在法律翻译中，最难处理的莫过于“长句”。“长句”具有两个典型特点：句子字数多，起码要超过50个单词；句子结构复杂，从句和各种修饰性成分较多。在法律英语中，“长句”出现的频率远远多于等其他英语作品。可以说，正确地理解和翻译长句，是法律翻译成败的关键。
对于法律英语中的“长句”，可以通过“拆分—组合”翻译法加以翻译。具体而言，就是要首先按照从宏观到微观的原则，将“长句”拆分成“短句”，进而分析出句子的主体结构；然后再把“短句”翻译出来；最后再把译文组合成通顺的汉语。其中的关键是“拆分”长句和“组合”译文。
在“拆分”长句的过程中，有一些拆分的“标志”：第一，句子中有标点符号的，可以从标点符号的位置，将句子分割开。第二，句子中有“连接词”的，可以将句子从“连接词”处进一步分割；所谓的“连接词”包括表示逻辑关系的词，比如and，or，but，however等；引导从句的词，如that，which，when，where，while等。第三，句子中有介词短语的，比如at，for，in等介词所引导的介词成分，可以对介词成分进行进一步的分割。
在“组合”译文的过程中，要注意其中的逻辑关系，在英—汉法律翻译处理上，最终的译文要符合汉语的表达习惯，达到准确、通顺、易懂的标准。
在法律英语中，“长句”的形成主要体现为以下三种方式：第一，复杂的从句；第二，多个并列结构；第三，多个分句。本课将通过例句具体分析上述三种类型“长句”的翻译及技巧。
通过多个从句来使句子结构复杂化，是增加句子长度的重要方式，例如：
例1：When the goods have arrived at their destination, the consignee that demands delivery of the goods under the contract of carriage shall accept delivery of the goods at the time or within the time period and at the location agreed in the contract of carriage or, failing such agreement, at the time and location at which, having regard to the terms of the contract, the customs, usages or practices of the trade and the circumstances of the carriage, delivery could reasonably be expected.(1)
这一句共有83个单词，具体翻译步骤如下：
步骤1：“拆分”句子，找出句子的主体结构。
在这一句中，有多个从句：when引导的状语从句，that和which引导的定语从句。此外，该句中还有or和and引导的多个并列结构，以及at引导的介词成分。经过分析，本句的主体结构是：the consignee shall accept delivery of the goods。
需要注意的是，在which引导的定语从句中，有一个插入语：having regard to ...
步骤2：分别翻译分割后的短句。
When the goods have arrived at their destination：当货物到达目的地时。
the consignee that demands delivery of the goods under the contract of carriage：要求交付货物的收货人。
having regard to the terms of the contract, the customs, usages or practices of the trade and the circumstances of the carriage：应当在考虑到合同条款和行业习惯、惯例或者习惯做法以及运输情形。
at the time and location at which(...) delivery could reasonably be expected：能够合理预期的交货时间和地点。
步骤3：“组合”汉语译文：当货物到达目的地时，按照运输合同要求交付货物的收货人应在运输合同约定的时间或者期限内，在运输合同约定的地点接受交货；无约定的，应考虑到合同条款和行业习惯、行业惯例或行业做法以及运输情形，在能够合理预期的交货时间和地点接受交货。
类似的例子还有：
例2：Where the seller sells goods in the course of a business and the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller any particular purpose for which the goods are being bought, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are reasonably fit for that purpose, whether or not that is a purpose for which such goods are commonly supplied, except where the circumstances show that the buyer does not rely, or that it is unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill or judgment. (2)
这一句共有91个单词，具体翻译步骤如下：
步骤1：“拆分”句子，找出句子的主体结构。
这句话中有where引导的两个条件状语从句，which引导的两个定语从句，that引导的一个同位语从句（there is an implied condition that ... ），that引导的两个宾语从句，以及whether or not引导的一个状语从句。这句话的主体结构是：there is an implied condition。
步骤2：分别翻译分割后的短句。
Where the seller sells goods in the course of a business and the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller any particular purpose for which the goods are being bought：如果卖方在商业经营过程中出售货物，并且买方明示或默示地将购买货物所用于的特定目的告知卖方。
there is an implied condition：存在下述默示条件。
the goods supplied under the contract are reasonably fit for that purpose, whether or not that is a purpose for which such goods are commonly supplied：根据合同提供的货物将合理地适用于该目的，不论其是否为通常提供的货物所适用之目的。
except where the circumstances show that the buyer does not rely, or that it is unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill or judgment：除非情况表明买方不依赖卖方的技能或判断，或者买方对卖方的技能或判断产生依赖是不合理的。
步骤3：“组合”汉语译文：凡卖方在商业经营过程中出售货物且买方以明示或默示方式将其购买货物的特定目的告知卖方的，存在下述默示条件：（卖方）按照合同提供的货物符合买方的购买目的，不论该目的是否为货物供应通常之目的，除非有情况表明买方不依赖卖方的技能或判断，或者买方对卖方的技能或判断产生依赖不合理。
通过多重并列结构可以有效地增加句子的长度，例如：
例1：Party A and Party B shall respectively indemnify Party C, its Affiliates, and/or Staff, and hold each of them harmless in all respects, from and against any claims, demands, suits, or causes of action and any resulting settlements, awards, judgments, costs, expenses, losses, or damages（including without limitation attorney and court fees, value added taxes or similar taxes for which no credit is available under applicable legislation）（“Expenses and Loss”）arising out of their own breach of this Agreement(individually or collectively) and/or any act or alleged activity of Party A and/or Party B in any way connected to the Trademark or this Agreement, and shall jointly indemnify Expenses and Loss as a result of their joint violation of this Agreement.
这一句共有121个单词，具体翻译步骤如下：
步骤1：“拆分”句子，找出句子的主体结构。
句子中包括很多由and和or构成的并列结构，这些并列结构的翻译并不难。此外，句中还有分词构成的修订成分：arising out of ...
这一句的主体结构是：Party A and Party B shall respectively indemnify Party C, its Affiliates, and/or Staff, and hold each of them harmless in all respects(...) and shall jointly indemnify Expenses and Loss as a result of their joint violation of this Agreement.这也是一个并列的结构。
步骤2：分别翻译分割后的短句。
Party A and Party B shall respectively indemnify Party C, its Affiliates, and/or Staff, and hold each of them harmless in all respects：甲方和乙方分别赔偿丙方及其下属子公司和（或）工作人员，确保其不受下列损害。
（Party A and Party B）shall jointly indemnify Expenses and Loss as a result of their joint violation of this Agreement：（甲方和乙方）对其共同违反本协议的行为而导致的“费用及损失”负共同责任。
句中的并列结构：from and against any claims, demands, suits, or causes of action and any resulting settlements, awards, judgments, costs, expenses, losses, or damages（including without limitation attorney and court fees, value added taxes or similar taxes for which no credit is available under applicable legislation）（“Expenses and Loss”）arising out of their own breach of this Agreement（individually or collectively）and/or any act or alleged activity of Party A and/or Party B in any way connected to the Trademark or this Agreement：任何因甲方和乙方（单独或共同地）违反本协议以及（或）甲方和（或）乙方与商标或本协议有关的行为或被指称的活动引起的任何请求权、要求、诉讼或诉因，以及任何相应的和解协议、裁决、判决、花费、支出、损失或损害（包括但不限于律师与法院受理费、增值税或类似根据可适用的法律不可赊欠的税务负担）（“费用和损失”）。
步骤3：“组合”汉语译文：甲方和乙方分别赔偿丙方及其下属子公司和（或）工作人员，确保其不受下列损害，即任何因甲方和乙方（单独或共同地）违反本协议以及（或）甲方和（或）乙方与商标或本协议有关的行为或被指称的活动引起的任何请求权、要求、诉讼或诉因，以及任何相应的和解协议、裁决、判决、花费、支出、损失或损害（包括但不限于律师与法院受理费、增值税或类似根据可适用的法律不可赊欠的税务负担）（“费用和损失”）。甲方和乙方对因共同违反本协议的行为应当对费用及损失负共同责任。
例2：Except for the license granting Manufacturer the right, nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed as conferring any right to Manufacturer or Vendor to use or register any name, trademark, service mark, logo, slogan, tagline, domain name, or other designation, including any contraction, abbreviation, or simulation of any of the foregoing, in advertising, publicity or marketing activities or for any purpose whatsoever. Any publicity, advertising, etc. with regard to this Agreement which mentions another Party shall be mutually agreed upon in writing prior to use.
这一段共有86个单词，与上一句相比，这一句的翻译比较容易。多个并列的名词的使用，直接增加了这个句子的长度。具体翻译步骤如下：
步骤1：“拆分”句子，找出句子的主体结构。
上述英文中包括两个句子，从“句号”处分割开，然后再分别翻译就可以了。
在第一句中，有except for所引导的状语，以及including所引导的状语。
步骤2：分别翻译分割后的短句。
第一句：
Except for the license granting Manufacturer the right：除授予制造商特许权之外。
nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed as conferring any right to Manufacturer or Vendor：本协议中的任何内容不得被解释为授予制造商或者卖方如下任何权利。
句中的并列结构：to use or register any name, trademark, service mark, logo, slogan, tagline, domain name, or other designation, including any contraction, abbreviation, or simulation of any of the foregoing, in advertising, publicity or marketing activities or for any purpose whatsoever：在广告、宣传或者营销活动中，或者为任何目的，使用或注册的任何名称、商标、服务标志、标示、口号、宣传词、域名，或者其他标志，包括任何简写、缩写，或者前述任何内容的模仿。
第二句：
Any publicity, advertising, etc. with regard to this Agreement which mentions another Party shall be mutually agreed upon in writing prior to use：与本协议有关的任何提及另一当事方的宣传、广告等，应当在使用前由本协议全体当事人共同书面协商一致。
步骤3：“组合”汉语译文。除授予制造商特许权外，本协议中的其他任何内容不得被解释为授予制造商或者卖方如下任何权利：在广告、宣传或者营销活动中，或者为任何目的，使用或注册的任何名称、商标、服务标志、标示、口号、宣传词、域名，或者其他标志，包括任何简写、缩写，或者前述任何内容的模仿。与本协议有关的任何提及另一当事方的宣传、广告等，应当在使用前由本协议全体当事人共同书面协商一致。
为了完整、严谨地表达一个规定，法律文件往往会在一个句子中表述不同的分句，以使意思表达充分。例如：
In respect of the territories referred to in article 35 of the Constitution of the International Labor Organization as amended by the Constitution of the International Labor Organization Instrument of Amendment, 1946, other than the territories referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5 of the said article as so amended, each Member of the Organization which ratifies this Convention shall communicate to the Director-General of the International Labor Office with or as soon as possible after its ratification a declaration stating:
(a) The territories in respect of which it undertakes that the provisions of the Convention shall be applied without modification;
(b) The territories in respect of which it undertakes that the provisions of the Convention shall be applied subject to modifications, together with details of the said modifications;
(c) The territories in respect of which the Convention is inapplicable and in such cases the grounds on which it is inapplicable;
(d) The territories in respect of which it reserves its decision.(3)
这种“长句”具有很大的迷惑性，表面上看结构比较复杂，字数也很多，但是，由于“分句”都已经被单独列出，这就在一定程度上降低了分析句子结构的难度。只需要分别翻译每一个分句，然后再组合译文就可以了。
步骤1：“拆分”句子，找出句子的主体结构。
这句话的主体结构是：each Member of the Organization shall communicate to the DirectorGeneral of the International Labor Office
主体结构之后的stating作为状语，引导了四个分句。
步骤2：分别翻译分割后的短句。
In respect of the territories referred to in article 35 of the Constitution of the International Labor Organization as amended by the Constitution of the International Labor Organization Instrument of Amendment, 1946：关于经1946年《国际劳工组织组织法修正书》修正后的《国际劳工组织组织法》第35条所述领土。
other than the territories referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5 of the said article as so amended：该条修正后第4款和第5款所述领土除外。
each Member of the Organization which ratifies this Convention shall communicate to the Director-General of the International Labor Office with or as soon as possible after its ratification a declaration：国际劳工组织每一成员于批准本公约时，或于批准后尽速，向国际劳工局局长提出一份声明。
The territories in respect of which it undertakes that the provisions of the Convention shall be applied without modification：不经修改地适用本公约规定的该国领土。
The territories in respect of which it undertakes that the provisions of the Convention shall be applied subject to modifications, together with details of the said modifications：在加以修改的情况下适用本公约规定的该国领土，以及这些修改的细节。
The territories in respect of which the Convention is inapplicable and in such cases the grounds on which it is inapplicable：不适用本公约的领土，以及不适用的原因。
The territories in respect of which it reserves its decision：该国保留决定的领土。
步骤3：“组合”汉语译文：关于经1946年《国际劳工组织组织法修正书》修正后的《国际劳工组织组织法》第35条所述领土（该条修正后第4款和第5款所述领土除外），国际劳工组织每一成员于批准本公约时，或于批准后尽速，向国际劳工局局长提出一份声明，说明：
（1）不经修改地适用本公约规定的该国领土；
（2）在加以修改的情况下适用本公约规定的该国领土，以及这些修改的细节；
（3）不适用本公约的领土，以及不适用的原因；
（4）该国保留决定的领土。
在汉语法律文件中，“分句”的表述模式也经常被使用。例如：
违反本规定第六条规定，经营者有下列行为之一的，由市或者区、县交通行政管理部门责令改正，处以每辆车2000元以上5000元以下的罚款：
（一）未清除客运出租汽车专用车身颜色、专用营运标识或者专用营运设施的；
（二）未在规定的时间内办理营运证件注销手续的。(4)
在翻译包括分句的汉语法律文件时，需要注意各分句之间的逻辑关系。该条可以翻译为：
An operator who, in violation of Article 6 of these Provisions, conducts any of the following acts, shall be ordered to make corrections by the municipal or district/county traffic administrative departments and shall be punished with a fine of no less than 2,000 yuan and no more than 5,000 yuan per vehicle.
1. failure to remove the special colors, operation signs and devices for passenger transport motor vehicles for hire; and
2. failure to go through formalities for cancellation of the business license in due time.
总之，法律英语中长句的翻译，必须是在全面、准确理解原文句子结构和逻辑关系的基础上，对句子进行“拆分”，并对汉语意思进行“整合”。译者首先要从宏观上统揽全句，将长句“拆分”成短句，然后紧扣原意进行翻译，最后按照逻辑关系把汉语译文“整合”既忠实又通顺的译文。
compensate loss obligation reparation negligence liability
As a legal concept, indemnity has a more specific meaning, namely, to (1) another party to a contract for any loss that such other party may suffer during the performance of the contract. For instance, compensation connotes merely a sum paid to make good the(2) of another without regard to the payer's identity or their reasons for doing so. The obligation to indemnify differs from the(3) to pay compensation, or make(4), in that an obligation to indemnify is a voluntary obligation. If C crashes into B's car and damages it and the crash is due to C's(5), most legal systems will impose(6) upon C to pay B for the damage caused. C's obligation to B arises by force of law regardless of whether C subjectively wishes to compensate B.
（1）本规定适用于本市行政区域范围内各类机动车、非机动车非法客运的查处及相关管理活动。
（2）凡工人及雇主不须经过事前批准手续，均有权建立他们自己愿意建立的组织和在仅仅遵守有关组织的规章的情况下加入他们自己愿意加入的组织。
（3）乙方原则上不接受超出订货数量的商品。特别情况下，经乙方同意认可，可以提前接受乙方的下一批次的订货。
（4）除非本协议另行规定，未经其他当事人的书面同意，本协议或者本协议项下的任何权利或者义务不得由任何一方当事人转让、让与或者转托给他人。
（1）The Agreement may be executed in multiple counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original and all of which taken together shall constitute one and the same instrument.
（2）Declarations communicated to the Director-General of the International Labor Office in accordance with the preceding paragraphs of this article shall indicate whether the provisions of the Convention will be applied in the territory concerned without modification or subject to modifications; when the declaration indicates that the provisions of the Convention will be applied subject to modifications it shall give details of the said modifications.
（3）Implied terms about title
① In a contract of sale, other than one to which subsection (3) below applies, there is an implied term on the part of the seller that in the case of a sale he has a right to sell the goods, and in the case of an agreement to sell he will have such a right at the time when the property is to pass.
② In a contract of sale, other than one to which subsection (3) below applies, there is also an implied term that—
(a) the goods are free, and will remain free until the time when the property is to pass, from any charge or encumbrance not disclosed or known to the buyer before the contract is made, and
(b) the buyer will enjoy quiet possession of the goods except so far as it may be disturbed by the owner or other person entitled to the benefit of any charge or encumbrance so disclosed or known.
③ This subsection applies to a contract of sale in the case of which there appears from the contract or is to be inferred from its circumstances an intention that the seller should transfer only such title as he or a third person may have.
④ In a contract to which subsection (3) above applies there is an implied term that all charges or encumbrances known to the seller and not known to the buyer have been disclosed to the buyer before the contract is made.
⑤ In a contract to which subsection (3) above applies there is also an implied term that none of the following will disturb the buyer's quiet possession of the goods, namely—
(a) the seller;
(b) in a case where the parties to the contract intend that the seller should transfer only such title as a third person may have, that person;
(c) anyone claiming through or under the seller or that third person otherwise than under a charge or encumbrance disclosed or known to the buyer before the contract is made.
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(1) 《鹿特丹规则》第43条。2008年12月11日，在纽约举行的联合国大会上，《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》（United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea）正式得到通过，并且大会决定在2009年9月23日于荷兰鹿特丹举行签字仪式，开放供成员国签署，因而该公约又被命名为《鹿特丹规则》。
(2) 英国《1979年货物买卖法》（Sales of Goods, 1979）附表1（Schedule 1）第5条。
(3) 《结社自由及保护组织权公约》（Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention）第12条。
(4) 《上海市查处车辆非法客运规定》（2010年11月1日上海市人民政府令第49号公布）第十四条（违反退出营业规定的处罚）。
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