一、引言的主要内容
引言,即“Introduction”,它是正文的引子,属于整篇论文的引论部分,写在正文之前,用以说明论文的主题和总纲。主要包括以下几点:①为什么要做?——介绍研究现状及背景,阐述研究目的;②别人做了什么工作?存在什么问题?——综述之前的国内外相关研究工作,指出这些研究的问题和局限性;③你做的是什么?——针对他人研究的问题和局限,提出自己的研究内容,强调研究的创新性和目的。
二、引言中的引证
引证是引用事实或言论、文献作依据,它是引言的重要组成部分。在引用前人文献时,应紧密结合自己要说明的问题,抓住文献的核心进行阐述。
三、引言的注意事项
1.注意引言的层次感和逻辑感。
2.注意引言中的时态:一般而言,叙述现在发生的事情,使用现在时态,讲述过去的发现及阐释问题时,使用过去时态。
现以发表在《Oncology Nursing Forum》杂志2012年第39卷的一篇文章为例进行说明。
Title:Arandomized,Clinical Trial of Education or Motivational-Interviewing-Based Coaching Compared to Usual Care to Improve Cancer Pain Management.
Introduction:Despite Important advances in its management,cancer pain remains a significant clinical problem.In a meta-analysis,cancer para was found in 64%of patients with metastatic disease,59%of patients receiving antineoplastic therapy,and 33%of patients who had received cura-tive cancer treatment.Cancer pain also has a negative effect on patients’functional status and is associated with psychological distress.The effect of cancer pain on an individual′s qualityof life can be significant and extend beyond disturbances in mood and physical function.
Although advances in para management can reduce cancer pain for a significant number of patients,numerous clinician,healthcare system,and societal barriers contribute to ineffective pain management…
In a meta-analysis of the benefits of patient-based psychoeducational interventions for cancer pain management,Bennett concluded that,compared to usual care,educational interventions improved knowledge and attitudes and reduced average and worst pam intensity scores…
Many psychoeducational intervention studies were conducted in the hospital setting or in patients’homes,although they achieved a positive outcome,which also limited their ability to be implemented in a busy oncology clinic…
Given the limitations of previous intervention studies,additional research is warranted using approaches that can be implements of this randomized clinical trial were to test the effectiveness of two interventions compared to usual care in decreasing attitudinal barriers to cancer para management,decreasing pain intensity,and improving pain rareliel functional status…
在上面这个例子中,第一段作者先介绍了研究现状及背景,即虽然在癌症疼痛方面已有许多重大改进,但疼痛依然是个很棘手的临床问题。它不仅在癌症患者中出现的比例很高,而且对患者的心理也会产生极大的负面作用。中间几段则介绍了前期研究的问题和局限;一般在写前言的这两部分时都需要文献作引证。最后一段,作者着重提出自己研究的目的。文中标记下划线的地方均使用现在时态,陈述现在发生的事情;而标记波浪线的地方讲述实验方法、结果及文献报道,都是过去的发现,所以使用过去时态。
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