,大量出血,加剧血流动力学波动,加重了凝血功能异常,都可导致肾功能的损害。

3.免疫抑制药肾毒性反应 如CsA或FK506都具有剂量依赖的肾毒性。此外,感染、高血压和多器官系统衰竭相关性败血症是导致晚期肾功能不全的重要原因之一。

【临床表现】

肝移植术后肾功能不全多为一过性的,经治疗一般在24~48h即可恢复。肾功能不全可迅速或逐渐发生,常伴有严重水钠潴留导致的腹水、全身水肿和酸碱水电解质紊乱。临床表现为血清肌酐和尿素氮升高、少尿或无尿。

【诊断】

移植术后出现尿量突然锐减,在排除补液量不足、心肺功能不全后,应考虑有肾功能不全的可能,尤其是术前即有肾功能损害或术后大剂量应用肾毒性药物者。尿量是术中肾功能监测的简单而又有效的指标。若发现尿量进行性减少,甚至无尿,尿中有大量红细胞、肾小管上皮细胞形成的宽大棕色的肾衰竭管型,血尿素氮和肌酐增高,则诊断可成立。必要时可行肾穿刺活组织检查,有利于了解肾病变的性质和严重程度。

【处理】

肝移植术后一旦出现肾功能不全,对患者生命会带来严重威胁。因此,应立即积极采取各种措施,尽力挽救肾功能。

1.纠正肾前性因素 术后活动性出血是导致低血容量最主要的因素。若非手术治疗无效,应立即手术止血。如果在大量补液后患者尿量仍无明显增加,说明已经发展为肾实质性功能衰竭。

2.药物治疗 合理应用扩肾血管药物,增加肾脏灌注压和有效血流量,是保护肾功能的关键。小剂量应用多巴胺2~5μg/(kg ·min)可以改善肾脏的血流灌注压,肾小球滤过率,钠及肌酐的清除率,而无心血管不良反应,也可以酌情使用呋塞米。在无肺水肿及液体过量的情况下,也可输注20%甘露醇利尿。如果上述治疗仍无效,则应限制液体量,必要时采用血液净化疗法。为减轻免疫抑制药对肾脏的损害,可加用肾毒性较小的霉酚酸酯(MMF)、OKT3或其他抗淋巴细胞抗体,而将CsA或FK506减量或推迟服用1~2周。采用特异性作用于IL-2受体的人源化单克隆抗体Zenapax、激素及低剂量CsA或FK506(正常剂量的1/3)三联的方案诱导,再随后用CsA或FK506、MMF、激素三联维持,也有助于改善肾功能。

3.血液净化 在非手术治疗无效的情况下,可考虑行血液净化疗法。但血液净化所带来的并发症对患者来说可能是致命的。Bilbao等发现,术后行血透的肝移植患者的病死率(50%)远高于未行血透者(13%),血透患者1年移植物存活率(41%)亦明显低于未血透者(71%)。因此对血液净化疗法的选择尤其应慎重。

4.肾移植 一旦确定患者肾脏已出现难以逆转的实质性损害,并且伴有严重的心肺疾病,则肾移植是唯一的选择。对于因移植肝功能不全而导致急性肾功衰竭者,可考虑实施再次肝肾联合移植。

【预防措施】

预防和治疗肾功能不全的有效方法是:

(1)术中和术后保持足够的血容量。

(2)术后严密观察患者尿量,应始终维持尿量在80~100ml/h。

(3)维持一定的尿量是肾灌注正常的一个标志。因此一旦出现少尿倾向,需加大利尿药的用量(呋塞米80~200mg),使用多巴胺24h泵入以增加肾脏血流和肾小球的滤过率,必要时使用利尿药。

(4)停用对肾脏功能有损害的药物。

(5)上述治疗无效可行血液透析。

(吕 毅)

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