第五节 汉语被动句的翻译
由于汉语动词没有语态（voice），所以汉语被动句不像英语被动语态那样有明确的形式标志。只要主语代表受动者，句子就可以视为被动句，所以被动句也可以叫受事主语句。
一、汉语被动句的分类
汉语被动句根据是否有标记，可以分为：标记被动句和无标记被动句。标记被动句按其构成又可以分为五种：
1.受事+被/叫/让/给+施事+动词
2.受事+被/给+动词
3.受事+被/叫/让/为+施事+所+动词
4.受事+被/叫/让+施事+给+动词
5.受事1+被/叫/给/让/为+（施事）+动词+受事2
二、汉语被动句的翻译
总体来说，汉语被动句翻译的原则就是：首先确定英语的动词，然后根据所确定的英语动词的构句原则进行翻译。
（一）标记被动句的翻译
1.受事+被/叫/让/给+施事+动词
（1）他的鞋子被尖利的石头磨破了，被海水浸湿了。
His shoes have been gnawed open by sharp stones,and soaked by the seawater.
（2）这些宝贵的图书都给大火烧掉了。
Those precious books have been burned up by the conflagration.
2.受事+被/给+动词
（1）门好像被推开了。
The door seemed to be opened by someone.
（2）他的辫子给剪掉了。
His braid was forced to be cut./ He had to have his pigtail cut.
3.受事+被/叫/让/为+施事+所+动词
（1）我们确信，一切困难将被全国人民的英勇奋斗所战胜。
We are certain that all difficulties will be overcome by the heroic people of the whole country.
（2）我深深地被他的话所感动，心里激动不已。
I was deeply touched and inspired by his words.
（3）新官上任，必为众目所瞩。
People’s close attention must be paid to the newly appointed official.
4.受事+被/叫/让+施事+给+动词
（1）过桥时我的帽子叫风给吹跑了。
My cap was blown off by the wind while I was crossing the bridge.
（2）地上的水让太阳给晒干了。
The water on the ground dried in the sun.
5.受事1+被/叫/给/让/为+（施事）+动词+受事2
这种被动句的翻译首先要仔细研究受事1与受事2之间的语义逻辑关系，然后确定在英语中选择哪一个受事作英语被动句的主语。汉语受事1与受事2之间的语义逻辑关系有如下几种：
（1）受事1与受事2之间是领属关系
领属分所属关系、整体与部分的关系、总数与分数的关系。如何翻译取决于译者在英语中所选用的动词的特点。例如：
他被敌人打死了亲爹。（他和亲爹是所属关系，两个受事合并在一起翻译。）
His father was killed by the enemy.
他被敌人打伤了腿。（两个受事是整体与部分的关系，人的受事作主语）
He was wounded by the enemy’s shot in the leg.
三只小猪被抓走了两只。（两个受事是总数与分数的关系）
Two of the three pigs were snatched away.
（2）受事2表示句中动词的结果
请看例句：
他被打得失去了知觉。
He was beaten senseless.
不一会儿，他就被剃了一个大光头。
Very soon,he has had his head fully shaven.
（3）受事2表示接受事物对象，相当于主动句中的间接宾语
请看例句：
那本书叫我送给别人了。
I have given that book to others./That book has been given to others.
连八岁的妹妹都被卖给了人家。
Even my eight-year-old sister was already sold.
（4）受事2表示动作所借以进行的材料工具
请看例句：
墙壁被刷上了一层深蓝色。
The wall was painted dark blue.
灌木丛上覆盖一层雪。
The bush was covered with snow.
可见，如果宾语是具体的物质名词，翻译时大多可以用with 来连接宾语。
（5）受事2与动词组成一个整体，形成一个惯用语。
她已经结了婚，丈夫被抓了壮丁。
She was already married,but soon his husband was press-ganged into the KMT’s army.
腿肚子一软，植物学者竟像被点了穴，迈不动步了。
Suddenly his leg felt weak,and the botanist could not step forward as if his vital points were touched.
（二）无标记被动句的翻译
汉语动词由于没有“时”和“态”的变化形式，因此主语和动词的语义关系多为意合。在不产生歧义的情况下，一般可不用表被动的标记词语。因此，在翻译此类无标记被动句时，既要注意是否符合英语的习惯，又要注意上下文语义是否连贯，衔接是否自然。
一般而言，汉语无标记被动句的构成有三种形式：
（1）主动形式的被动句
（2）主语+挨/遭/受+宾语
（3）话题+主语+动词
1.汉语的语义被动结构译成英语的语义被动语态
（1）他的科学论文读起来像小说。
His scientific papers read like novels.
（2）西瓜尝起来很香甜。
Watermelons taste sweet.
2.汉语的语义被动结构翻译成英语的有标记被动语态
（1）他的脸晒黑了。
His face was tanned.
（2）教学大楼提前建成了。
The class building has been completed ahead of schedule.
3.汉语中“主语+挨/遭+宾语”结构及其翻译
（1）他挨了骂不算，还挨了一顿打。
On top of a tongue-lashing,he got a beating as well.
（2）侵略军一进入山地，就处处挨打。
Once they got into the mountainous area,the invaders took a beating wherever they went.
（3）你遭她骗了。
You have been taken in by her.
4.“话题+主语+动词”结构及其翻译
（1）小李，我通知过了。
Xiao Li has been informed.
（2）衣服，他昨天洗了。
The clothes were washed by him yesterday.
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