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逐渐贬值政策无甚意义

时间:2022-11-18 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:凯衍斯的逐渐贬值论脱不了数量学说的色彩,在界限效用学说者看来,是不能见诸实行的。密塞斯说,机械式的逐渐贬值不会发生效力,因为一般人民若是预先知道政府采一定步骤的贬值政策,必能预为之备。逐渐贬值政策,不仅在理论上有缺点,即在事实上亦从未见诸实行。至于其他各国贬值,大概都是急促的办法,而不是逐渐贬值政策,更属显然。逐渐贬值可使利益流入民间,而一次贬值则利益全归政府,此所以逐渐贬值不能实行的最大理由。

(3)逐渐贬值政策无甚意义

凯衍斯的逐渐贬值论脱不了数量学说的色彩,在界限效用学说者看来,是不能见诸实行的。密塞斯说,机械式的逐渐贬值不会发生效力,因为一般人民若是预先知道政府采一定步骤的贬值政策,必能预为之备。人虽至愚,不难知所趋避。若是逐年贬值有一定百分比例,比方每年1%,则第一年之末币值减低1%,以后逐年递减乃成为几何的级数,到了n年之末,币值会为100×0.99n-1,是等于不减了。

“Of course,the real difficulty does not lie in the fact that a progressive diminution of the value of money must soon reach amounts so small that they would no longer meet the requirements of commerce.Since the decimal systemof calculation is customary in the majority of the presentday monetary systems,even the more stupid sections of the public would find no difficulty in the new reckoning when a systemof higher units was adopted.We could quite easily imagine amonetary systemin which the value ofmoney was constantly falling at the same proportionate rate.Let us assume that the purchasing power of this money,...sinks in the course of a year by one hundredth of its amount at the beginning of the year.The levels of the value of the money at each New Year then constitute a diminishing geometrical series.If we put the value of the money at the beginning of the first year as equivalent to 100,then the ratio of diminution is equivalent to 0.99,and the value ofmoney at the end of the year is equivalent to 100×0.99n-1...”[18]

密塞斯的意见,早已为维克霰所叙述,[19]兹不多赘。逐渐贬值政策,不仅在理论上有缺点,即在事实上亦从未见诸实行。英国自1931年以来,采取自由贬值政策,在表面上似乎是依据此项理论,但在1931年9月21日,停止纸币兑现,一次降低币值甚多。至于其他各国贬值,大概都是急促的办法,而不是逐渐贬值政策,更属显然。逐渐贬值可使利益流入民间,而一次贬值则利益全归政府,此所以逐渐贬值不能实行的最大理由。

【注释】

[1]关于安定的意义,可参阅J.Fisher,Stabilized Money,pp.1-2.第一种安定意义虽然是说本位币所含金属是否合法,但寻常亦多就纸币的兑现而言。此种安定,即是指纸币与本位币相互兑换,不发生差异。在一般情形之下,纸币1单位兑不到金币1单位,那就是纸币价值不安定。但在特殊情况之下,纸币价值亦有超过金币的。1916年2月8日瑞典中央银行(Riksbank)请求政府停止该银行条例第十条所规定对于人民提交造币局纯金1公斤(Kilogram)兑换2480克乐那(Kronor铸币费为14%)之办法。自此以后,瑞典纸币遂高于现金价值。参阅Cassle,Money and Foreign Exchanges after 1914,pp.79-80.

[2]Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System,recommending CongressionalStudy of Money Measures and Objectives,published its statements in the Federal Reserve Bulletin,May,1939,p.363.

[3]参阅Purchasing Power of Money,revised edition,Appendix.

[4]关于商业循环问题,可参阅Mitchell,Trade Cycle:the Problemand its Setting;Bellerby,Monetary Stability,pp.6-7;Jack,Currency and Banking,p.179.关于19世纪以来物价变动情形,可参阅Layton,Introduction to the Study of Prices.

[5]关于强迫储蓄问题,经济学家的解释各有不同。他们多半以膨胀通货或扩张信用,使消费者不得不节约消费而达到投资增加的目的,为强迫储蓄。实际上,在个人并无所谓储蓄。参阅Hayek,An Note on the Development of the Doctrine of Forced Saving in the Qnarterly Journal of Economics.Nov.1932.

[6]参阅High Price of Bullion in the Ricardo's Economics Essays与Bullion Report.

[7]欧战后,德国有兄弟二人。兄素嗜饮酒,不治生产,弟则勤俭治家,所有积蓄都存在银行,积资百万。后来马克跌价,兄家尚有空酒瓶可以出卖,而弟则已一文莫名。

[8]关于币值变动的影响,可参阅Keynes,Monetary Reform.

[9]关于安内与安外之问题,可参阅D.T.Jack,Currency and Banking,Chap XIV,Monetary Reconstruction.又赵兰坪先生《论汇价与购买力平价》,载在中央银行经济研究处民国二十九年二月十六日《经济汇报》第1卷第8期。

[10]民国自二十四年十一月三日施行法币政策以来,对英汇率定为1先令2便士半,对美定为美金30元,对日定为103元。至民国二十五年九月九日,因为英美汇率升至£1=G$5.05img49,中央银行为维持对美与对英两方面之平衡起见,不变更挂牌行市,惟将外汇买卖价格之差额扩大,即英汇卖1先令2便士1/4,买1先令2便士3/4,美汇卖29元1/2,买30元1/2,且汇卖101元,买105元。此种临时变通办法,实与压低英汇提高美汇无异,但如英美汇率相差更远,则此法将不免发生麻烦。(民国二十五年十月七日《银行周报》总968号汇兑率)

[11]G.Cassel,Post-war Monetary Stabilization,p.46.

[12]Sir Henry Strakosch,Economic Conseqnences of Changes in the Value of Gold,in the Selected Documents,by Gold Delegation,p.22.

[13]Royal Institute of International Affairs,The Future of Monetary Policy,pp.195-197.

[14]Woodward and Rose,The Primer of Money,pp.159-160.

[15]Keynes,Monetary Reform,p.40.

[16]Keynes,Treatise on Money,Vol.Ⅱ,p.303.

[17]Keynes,Treatise on Money,Vol.Ⅱ,p.393-394.

[18]Mises,Theory of Money and Credit,p.225.

[19]Wicksell,Interest and Prices,p.3.

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