首页 百科知识 欧盟体育赛事转播的法律分析及其评价

欧盟体育赛事转播的法律分析及其评价

时间:2022-05-22 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:第五节 欧盟体育赛事转播的法律分析及其评价体育运动与传媒或者转播权的发展是互动的,或者说是相互促进的。尽管欧盟委员会作出了一些涉及体育比赛转播权的决定,但是欧盟的决定并没有限制体育比赛转播权的价格上升趋势,事实是由于各种商业因素的发展,体育比赛转播权的竞价仍然在继续增长。[65]而且,欧盟涉足体育比赛转播权并没有消除各大职业联盟转播权收入的不平衡问题。

第五节 欧盟体育赛事转播的法律分析及其评价

体育运动与传媒或者转播权的发展是互动的,或者说是相互促进的。欧洲体育运动的发展以及传媒转播技术的促进使得欧盟竞争法在体育运动领域适用的机会越来越多,毕竟体育赛事转播权价格的突飞猛涨是众所周知的事实。体育赛事转播市场的有效竞争有可能促进转播市场的发展,受众也能够以比较合理的价格观看电视和其他新形式的赛事转播,可供选择的途径更多。[61]

考虑到体育运动的发展,转播权仍然是体育从业者主要的商业财源之一。转播权所有者当然想联合或者集中集体出售有关的转播权,没有卖出的相关权利也可以再另行出售。不过,从竞争法的角度来看,这是不能接受的,因为其限制了竞争,毕竟只有一个产品提供者。而从转播商的角度来看,转播公司更愿意独家拥有有关体育赛事的转播权,体育赛事转播毕竟是吸引观众的一个很好的方法,无论是对于付费电视台还是免费的电视节目都是如此。但是每个人又都想以合理的价格甚至免费观看体育节目,毕竟体育比赛并不仅仅是市场意义上的产品,它还是一种文化,一种生活方式。[62]

为确保体育转播权市场上不能只有一个供方或者需方拥有全部的权力或者控制所有的市场,欧盟委员会和欧洲法院作出了一些有关竞争法的体育赛事转播权的决定,这是非常有意义的。而考察欧盟委员会所作的有关转播权的决定,其对于专有享有转播权的救济措施主要有两种方式:其一是限制独占享有的转播权的范围,把有关的权利分割成不同的权利包分别竞价出售,或者允许俱乐部对其上级主管部门未加开放的权利另行招标出售;其二就是限制有关独占权利的合约期间,而从欧足联冠军联赛以及德国足联的裁决来看,3年是比较好的选择。[63]而且,随着新技术的发展,转播权出售的形式越来越多样化,诸如网络、手机以及IPTV等都可以成为转播体育比赛的载体,欧盟在一些决定中也谈到了新技术对于转播权发展的影响等问题。

集体销售协议使得转播商在整个赛季都能够有机会转播所有的比赛。由于商品特色是独一无二的,转播商就很容易决定转播计划以及安排广告招商,广告商也可以在较长的时间内从事专门的宣传活动。转播商的经济风险降到了最低程度,因为与单独销售不同的是,它不必对“表现不好”的俱乐部(如降级的以及失去公共吸引力的俱乐部)承担风险。一般来讲,小的俱乐部也可以从独特的商品中获利,因为在销售有关的权利方面它们缺少经验和商业机会。最后,消费者也可以从中获利,因为消费者想看电视直播,想在第一时间知道参加比赛的俱乐部、比赛举行的时间和地点。例如通过集体销售,欧洲冠军联赛的品牌得到了保护,这也是转播商所获得的好处,因为它们可以转播这些得到公众认可的比赛,对于那些能够迅速认可比赛的消费者来讲也是有利的。尽管在涉及地域以及国籍问题上需要引起注意,但是从国内联赛的地位可以看到俱乐部的身份也是不同的,国内冠军联赛仅仅是单个的俱乐部确定自己地位的一种工具。在欧洲,俱乐部之间必须保持某种程度的平衡,大小俱乐部之间的资金流动也是很正常的。如果欧足联不能够成功开发这种权利,俱乐部就有单独开发的权利,这将能够确保有一个较好的市场需求反应。没有什么能够阻止俱乐部在直播之后单独开发有关比赛的权利。[64]综上所述可以看出,集体销售确实能够产生市场效益。

尽管欧盟委员会作出了一些涉及体育比赛转播权的决定,但是欧盟的决定并没有限制体育比赛转播权的价格上升趋势,事实是由于各种商业因素的发展,体育比赛转播权的竞价仍然在继续增长。以足球为例,在过去的十来年间,由于转播权收入刺激了俱乐部的总收入,电视转播商的确促进了欧洲足球水平的发展,英格兰、法国、德国和意大利的一些顶级的足球俱乐部联盟的转播收入几乎以年均20%的速度增长。[65]而且,欧盟涉足体育比赛转播权并没有消除各大职业联盟转播权收入的不平衡问题。由于德甲推迟转播的集锦是免费获得的,这也就意味着德国的足球俱乐部所获得的收入要少于其他几个主要国家的同行。考虑到转播权收入的重要性越来越大,德甲转播权的分包销售对德甲俱乐部的影响是至关重要的。不过由于收入以及支付给球员的工资有限,德甲俱乐部已经很难像其他几个国家的同行那样能够买到非常有价值的球员了,在欧洲市场上的竞争也就越来越难。

【注释】

[1]例如,英格兰足球俱乐部生存资金主要来自三个渠道:电视转播权、门票和俱乐部商务开发。而出售电视转播权的收入在英格兰俱乐部的总收入中占据很大的比重,大约在三分之一左右。参见新华网:“告诉你一个真实的英超:电视引发英格兰足球裂变”.[2008-01-28]http://news.xinhuanet.com/sports/2006-01/09/content_4029872.htm.

[2]European Commission,New marketing system for Bundesliga broadcasting rights(Reference:IP/03/1106,Date:2003-07-24.

[3]93/403/EEC:Commission Decision of 11 June 1993 relating a proceeding pursuant to Article 85 of the EEC Treaty(IV/32.150-EBU/Eurovision System),OJ L 179,22.7.1993:23-37.

[4]Torben Toft,Football:joint selling of media rights,Competition Policy Newsletter,2003(3):47.

[5]2004/311/EC:Commission Decision of 2 April 2003 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market and the EEA Agreement(Case COMP/M.2876-Newscorp/Telepiù)(notified under document number C(2003)1082)(Text with EEA relevance),OJL 110,2004-04-16:0073-0125.

[6]Judgment of the Court of 8 October 2002,in joint cases T-185/00,T-216/00,T-299/00 and T-300/00,Métropole télévision SA(M6)et alia v European Commission,ground 61.

[7]Marjan Olfers,Team Sport and the Collective Selling of TV Rights:The Netherlands and European Law Aspects,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.5,2004(1-2):66.

[8]Luca Ferrari,Serie A broadcast rights:collective v individual sale.[2006-12-23].http://www.e-comlaw.com/wslr/details_contents.asp?ID=773.

[9]Martin Schimke,Legal Principles Applicable to the Centralised Marketing of TV Broadcasting Rights in Germany,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):15.

[10]《德国基本法》第5条规定:(1)人人有用口头、书面和绘画自由地表达和传播自己意见的权利。并有自由采访一般可允许报道的消息的权利。新闻出版、广播与电影报道的自由予以保护、不受检查。(2)这些权利的范围在一般法律内予以规定。同时并规定保护青年和个人荣誉的权利。(3)有自由从事艺术、科学、教育和研究的权利。教育自由应忠诚于宪法

[11]Martin Nolte,An Introduction to(German)Sports Law,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol. 2,October 2001:16-17.

[12]Delphine Verheyden,Ownership of TV Rights in Professional Football in France,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):17-18.

[13]Roman ZagroskandSandraSchmieder,CentralizedMarketingofSports Broadcasting Rights and Antitrust Law,14 Seton Hall J.Sports&Ent.L.381,382(2004).

[14]European Commission,Broadcasting of sports events and competition law.[2007-12-23].http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/speeches/text/sp1998_037_en.html.

[15]Walter Tokarski,Dirk Steinbach,Karen Petry&Barbara Jesse,Two Players-One Goal?Sport in the European Union,UK:Meyer&Meyer Sport Ltd.,2004:101,footnote 1.

[16]Luca Ferrari,Legal Aspects of Media Rights on Football Events under Italian Law: Ownership,Exploitation and Competition Issues,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):5.

[17]现在意甲豪门是单独出售电视转播权,但根据意大利体育部长梅兰德里出台的新法案,从2010年开始,意甲转播权将打包出售,职业联盟已经开始考虑集体打包的办法。参见彭雷:“意甲赛程大变革”,载《体坛周报》,2008-02-15,B2版。

[18]Luca Ferrari,Legal Aspects of Media Rights on Football Events under Italian Law: Ownership,Exploitation and Competition Issues,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):6.

[19]José Manuel Rey,Spain:Football Players:Single or Joint Actors?An Question,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):13-15.

[20]柏金:“皇马巴萨无缘全球直播转播集团斗争牵连球迷”.[2008-01-29].http://sports.163.com/07/0827/14/3MTLH7N500051C8V.html.

[21]Pamela Rolfe,Real Madrid TV Rights To Mediapro For 7 Years.[2008-01-23].http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4926216-1.html.

[22]Walter Tokarski,Dirk Steinbach,Karen Petry&Barbara Jesse,Two Players-One Goal?Sport in the European Union,UK:Meyer&Meyer Sport Ltd.,2004:101.

[23]Luca Ferrari,Legal Aspects of Media Rights on Football Events under Italian Law: Ownership,Exploitation and Competition Issues,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):10.

[24]宋黎明:“足球转播逐步被垄断尤文签巨额合同意总理挨骂”.[2008-02-01].http://sports.sohu.com/20051228/n241175867.shtml.

[25]Walter Tokarski,Dirk Steinbach,Karen Petry&Barbara Jesse,Two Players-One Goal?Sport in the European Union,UK:Meyer&Meyer Sport Ltd.,2004:100.

[26]颜强:“‘钱’车之鉴”,载《足球周刊》,2008年第16期,第19页。此数据来自德勤会计师事务所2007年度报表。意西两大联赛俱乐部可以自主选择转播方,本表只列出收益最高的4支球队。

[27]Walter Tokarski,Dirk Steinbach,Karen Petry&Barbara Jesse,ibid.:103.

[28]Television without Frontiers Directive,European Commission 1989.

[29]Directive 2007/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2007 amending Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law,regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities(Text with EEA relevance).

[30]Luca Ferrari,Legal Aspects of Media Rights on Football Events under Italian Law: Ownership,Exploitation and Competition Issues,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):6.

[31]Luca Ferrari,Legal Aspects of Media Rights on Football Events under Italian Law: Ownership,Exploitation and Competition Issues,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):9.

[32]91/130/EEC:Commission Decision of 19 February 1991 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 85 of the EEC Treaty(IV/32.524-Screensport/EBU members),OJL 063,1991-03-09:0032-0044.

[33][英]麦克尔·佩恩.奥林匹克大逆转[M].郭先春,译.学林出版社,2005:55.

[34]93/403/EEC:Commission Decision of 11 June 1993 relating a proceeding pursuant to Article 85 of the EEC Treaty(IV/32.150-EBU/Eurovision System),OJ L 179,22.7.1993:23-37.

[35]2000/400/EC:Commission Decision of 10 May 2000 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty(Case IV/32.150-Eurovision)(notified under document number C(2000)1171)(Text with EEA relevance),OJL 151,2000-06-24: 0018-0041.

[36]Catriona Hatton,Christoph Wagner&Hector Armengod,Fair Play:How Competition Authorities Have Regulated the Sale of Football Media Rights in Europe,Eur. Compet.L.Rev.,2007(6):347.

[37]Judgment of the Court of First Instance in Joined Cases T 528,542,543&546/ 93,Métropole Télévision v Commission[1996]E.C.R.II-649.

[38]Judgment of the Court of First Instance in Joined Cases T 185,216,199&300/ 00,Métropole télévision v Commission[2002]E.C.R.II-3805.

[39]Catriona Hatton,Christoph Wagner&Hector Armengod,Fair Play:How Competition Authorities Have Regulated the Sale of Football Media Rights in Europe,Eur. Compet.L.Rev.,2007,28(6):347.

[40]Roman ZagroskandSandraSchmieder,CentralizedMarketingofSports Broadcasting Rights and Antitrust Law,14 Seton Hall J.Sports&Ent.L.381,390(2004).

[41]See Article 9(1),Council Regulation(EC)No.1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty.

[42]在2006年7月1日之前,这种转播赛事概要的时间限制为最多30分钟。

[43]Alex van der Wolk,Sports Broadcasting:Fair Play from a EU Competition Perspective,Int'l Sports L.J.,2006(1-2):85.

[44]参见:体坛周报:“后基尔希时代的一地鸡毛”.[2006-02-04].http://www.titansports.cn/data/news/new_news/2003/2/12/56023740.html;央视国际:“付费频道‘超级世界’失去德甲转播权”.[2006-02-04].http://media.news.hexun.com/detail.aspx?lm=1979&id=1468760;张力:“德电视巨头Premier”,载《足球周刊》,2008年第4期(总第303期),第79页。

[45]Commission opens proceedings against UEFA's selling of TV rights to UEFA Champions League(Reference:IP/01/1043,Date:2001-07-20.

[46]New marketing system for Bundesliga broadcasting rights(Reference:IP/03/ 1106,Date:2003-07-24.

[47]2003/778/EC:Commission Decision of 23 July 2003 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement(COMP/C.2-37.398—Joint selling of the commercial rights of the UEFA Champions League)(Text with EEA relevance.)(notified under document number C(2003)2627),OJL 291,2003-11-08:0025-0055.

[48]Walter Tokarski,Dirk Steinbach,Karen Petry&Barbara Jesse,Two Players-One Goal?Sport in the European Union,UK:Meyer&Meyer Sport Ltd.,2004:102.

[49]Stefaan Van den Bogaert&An Vermeersch,Sport and the EC Trep.y:A Tale of Uneasy Bedfellows,Eur.L.Rev.,2006(6):833.

[50]2005/396/EC:Commission Decision of 19 January 2005 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53(1)of the EEA Agreement(Case COMP/C.2/37.214—Joint selling of the media rights to the German Bundesliga)(notified under document number C(2005)78)(Text with EEA relevance),OJL 134,2005-05-27: 0046-0046.

[51]See Dan Jones(ed.),Deloitte Football Money League,February 2007:23.

[52]See Dan Jones(ed.),Deloitte Football Money League,2008:12.根据该报告,在2006/2007赛季,收入排名前十的俱乐部中出售转播权的收入分别是:皇马13240万欧元,曼联收入9130万欧元,巴萨10670万欧元,切尔西是8850万欧元,阿森纳是6580万欧元,AC米兰是15360万欧元,拜仁是6120万欧元,利物浦是7750万欧元,国际米兰是12800万欧元,罗马是10450万欧元。由于尤文图斯因为“电话门”降级,排名跌至12位。

[53]Notice published pursuant to Article 19(3)of Council Regulation No.17 concerning CasesCOMP/35.163-NotificationofFIARegulations,COMP/36.638-Notification by FIA/FOA of agreements relating to the FIA Formula One World Championship,COMP/36.776-GTR/FIA'others(Text with EEA relevance),OJC 169,2001-06-13:0005-0011.

[54]1999/781/EC:Commission Decision of 15 September 1999 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty(Case IV/36.539-Britisch Interactive Broadcasting/Open)(notified under document number C(1999/2935)),OJL 312,1999-12-06:0001-0037.

[55]Commission Decision of 21/03/2000 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market(Case No.IV/M.0037-B SKY B/KIRCH PAY TV)according to Council Regulation(EEC)No.4064/89(Only the English text is authentic),OJC 110,2000-04-15: 0045-0045.

[56]Prior notification of a concentration(Case COMP/M.2845-Sogecable/Canalsatélite Digital/Vía Digital)(Text with EEA relevance),OJC 166,2002-07-12:0009-0009.

[57]2004/311/EC:Commission Decision of 2 April 2003 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market and the EEA Agreement(Case COMP/M.2876-Newscorp/Telepiù)(notified under document number C(2003)1082)(Text with EEA relevance),OJL 110,2004-04-16:0073-0125.

[58]该公司由下列俱乐部组成:Atalanta、Brescia、Chievo、Como、Empoli、Modena、Perugia、Piacenza、Venezia、Verona以及Vicenza.

[59]Luca Ferrari,Legal Aspects of Media Rights on Football Events under Italian Law: Ownership,Exploitation and Competition Issues,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.4,2003(3):10-11.

[60]See Luca Ferrari,The New Entry of Mediaset and La 7 into the Pay-TV Market inItaly,Int'l Sports L.J.,2005(1-2):86.另请参见新华社:“意大利足球电视转播权争夺进入白热化”.[2006-02-06].http://enjoy.eastday.com/eastday/sports/news/ouluzhuqiu/node2138/node2153/node2155/userobject1ai964510.html.

[61]Torben Toft,Football:joint selling of media rights,Competition Policy Newsletter,2003(3):47.

[62]Alex van der Wolk,Sports Broadcasting:Fair Play from a EU Competition Perspective,Int'l Sports L.J.,2006(1-2):88.

[63]欧盟委员会委员在1997年针对英超第一份5年期的转播合同指出,转播技术的发展远远大于人们的预料,因此5年的转播合同时间是有点太长。See Darren McAuley,Exclusively for All and Collectively for None:Refereeing Broadcasting Rights between the Premier League,European Commission and BSkyB,Eur.Compet.L.Rev.,2004,25(6):372.

[64]Marjan Olfers,Team Sport and the Collective Selling of TV Rights:The Netherlands and European Law Aspects,Int'l Sports L.J.,Vol.5,2004(1-2):70.

[65]See Dan Jones(ed.),Deloitte Football Money League,February 2007:21.

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈