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角质形成细胞的研究方法

时间:2022-04-08 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:除体外细胞培养研究外,KC的研究方法还包括组织病理、免疫组化、免疫荧光、放射自显影、转基因细胞等活体研究。该方法培养的KC在许多方面可形成类似表皮的复层组织。皮肤器官培养是将完整皮肤组织进行体外培养并保持其一定的结构和功能。克隆形成能力的分析,不仅可以用于表皮干细胞的分离,可以用于表皮干细胞的体外鉴定。此外,还有人认为在表皮干细胞的分化过程中,K15的表达对于毛囊隆突部表皮

现在实验室使用的KC,其来源主要有两种,一是从人包皮、头皮或其他部位的皮肤来分离获取原代细胞,二是使用已有的KC系。正常KC即使在无血清和钙离子等非常良好的培养条件下也是传代很有限的,一般都在5~10代以内。KC系为各种不同的永生化细胞株,目前市场上已经有成百种细胞系,主要分为两种。一种是生物学上比较接近正常细胞的自然转化细胞,如常见的鼠KCPAM212细胞系、人KCHaCaT细胞系;第二种是癌化角质形成细胞系,包括Colo-16、HSC-1、HSC-5细胞系等。此外,应注意的是,在体外培养的条件下,正常KC的生物学特性也有明显改变,所以对体外实验结果的解释应当特别慎重。除体外细胞培养研究外,KC的研究方法还包括组织病理、免疫组化、免疫荧光、放射自显影、转基因细胞等活体研究。

一、角质形成细胞的培养研究

(一)原代角质形成细胞的分离培养

方法见第三篇第28章。

(二)气-液相培养

即在空气-液体交界面进行的KC培养。液体浸没并不是KC在正常生理情况下的生长环境,为获得更接近KC生长的生理条件,人们建立了空气-液体交界面培养法。其基本原理是在底物上培养KC,并在空气-液体交界面进行培养KC。该方法培养的KC在许多方面可形成类似表皮的复层组织。目前常用的底物有正常人去表皮真皮、胶原基质(有或无正常人Fb)、各种成分的人工真皮和惰性填料等。在底物上接种KC后,浸没培养过夜或数天。然后降低培养基的液面,使培养物在空气-液体交界面处继续培养,培养基可根据需要选择,每隔2~3d换培养液1次。Ca2+浓度一般为正常浓度或高于正常浓度。

近几年,经KC器官型培养已产生若干种人工皮肤,这些产品的表皮与天然表皮有着组织学上的相似性:基底细胞富含张力细丝和桥粒;过渡细胞含有板层体和透明角质;未分化表皮有角质化外膜和高电子密度的角质层。这些皮肤替代物可用来治疗某些皮肤病,如烧伤、皮肤溃疡等。

(三)皮肤器官培养

皮肤器官培养是将完整皮肤组织进行体外培养并保持其一定的结构和功能。其培养方法同样可以分为液体浸没培养和空气-液体交界面培养。

1.液体浸没皮肤器官培养 取全层皮肤置于6孔培养板或培养皿中,上面罩一个不锈钢丝网以防组织块浮起。标本浸没在含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基中,加入适量双抗,在37℃、5%CO2中培养。

2.空气-液体交界面的皮肤器官培养将一较小塑料平皿倒扣在另一较大的平皿中,形成一个平台,上面留有数个小孔让培养基通过。标本夹在两层不锈钢网中间,置于平台上,使表皮向上真皮向下。用含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基中培养,使培养基的液面达到平台上能触及皮肤标本底部为度,37℃、5%CO2培养。器官培养对观察某些激素、药物、化学物质及细胞因子对表皮的作用也非常有用。

(四)角质形成细胞的冻存与复苏

用0.125%胰蛋白酶、0.1%EDTA混合液2ml消化、分散接近长满的单层的KC,每分钟1 500转。离心5min,去除上清,反复2次,将细胞重新悬浮于KC培养基中,加入无菌的二甲基亚砜至终浓度为10%,混匀后置于塑料冻存管内密封,逐渐降温,于-196℃液氮中保存。复苏时,将细胞从液氮中取出,迅速置于37℃的水浴内。融化后,每分钟1 500转离心5min,去除上清,加入新的KC培养基,重新悬浮后再离心1次即可继续培养。

二、表皮干细胞的研究方法

(一)表皮干细胞的分离

1.Ⅳ型胶原快速贴壁法 其原理为表皮干细胞表达特殊的整合素,正因为这些整合素的存在,使其具有比其他表皮基底层细胞更强的与基底膜黏附的能力,而且研究发现表皮干细胞在Ⅳ型胶原(基底膜成分之一)上能生长得更好。目前,该方法是应用最广泛的一种。

2.克隆挑选法 按表皮细胞形成克隆的不均一性可将其分为3类:①全克隆(holoclone)。克隆面积为10~30mm2,细胞量为(2~5)×104,所含终末分化细胞<5%,具极强的增殖分化潜能;②次全克隆(paraclone),克隆面积<5mm2,形状不规则,几乎均为终末分化细胞,具短暂的增殖、分化潜能;③部分克隆(meroclone),介于全克隆与次全克隆之间,细胞大小不一,具有较强的增殖、分化潜能。

3.流式细胞术法 需借助于流式细胞仪和目前已知的、争议较少的表皮干细胞标记物。可选用的标记物包括p63、β1-整合素、K19、K15等。

(二)表皮干细胞的培养

表皮干细胞在体外很容易分化,选择合适的培养条件是表皮干细胞培养成功的关键。现今被认为最优质的培养方法为J2-3T3滋养层培养。J2-3T3为经致死量射线照射或丝裂霉素处理的Swiss小鼠Fb;该方法使用的FAD培养基是把DMEM培养基与F12培养基按3∶1的比例混合,并添加腺嘌呤至1.8×10-4 mol/L,氢化可的松至0.5μg/ml、胰岛素至5μg/ml、霍乱毒素至10-10 mol/L、表皮生长因子至10ng/ml,并添加10%的胎牛血清。

(三)表皮干细胞的鉴定

1.标记滞留法 表皮干细胞具有所有干细胞的共同特点,即细胞周期长,故在其DNA合成的过程中,用放射性核素等标记物标记的核苷酸,被细胞摄取并整合到DNA后可以维持很长的一段时间。故可采用“标记滞留法”来识别在体的静息干细胞。

2.克隆分析法 干细胞的自我更新能力在体外培养中表现为无限的增殖能力,即形成细胞克隆。克隆形成能力的分析,不仅可以用于表皮干细胞的分离,可以用于表皮干细胞的体外鉴定。表皮干细胞离体培养时,挑选克隆性生长的细胞团,可连续传代培养。

3.分子标记法 见“角质形成细胞与表皮干细胞的分子标记”部分。

三、角质形成细胞与表皮干细胞的分子标记

表皮的基底层细胞角蛋白丝网络非常复杂,其最主要的构成分子包括K5、K14、Plectin、Cadherins、β4-整合素等。随着基底层细胞的逐渐分化和向上迁移,KC脱离基底层后不再表达K5和K14而表达K1和K10;而当它们迁移到棘层时,开始表达Involucrin;迁移到颗粒层时,开始表达Fillagrin;而到达角质层时,则表达Oricrin、Cornifin、Siellin和谷氨酰胺转移酶。

随着分化程度的不同,表皮细胞表达标志性蛋白的谱系也在不断的变化之中,借助于该特点鉴别区分表皮干细胞、短暂倍增细胞和终末分化细胞是目前使用最为广泛的鉴别方法。目前得到共同认可的观点是表皮干细胞表达K19,短暂倍增细胞表达K5和K14,终末分化细胞表达K1和K10。此外,还有人认为在表皮干细胞的分化过程中,K15的表达对于毛囊隆突部表皮干细胞的鉴定也有重要的意义;也有人认为β1、α6也是表皮干细胞的标志之一。

迄今为止,还没有哪种阳性标志能够精确反应表皮干细胞的特征,且这些标志对表皮干细胞、短暂扩增细胞、终末分化细胞的鉴定意义都还没有形成统一的观点。因此,大多数研究者将阳性标志和阴性标志结合起来进行鉴定。

(李元朝 伍津津)

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