首页 理论教育 实施系统评价遇到的问题

实施系统评价遇到的问题

时间:2022-03-01 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:在系统评价中,通过对方法质量的评估来评价每一项纳入研究偏倚的危险度。评价数据的缺乏的另一个重要因素就是对原始试验研究数据报道很不充分。令人失望的是许多的系统评价常常结束于一个类似的陈述,即在研究者能够确保评价的治疗效果之前,还需要更多的研究。在研究者的评价结论中,关于进一步的研究已经明确地说明。

(一)方法异质性

在系统评价中,通过对方法质量的评估来评价每一项纳入研究偏倚的危险度。如果偏倚较大,研究者对评价结果的有效性的把握就越小。经验性著作也显示在meta分析中方法质量的不同也会导致偏倚(Schulz等人,1995;Egger等人,2002)。依据所使用的评价工具,研究者认为在PFMT评价中纳入研究的方法学质量也有很大的变化。

研究者计划进行敏感性分析,由于纳入研究的文章较少,无法实施。为了做到这一点,在质量评估的基础上,研究者以某种方式对纳入研究进行排列。许多的工具可以来帮助进行方法质量评估。在评估方法学质量的过程中,困难之一就是利用来自于试验报告信息做出判断,这不可能准确描述所做的事情(Huwiler-Muntener等,2002;Soares等,2004)。然而,最大的问题是现存的质量评估手段不可能测量质量的效度(Juni等,1999;Herbison等,2006),研究者需要探索影响研究质量的其他方法(Greenland和ORourke,2001;Verhagen等,2001)。研究者并不知道在多大程度上试验方法学质量的可变性影响了评价结果。在所有对评价有效果的研究数据中,Lagro-Janssen在1991年所做的试验观察达到了最明显的治疗效果,在这项研究中治疗分配是通过交替进行的,在评价中这很可能是具有最大偏倚危险度的试验。

(二)结局测量的选择和报告

评价对于预先说明的利益结局产生了较少的数据。研究者不可能发现许多测量尿失禁生活质量的试验,生活质量是两个主要利益结局之一。然而,研究者选择了他们的测量结局来反应有可能对病人是最重要结果而不是要测量研究者认为最重要的研究。评价也是这样。评价数据的缺乏的另一个重要因素就是对原始试验研究数据报道很不充分。在这项评价中,当选择、报道和解释结局时,13个纳入研究的9个研究使用的尿垫和纸巾测试,很好地解释了评价者和研究者面临的问题。尽管尿失禁的量化被国际控尿协会推荐为一个主要的测量指标,由于每个纳入研究使用不同的测试,所以在这项评价中,尿垫测试不是预先说明的要测量的结局。尿垫测试数据以不同的方式进行陈述,包括治愈的数目、尿漏的量或来自于基线改变的测量。研究者还需要了解对病人重要的结果以便于以一种有意义的方式陈述和解释尿垫测试数据。

令人失望的是许多的系统评价常常结束于一个类似的陈述,即在研究者能够确保评价的治疗效果之前,还需要更多的研究。在这项评价里,主要的因素是在结局选择和测量工具方面缺乏一致性和在纳入研究中,不充分数据的报道,这些都限制了从个体研究中合并数据的可能性。在研究者的评价结论中,关于进一步的研究已经明确地说明。在评价中所报道的内容依赖于研究者所做的决策,因此,评价者能够做的有意义的事情就是强调在临床试验方法和报道方面需要达成一致。

(任 伟)

参考文献

[1]Aksac B,Aki S,Karan A,et al.Biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for the rehabilitation of urinary stress incontinence.Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation,2003,56(1):23-27.

[2]Begg C,Cho M,Eastwood S,et al.Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials.The consort statement.Journal of the American Medical Association,1996,276(8):637-639.

[3]Bidmead J,Mantle J,Cardozo L,et al.Home electrical stimulation in addition to conventional pelvic floor exercises:a useful adjunct or expensive distraction?(abstract 68).Neurourology and Urodyamics,2002,21(4):372-373.

[4]Bo K,Talseth T,Holme I.Single blind,randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises electrical stimulation,vaginal cones,and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence women.British Medical Journal,1999,318(7182):487-493.

[5]Burgio KL,Locher JL,Goode PS.et al.Behavioral vs drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence in older women:A randomized controlled trial.Journal of the American Medical Association,1998,280(23):1 995-2 000.

[6]Burns PA,Pranikoff K,Nochajski TH,et al.A comparison of effectiveness of biofeedback and pelvic muscle exercise treatment of stress incontinence in older community dwelling women.Journal of Gerontology,1993,48(4):M167-174.

[7]Davey Smith G,Egger M.Going beyond the grand mean:Subgroup analysis in meta-analysis of randomized trials.In:Egger M,Davey Smith G,Altman D,et al.Systematic Reviews in Health Care Meta-analysis in Context.London:BMJ Publishing,2001:143-156.

[8]Deeks JJ,Altman DG,Bradburn MJ.Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis.In:Egger M,Davey Smith G,Altman DG,et al.Systematic Reviews in Health Care:Meta-analysis in Context.London:BMJ Publishing,2001:285-312.

[9]Detsky A,David N,O’Rourke,K,et al.Incorporating variations in the quality of individual randomized trials into meta-analysis.Journal of Clinical Epidemiology,1992,45:255-265.

[10]Donovan J,Bosch R,Gotoh M.et al.Symptom and quality of life assessment.In:Abrams P,Cardozo L,khoury S,et al.Incontinence.Vol.1Basics and Evaluation.Plymouth,UK:Health Publication Ltd,2005

[11]Egger M,Ebrahim S,Davey Smith G.Where now for meta-analysis?International Journal of Epidemiology,2002,31(1):1-5.

[12]Flather MD,Farkouh ME,Pogue JM,et al.Strengths and limitations of meta-analysis:Larger studies may be more reliable.Controlled clinical trials,1997,18(6):568-579.

[13]Greenland S,O’Rourke K.On the bias produced by quality scores in meta-analysis,and a hierarchical view of proposed solutions.Biostatistics,2001,2:463-471.

[14]Hannestad YS,Rortveit G,Sandvik H,et al.A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence:The Norwegian Epincont study.Epidemiology of incontinence in the county of Nord-Trondelag.Journal of Clinical Epidemiology,2000,53(11):1 150-1 157.

[15]Hay-Smith EJC,Dumoulin C.Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Versus No Treatment,or Inactive Control Treatments,for Urinary Incontinence in Women.The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1,Art.CD005 654.

[16]Henalla S,Millar D,Wallace K.Surgical versus conservative management for post-menopausal genuine stress incontinence of urine(abstract 87).Neurourology and Urodynamics,1990,9(4):436-437.

[17]Henalla SM,Hutchins CJ,Robinson P,et al.Non-operative methods in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1989,9:222-225.

[18]Herbison P.Problems with meta-analysis.The New Zealand Medzcal Journal,1999,112(1081):38-41.

[19]Herbison P,Hay-Smith J,Gillespie WJ.Adjustment of meta-analyses on the basis of quality scores should be abandoned.Journal of Clinical Epidemiology,2006,59:1 249-1 256.

[20]Higgins,J,Green S.Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions4.2.5.http://www.cochrane.org/resources/handboo/hbook.htm,2005-05/2005-10-31.

[21]Hofbauer VJ,Preisinger F,Nurnberger N.Der stellenwert der physiotherapies bei der weiblichen genuinen strefs-inkontinenz.Zeitschrift fur Urologie and Nephrologie,1990,83:249-254.

[22]Huwiler-Muntener K,Juni P,Junker C,et al.Quality of reporting of randomized trials as a measure of methodologic quality.Journal of the American Medical Association,2002,287(21):2 801-2 804.

[23]Juni P,Witschi A,Bloch R,et al.The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis.Journal of the American Medical Association,1999,282(11),1 054-1 060.

[24]Lagro-Janssen TLM,Debruyne FMJ,Smits AJA,et al.Controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in general practice.British Journal of General Practice,1991,41:445-449.

[25]Lau J Ioannidis JP,Schmid C H.Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews.Annals of Internal Medicine,1997,127(9):820-826.

[26]Lose G,Fantl JA,Victor A.et al.Outcome measures for research in adult women with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction.Neurourology and Urodynamics,1998,17(3):255-262.

[27]Miller JM,Ashton-Miller JA,DeLancey JOL.A pelvic muscle preconstruction can reduce cough related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,1998,46(7):870-874.

[28]Moher D,Jadad AR,Nichol G,et al.Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials:An annotated bibliography of scales and checklists.Controlled clinical trials,1995,16(1):62-73.

[29]Moher D,Schulz KF,Altman DG,et al.The consort statement:Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials.Journal of the American Medical Association,2001,285(15):1 987-1 991.

[30]Polden,M,Mantle J.Physiotherapy in Obstetrics and Gynaecology.Butterworth Heinemann,1990

[31]Ramsay LN.Thou M.A randomized,double blind,placebo controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence(abstract 59).Neurourology and Urodynamics,1990,9(4):398-399.

[32]Schagen van Leeuwen J,Elser D,Freeman R.et al.Controlled trial of duloxetine alone,pelvic floor muscle training alone,combined treatment in women with stress urinary incontinence(SUI)(abstract).European Urology Supplements,2004,3(2):52.

[33]Schulz KF,Chalmers L,Hayes RJ,et al.Empirical evidence of bias.Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials.Journal of the American Medical Association,1995,273(5):408-412.

[34]Sharpe D.Of apples and oranges,file drawers and garbage:Why validity issues in meta-analysis will not go away.Clinical Psychology Review,1997,17(8):881-901.

[35]Soares HP,Daniels S,Kumar A.et al,Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Bad reporting does not mean bad methods for randomised trials:Observational study of randomized controlled trials performed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.British Medical Journal,2004,328(7430):22-24.

[36]Sterne JA,Egger M,Davey Smith G.Systematic reviews in health care:investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis.British Medical Journal,2001,323(7304):101-105.

[37]Thompson SG.Why and how sources of heterogeneity should be investigated.In:Egger M,Davey Smith G,Altman DG,et al.Systematic Reviews in Health Care:Meta-analysis in Context.London:BMJ Publishing,2001:157-175.

[38]Verhagen AP,de Vet HC,de Bie RA,et al.The art of quality assessment of RCTs included in systematic reviews.Journal of Clinical Epidemiology,2001,54(7):651-654.

[39]Yoon HS,Song HH,Ro YJ.A comparison of effectiveness of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise on female urinary incontinence.International Journal of Nursing Studies,2003:40(1):45-50

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈