长句的翻译技巧

第七节　长句的翻译技巧

一般来说，英语中长难句的出现和英语中短语以及并列和从属分句的大量使用密切相关，这些长句不但可以造成理解上的失误，其复杂的结构还可能使译者难以理清头绪并导致表达上的困难。

一、长句翻译前的分析

为了翻译好一个长句，我们可以先对该长句进行语法和语篇分析，即根据上下文的语义首先找出句子的主干（主语、谓语、宾语），然后确定枝叶成分（状语、定语等）。具体操作过程为：首先找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构；然后找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词；再分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等，若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等；进而分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等；最后注意插入语等其他成分以及句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。具体分析流程可参照下面例句：

例1：But now it is realized that supplies of some of minerals are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“ expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.

该句的骨干结构为：It is realized that...it为形式主语，that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to...结构，其中，不定式作主语，the time...是“expectation of life”的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构，表达了四个层次的意义：（1）可是现在人们意识到；（2）其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的；（3）人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”；（4）将这些已知矿源和储量消耗殆尽的时间。

那么根据以上分析，我们可以将该句翻译为：

可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

例2：For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.

该句的骨干结构为：It is more...to do sth than to do sth else.这是一个比较结构，而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。该句中共有三个谓语结构，它们之间的关系为：it is more convenient as well as cheaper to...为主体结构，但it是形式主语，真正的主语为第二个谓语结构to sit comfortably at home,并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。句首的for a family of four作状语，表示条件。另外，还有两个介词短语作插入语：for example、with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语，修饰to sit comfortably at home。

那么根据以上分析，我们可以将该句翻译为：

譬如，对于一个四口之家来说，舒舒服服地在家中看电视，就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

例3：The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells,though now specialized,still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.

该句的骨干结构为：The presumption is that all these cells...contain...genetic instructions...and can do so...其中介词on加which引导定语从句修饰主语the presumption;that从句为表语从句，此表语从句中contain和can do并列做all these cells的谓语；表语从句中又插入一个though引导的省略了主语all these cells的让步状语从句，补充完整为though these cells are now specialized;needed to make an entire individual为过去分词短语做genetic instructions的后置定语；并列谓语can do so又有if条件句修饰。rest on意为“依赖”。为避免重复，do so代替前文提到的make an entire individual。

那么根据以上分析，我们可以将该句翻译为：

人类克隆赖以存在的假定是：虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化，但却仍然包含有发育为完整个体所需的与母体完全一致的全部遗传指令；如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢复作用，这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。

例4：Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes,and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes,these women have since given voice,loudly and persuasively,to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country,their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.

该句的骨干结构为：these women have...given voice...to what they know from experience that...that从句作experience的同位语从句；此从句中又套嵌一个unless引导的条件状语从句；Once intimidated by arguments是过去分词做状语修饰these women,其施动者arguments又有两个that引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。intimidated by arguments意为“被论点搞得惊慌害怕”；feel at home不能直译为“感到在家”，而应译为“感到自在”；give voice to意为“表达，表露”；land jobs译为“找到工作”。

那么根据以上分析，我们可以将该句翻译为：

有人说，孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在，而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。这几位母亲曾被这一论点搞得惶恐不安，现在发表了最响亮、最有说服力的意见。从她们自身的经验中，他们深知：如果孩子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言，除了那些最简单的体力活儿外，根本谈不上上大学，也谈不上找到理想的工作。

例5：His famous will,in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics,Chemistry,Physiology,Medicine,Literature and Peace,is a memorial to his interests and ideals.

这个长句是由一个主句His famous will is a memorial to his interests and ideals和一个非限制性定语从句组成。由于主句被从句分成两半，如果按照原文顺序翻译，势必造成主句信息的割裂。我们可以把从句的信息挪到后面去，即先翻译主句，然后处理从句。

那么根据以上分析，我们可以将该句翻译为：

他那著名的遗嘱是对他的爱好和理想的纪念。在遗嘱里他留下钱，为在物理学、化学、生理学、医学、文学与和平方面的杰出成就提供奖金。

例6：Then when Pug first returned to Grunewald house,the art museum director who lived next door,a vastly learned little dark man named Dr.Baltzer,rushed over,dragging a lame leg,to offer his neighbor a drink and to chat about the imminent British collapse.

该句的状语从句位于句首表示时间，和汉语表述相一致，可按顺序译出。主句主语the art museum director后面跟一个定语从句，句子较长而且起的是补充说明的作用，所以可以拆开另译为一句，置于主句之后。

那么根据以上分析，我们可以将该句翻译为：

帕格一回到绿林区自己的住宅，那美术馆馆长马上拖着一条残废的腿跑了来，邀请邻居喝一杯，同时谈起英国的覆灭迫在眉睫。这位博士馆长就住在隔壁，名叫芭泽尔。他学问渊博，身材矮小，肤色黝黑。

二、英语长句的翻译技巧

英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中，我们一般采取下列方法。

英语长句汉译时，一般可采用以下几种方法：包孕法、切断法、拆译法、倒置法、重组法和插入法。

（一）包孕法

包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分（包括各种词组或从句）按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词（即被修饰成分）之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，成分也不宜过于复杂，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的混乱。例如：

In 1970,he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast.

1970年他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工人骚乱而被软禁。

Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it,the amount and sources of funds,membership,and names and salaries of their representatives.

国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱、怎样花的、款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。

The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its function.

大会得设立其认为于行使职务所必需之辅助机关。

This is no class war,but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged,without distinction of race,creed,or party.

这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。

（二）切断法

切断法基本上是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”，也就是在语句的连接处，如使用关联词语处、并列或转折处、后续成分与主体连接处等，以及按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。

The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says“ pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

《精神错乱诊断与统计手册》第四版写道：“病态赌博”是一种持续反复并难以控制的行为，与其说是追求金钱，倒不如说是为了寻求冒险博取横财的刺激。

A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces.

渥太华和一些省出资成立了加拿大医疗技术评估协作办公室，这意味着向成立全国性机构的目标迈出了一小步。

Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals,and in doing so ensured their survival,by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代地生存下来。

（三）拆译法

所谓拆译法就是将英语句子中有些成分（词、词组或从句）从句干中拆出来另行处理，或置于句首，或置于句尾，以利于句子的总体安排。常见的情况是英语长句中某些成分很难用切断式顺译，也很难将它们包孕在句中，切实可行的办法是将它们拆开，放到句中的合适位置，以免造成行文上的梗阻。

1.拆译单词

A cold that rapidly grew worse caused his unlamented return to Paris.

他的感冒愈来愈厉害，只好返回巴黎去了。但对他的离去，谁也没有感到遗憾。

Characteristically,Tedder concealed his feelings and watched and learned.

特德没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会。这是他的特点。

2.拆译词组或插入成分

The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing,which exhibited a superb performance in smash service,twist service,steady service,high drop and killing and ended in a draw.

外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。在比赛中双方在发扣球、旋转球、平稳球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分精湛，最后打成了平局。外宾们都看得入迷了。

There is a tide in the affairs not only of men but of women too,which,taken at the flood,leads on to fortune.

人生在世，有时会走运，抓住时机，就能飞黄腾达。不但男人如此，女人也一样。

Although the world economic crises were still lingering,a large-than-expected visitors of 8,000 attended the 110th China Import and Export Fair.

尽管世界经济危机仍未消散，来参加第110届中国进出口交易会的人数竟达8 000名之多，这真是出乎意料。

I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain all active and energetic member of the European Community.

我坚决认为，英国应该继续保持为欧洲共同体中积极而充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。

This land,which once barred the way of weary travelers,now has become a land for winter and summer vacations,a land of magic and wonder.

这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观；而从前精疲力竭的旅游者只能到此止步。

（四）倒置法

倒置法是指在翻译英语长句时将其断成若干短的句子，然后按汉语习惯表达法进行重新安排，对原文语序进行全部或局部的变换，结果译句中各分句的顺序可能恰恰与原文顺序相反。

1.部分倒置

It is extraordinary that in all the years the British colonised Egypt they never got to know the real people of Egypt.

英国人在埃及殖民统治的岁月这么长久，而对真正的埃及人民却不愿了解，这是颇不寻常的。

2.完全倒置

Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

如若没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们，昆虫会吞噬我们所有的庄稼，害死我们的牛羊家畜，使我们不能生存于世。

（五）重组法

重组法指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在弄清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合，也就是以各部分之间的时间、逻辑等关系为依据把长句译为若干小分句。这样就摆脱了原文语序和句子形式的约束，能使译文流畅、自然、富有文采。但由于译者在翻译时在一定程度上摆脱了原文的束缚，使得细节上的疏漏（时态、语态等）很容易出现。

The poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

对于以往的几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

The big problem of comprehension of the English text and the bigger problem of how to express it in rich,present-day Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial both have to be solved in the course of translation.

了解英语原意是一个大问题，现代汉语既然是文言口语兼收并蓄，怎么用这样丰富多彩的文字来表达英文原文是一个更大的问题，这两个问题在翻译中都要得到解决。

Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country.（《新概念3》）

周末，当成千上万进城上班的人回到了他们的乡间寓所之后，空旷的街市笼罩着一种宁静的气氛，没有什么比此时的宁静更令人难忘了。

（六）插入法

插入法是指用破折号、括号或前后逗号将难以处理的句子成分插入译句中。在英译汉中采用插入语，一般有两种情况：一是英语原文有插入语，汉语译文也采用原文的做法；二是英语原文没有插入语，但附加成分多，结构复杂，汉语译文中不得不将某些部分用插入法译出。有同位语从句的句子也常常采用此方法。

States and organizations having presented written or oral statements or both shall be permitted to comment on the statements made by other states or organizations in the form,to the extent,and within the time limits which the Court,or,should it not be sitting,the President,shall decide in each particular case.

凡已经提出书面或口头陈述或两项陈述之国家及团体，对于其他国家或团体所提之陈述，准其以法院或院长（在法庭不开庭时）所定关于每案之方式、范围及期限，予以评论。

练习Exxercises

一、翻译下列句子，注意正反表达转换技巧的使用

1.Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you？

2.Her husband hates to see her stony face.

3.A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards.

4.The naughty boy is far from honest and his excuse is pretty thin.

5.You have roused my curiosity.And now you must gratify it.

6.Appearances are often deceptive.

7.At the news of his father’s death,he remained quiet for several days.

8.I adhered to all the courtesies I had been taught.This frustrated my son to no end.

9.You can’t be too careful.

10.We could not be more mistaken.

11.The United Nations Organization has not,so far,justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.

12.For three weeks I held both jobs,working from eight in the morning until midnight.Never in my life have I been happier.

13.The agency enjoys an international reputation for impartiality.

14.She came into the room with no shoes on.

二、翻译下列句子，注意语态转译

1.The sun and the earth are in a great group of stars;it is called the galaxy.

2.The γ-rays are not affected by an electric field.

3.The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery.

4.Other processes will be discussed briefly.

5.The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.

6.I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did.

7.Premier Zhou is respected and loved by the people of the whole country.

8.The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article.

9.It need not be said that all factors must be taken into consideration.

10.If this suggestion is accepted,it should not be considered as a precedent.

11.A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer.

12.Therefore,when we are received with so much honor and so much kindness in this great country I believed that the People’s Republic of China is doing a very significant thing.

13.Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earth’s crust.

14.Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.

15.Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

16.A melody is heard,played upon a flute.It is small and fine,telling of grass and tree and the horizon.The curtain rises.

17.When water falls a great distance,energy is known to change from potential to kinetic.

18.There are some kinds of rays from the sun which could burn us to death if we were not protected from them.

19.Not the plain white ones which he wore in the evening,because they were all alike,but the colored socks that were supplied to him by an English haberdasher in Paris.

20.As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.Consequently,a geological survey of the underground rocks structure must be carried out.If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a“ drilling rig”is assembled.

三、翻译下列句子，注意分句译法与合句译法的使用

1.Unrealistically,they had expected some kind of miracle to happen.

2.But,occasionally,through haste or carelessness,mistakes were made,so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash,the other long.

3.There is an identifiable cause for her loneliness.

4.He stalked away,but with a gnawing uncertainty his breast.

5.He nodded his head and his mouth opened,then closed in shyness.

6.The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.

7.She sat with her hands cupping her chin,staring at a corner of the little kitchen.

8.Sunrays filtered in wherever they could,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.

9.But they had become nomads of the desert,living on the ground and under the sky,and they loved it.

10.The station chief would have to be close to the director,a member of the inner circle.

11.Doctors and men both talked about a miracle drug constantly almost with awe.

12.The answer had been there all of the time just out of reach.

13.She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.

14.The ample yard in back is dominated by heavily bearing fruit trees.

15.He wanted to tell John how surprised he was at his knowledge but embarrassment made him hold his peace.

16.His father had a small business in the city of Pisa.This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.

17.It was half past ten.Sarie watched the path anxiously.

18.That was long ago.A very long time ago.Almost 30 years ago.

19.He would miss many things and many people.He would miss Celia.

20.When I negotiate,I get nervous.When I get nervous,I eat.

21.From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa,and then it reached the sea.

22.It was an LST,and it was already nearly loaded with trucks and armored cars.

23.It was in mid-August,and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.

四、翻译下列句子，注意名词性从句的翻译方法

1.What matters is whether you have tried to finish the task.

2.What makes me surprised is that so many people broke the world record with efforts.

3.What makes me happy is that I was admitted to Fudan University,which I dreamed of.

4.That he once came to China made all the people present very excited.

5.Whether he robbed the bank remains to be investigated further.

6.Whether the sports meeting will be held tomorrow depends on what the weather is like.

7.The reason why he didn’t attend the meeting was that he had been caught in a traffic jam.

8.The reason why my mother was sad was that she lost a bag,containing many important files.

9.The reason he explained at the meeting was that someone neglected his duty.

10.That is how he deals with it,which made me worried.

11.Doctors gradually realized that the environment in the hospital is important to the recovery of diseases.

12.He felt that artists had lost their place in modern society and that art should be enjoyed by a larger audience.

13.As students,we should pay more attention to what teachers said and make full use of what we have.

14.Whether we begin the experiment depends on whether we have enough money.

15.The difficulty lies in the fact that attitudes towards the population growth vary from country to country.

16.Please give the prize to whoever comes first.

17.When children grow up,they should be encouraged to do whatever housework they can do.

18.More and more college students are faced with the fact that it is very hard to find a suitable job.

19.The reason why he became short-sighted was that he often kept reading books for 4 to 5 hours.

20.There is no doubt that the government will take measures to prevent the disease from spreading.

21.Whether the meeting will be held as planned hasn’t been decided yet.

22.The reason why she was late was that she had to take care of her sick sister.

23.That China joined WTO is not only a great challenge but also a good opportunity.

24.It is reported that so far 91 children have died in the flood.

25.Human beings have to accept the fact that because of the green house effect,the climate over the earth is becoming warmer and warmer.

26.Why metals can conduct electricity is an interesting problem.

27.When this theory was originally formed is not known.

28.There is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.

29.The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in this region has been discussed.

30.What is the most important thing for us to do is to protect the wild animals which are being threatened with extinction.

五、翻译下列句子，注意状语从句的翻译方法

1.Scarcely had we got to the station before the train left.

2.As soon as she heard the news,she fainted.

3.Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found.

4.They fell in love the moment they saw each other for the first time.

5.The earth turns round its axis as it travels about the sun.

6.I read a newspaper while I was waiting.

7.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared,if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.

8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.

9.If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.

10.While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

11.If,like most of mankind,you have strong convictions on many such matters,there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice.

12.Every time you try to answer a question that asks why,you engage in the process of causal analysis—you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect.

13.While not every scientific fact is a numerical one,nor every scientific theory a predictor of numerical magnitudes,so many are that we cannot conceive of modern science without the process of measurement.

14.Where it is dry so much of the time that few plants can live,the destructive waters have their own way when the occasional rains come.

15.Whatever its underlying reasons,there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies,individuals and governments would make more efforts.

16.Now,commercial farmers have become increasingly specialized so that almost everything consumed on most farms is now bought from outside sources rather than home-grown.

17.Since most TV“ action-adventure”dramas occurs in urban settings,the fear they inspire may contribute to the current flight of the middle class from our cities.

18.Although at first sight the legislation appears to obstruct what might otherwise be a simple process,it actually exists to facilitate the purchase,while protecting the creditors (so far as company law is concerned).

19.While there can be no question of considering education in isolation from science,technology,culture and information,as a social practice that may involve all the members of society in one way or another,education has its own characteristics.

20.Lifts stopped working,so that even if you were lucky enough not to be trapped between two floors,you had the unpleasant task of finding your way down hundreds of flights of stairs.

21.Business is pretty slack,to begin with,and then I am fixing up a little house for Ned and Ruth,when they are married.

22.When reports came into the zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London,they were not taken seriously.

23.I was just about to make my little bow of assent,when the meaning of these last words sank in,jolting me out of my sad reverie.

24.Sometimes this fall,if all goes well,a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage.

25.When winds blow particles against a large rock for a long time,the softer layers of the rock are slowly worn away.

26.One must sow before one can reap.

27.Before manned spacecraft could be sent to space,the problem of getting the spacecraft safely back to earth had to be solved.

28.Not until we have detailed studies of the present movement of traffic and have a clearer idea of how many people wish to travel,where they want to go,at what time of day and how quickly—not until then can we begin to plan a proper transportation system for the future.

六、翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的翻译方法

1.There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you.

2.There are many people who are interested in the new invention.

3.What were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors?

4.There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on every desk is just around the corner,while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to computerized instruction.

5.It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth.I have come amidst you from Egypt,on the banks of the Nile,which also has a most ancient civilization.

6.You’ve given Feldstyn,who dislikes me any how,the chance he was waiting for.

7.The last bits and pieces of interplanetary debris from which Earth formed were just arriving.

8.All commercial communication satellites,which began to be launched in 1965,are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits.

9.World War II was,however,more complex than World War I,which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets,resources and territories.

10.One explanation for the pig-eating taboo is that pork that is not cooked sufficiently may spread a disease called trichinosis.

11.But even more important,it was the farthest that scientist had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

12.Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.

13.Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised:the velocity of light did not vary.

14.You compare her with your English women who wolf down from three to five meat meals a day;and naturally you find her a sylph.

15.He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man,whose eyes flashed red with fury.

16.When she was lost to his view,he pursued his homeward way,glancing up sometimes at the sky,where the clouds were sailing fast and wildly.

17.His wife,Betty,is a Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight,and whose book,Eight Moon,tells of her sister Sansan’s life in China.

18.As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions,an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.

19.At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs.Bradly and a shy drab girl who seemed even younger than others.

20.A writer—in fact every one of us in life—needs that loving-mother force from which all creation flows.

21.He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings them (those aims) within the reach of a majority of the human race.

22.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.

23.They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.

24.I told the story to John,who told it to his brother.

25.Kissenger and his small group of aides toured the Forbidden City,where the Chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.

26.The cook turned pale,and asked the housemaid to shut the door,who asked Brittles,who asked the tinker,who pretended not to hear.

27.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

28.Another popular spectator sport,which is known as the sport of kings,is horse-racing,which is controlled by the Jockey Club.

29.Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa,he found himself watching a swinging chandelier,which air currents shifted now in wide arcs,now in small ones.

30.Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.

31.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.

32.The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four.

33.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.

34.Taking his cue from Ibsen’s A Doll’s House,in which the heroine,Nora,leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child,the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.

35.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

36.With the conclusion of a burst activity,the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted,via oxidative metabolism,by the liver into glucose,which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.

37.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves’ preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.

38.This preference for exogamy,Gutman suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

39.On the whole,such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

40.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.

41.This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature;actually,aside from abnormally lazy people,there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum,and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.

42.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese:

Please,my dear husband,be so generous as to let me have a little world of my own.If you find me writing on a piece of paper,please don’t peep over my shoulders.It may be that I am venting some pent-up feelings which long denied expression,or trying to compose a little poem which is not yet presentable for the time being,or attempting to sketch out something which is visualized form my childhood memories which grows in my mind like rainbow.When I am in such a mood,please leave me alone and let me write as pen dictates.

Don’t disturb me,my dear.When I got nostalgic over some old photos or letters which bring tears to my eyes or smiles on my lips,for those were things that had happened to me before I met you,the joys and sorrows,partings and reunions that taste like green olive or glitter like scattered pearls.They are my cherished memories which,readily as I am to share with you,I would like to indulge in by myself for a while.

七、翻译下列句子，注意长句的翻译方法

1.It was the school’s responsibility to make good citizens out of the students,and the parents’ responsibility to teach the children to read and write.

2.Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.

3.Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely integrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.

4.The technological design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns.They are comfortable and convenient to carry.

5.Notice how the cold,colorless men,without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success,get on in this society,capturing one plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them.

6.When the quiet hour ends,the TV networks might even be forced to come up with better shows in order to get us back from our newly discovered activities.

7.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“ valid”or“ fair”comparison.

8.They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean,pointed,dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

9.In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.

10.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.

11.For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

12.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.

13.The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

14.Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor,tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work,under any condition,that would keep them alive.

15.As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments,she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.

16.These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.

17.In the West,before mass communication and literacy,the most powerful mass medium was the church,which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.

18.The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes,namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces,has many different versions,of which the following is one.

19.We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.

20.His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

21.This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development,which means that we must,for the benefit of coming generations,leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.

22.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.

23.For our purposes we will say e-commerce begins in 1995,following the appearance of the first banner advertisements placed by ATT,Volvo,Sprint and others on Hotwired.com in late October.

24.Napster.com,which was established to aid Internet users in finding and sharing online music files known as MP3 files,is perhaps the most well known example of peer-to-peer e-commerce,although purists note that Napster is only partially peer-to-peer because it relies on a central database to show which users are sharing music files.