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英语语句结构

时间:2022-04-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:三、英语语句结构英语语句是英语文本写作的基本表意单位。英语简单句有五个基本句式结构:1)SV句式结构SV句式结构只需具有S(主语)和V两个关键结构部分。实际上,There Be句式结构是一种较特别的SV句式结构,被看做是一种主语结构在谓语结构后面的倒装SV句式结构。2)SVCs句型SVCs句型包含主语、系动词和主语表语三个基本构成成分。

三、英语语句结构

英语语句是英语文本写作的基本表意单位。随着表意的不同,理论上人们可以生成无限的语句来表达不同的思想意思。然而,尽管英语语句千千万万,千变万化,我们不难找出英语语句的一些基本的构成范式。千千万万的语句都是由这些基本的语句结构范式衍生出来的。并且,不同的语句范式有其一些不同的文本语义表达功能和特点。因此,英语写作学习者不应只具备单个语句的结构分析和运用能力,更需要总揽性地了解所有英语语句的基本结构范式,以及它们各自的文本语义表达功能和特点,这样,英语写作者才能在写作中游刃有余,恰到好处地、运用自如地写出特定文本所需要的语句,为整个文本写作增色增分。

英语语句的基本结构范式可分为英语语句句型的类别和英语语句的基本句式。

(一)英语语句的结构类型

把握英语语句,首先要把握英语句型的类型。英语句型的类型反映出英语语句的不同内在结构。根据不同的参照,可将英语句型类型进行不同的分类。

(1)从英语语句结构的完整性上,可以分为完整句和不完整句。

其特征和语用特点参见本章前面相关部分。

(2)从语用功能上,可以分为陈述句、疑问句祈使句、感叹句。

陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句分别用于陈述事实或观点,提出问题,表达请求和命令以及表达强烈的感情等。可见,它们具备不同的语用表达功能。具备一定英语学习基础的人都熟悉这四种句型,所以不再细述。这里,我们关注的是写作。

(3)从语句结构的复杂性上,可以分为简单句、复合句和复杂句。

(4)从语句语义的重心位置顺序,英语语句可以分为松散句、圆周句。

(5)英语语句还有特殊结构句型,如倒装句、平行结构句型。

(6)从语句的长度,英语语句可以分为长句和短句。

(7)从语句前后整体结构的平衡上,英语语句可以分为平衡句和失衡句。

1.简单句

简单句表达的语义通常单一而明确。简单句是只具有一个主—谓结构的句子。当然,在简单句的主—谓结构中,主语也有可能包括几个并列的项目而构成并列主语;谓语也可能包括几个并列的谓语。

语例:

(1)Spencer spent ten of his best years in England.

(2)He hoped and tried to help those young people potentially talented in arts. He sought them out,brought them up to America and obtained positions for them.

英语简单句是针对英语语句的主—谓两个关键结构成分而言的,而不是以语句的字数的多少而言的,因此,在英语语句中并不意味着简单句就比复合句和复杂句短和字数少,因为在英语语句中,除了主—谓两个结构成分外,还附带有一些其他的结构成分,如介词、形容词、非谓语等短语的定语状语结构成分。

在简单句中,除了主语、谓语之外,往往还会有定语、状语、补语、表语等句子成分。但是,在简单句的各个句子成分中,主—谓结构是简单句的唯一主—谓结构,而没有另外第二个主—谓结构。一个句子的定语、状语、补语、表语等被看做是一个句子的合理的组成部分。因此,简单句也可以称为单主谓结构语句。

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英语简单句有五个基本句式结构:

1)SV句式结构

SV句式结构只需具有S(主语)和V(谓语动词)两个关键结构部分。SV句式结构是最简单的、完整的简单句句型结构。

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例:

(1)Spring is coming.

(2)All things change.

但在实用语境中,例如实际的英语文本写作中,纯粹的只具有S(主语)和V(谓语动词)两个结构部分的英语简单句并不常用,而通常是出于表意上的完整需要,SV句式结构常常带有表时间、地点、原因等辅助性的状语结构A(Adverbial)。状语结构A可能出现在主语的前面,也可以在主语的后面,也可以在谓语结构的后面,因此,SV句式结构在实用中常常是ASAVA句式结构。

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例:

(1)Most plants grow the fastest in summer.

(2)In summer,I often swim with my friends in the sea.

(3)Last year,the GDP of the country surprisingly increased by 12 percent,the highest in the history of the country.

另外,SV句式结构还包括There-Be句式结构。实际上,There Be句式结构是一种较特别的SV句式结构,被看做是一种主语结构在谓语结构后面的倒装SV句式结构。

img34

例:

In China,there are 56 ethnic groups of people.

In the United States and in many other countries around the world,there are four main ways for people to get information:internet,newspapers,books and magazines,radio and television.

当然,There-Be句式结构也包括there与另外一些动词,如appear,come,exist,happen,lie,live,remain,seem等连用的结构。

2)SVCs句型

SVCs句型包含主语、系动词和主语表语三个基本构成成分。

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由于在实际的写作中,写作者常常需要对某一谈论的对象或概念的性状、特点或实质等进行界定或说明,这时,SVCs句型刚好能满足人们的需要。所以,SVCs句型在写作实践中运用得比较广泛。

例:

They are capable of being good leaders and of doing important things.

Education is too important to take seriously.

SVCs句型也包括谓语动词为get,appear,become,seem,feel,look,smell,sound,taste等一些半系动词的SVCs结构。

例:

After years of economic development,the people in the country get more and more satisfied with of their stable and wealthy living state.

Internet has become an indispensible part of our daily life.

3)SVO句型

在SVO句型中,S为主语,V为及物动词,O为宾语,它们是该句型的三个必备成分。

img36

语例:

img37

但是,在实际运用SVO句型时,除了S、V、O三个主要成分外,也常常为了更丰富的语义表达而带有一些状语和定语等辅助成分。

例:

img38

4)SVOiOd句型/SVOCo句型

SVOiOd句型/SVOCo 句型实际上是SVO句型的拓展型。

img39

SVOiOd句型与SVO句型的区别主要在于,在SVOiOd句型中,存在着两个宾语,Oi表示间接宾语,Od表示直接宾语,Oi指人,常用名词或代词表示,Od指物,通常用名词表示。尽管在SVOiOd语句中有两个宾语,两个宾语都是同一谓语动词的逻辑宾语,但在逻辑语义上,间接宾语Oi又是直接宾语的接受者。

语例:

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在上述两例SVOiOd语句中,很显然,China 和him分别是第一例和第二例的直接宾语new opportunities and challenges和some books 的接受者或承受者。所以,在SVOiOd句型的实际运用中,人们有时直接地将直接宾语放在谓语动词的后面,而将间接宾语与无实际意义的介词for或to连用放置到直接宾语的后面,这样则更加明确地表现出了它们之间的逻辑语义关系。例如,上述两个例句便变成为:

(3)The entry of China into WTO has brought new opportunities and challenges to Chinafor its economic globalization.

(4)I sent some books for himas his birthday presents.

SVOCo 句型中的O为宾语,Co为宾语补足语。

img41

SVOCo句型与SVOiOd句型的区别在于,在SVOiOd句型中Od是Oi间接宾语的接受或承受对象,并且Oi和Od同为句中谓语动词的宾语,而在SVOCo 句型中,Co是句中宾语的补足语,在逻辑语义上,Co是对宾语对象的形状、特征等方面的修饰、补充或说明。

语例:

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2.复合句

复合句分为并列复合句和主从复合句。

并列复合句是由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起而构成一个语句结构的语句。并列句中的各个分句都是具有各自主谓结构的简单句,并列复合句各个分句的语法地位是并列和平等的。因此,从语句的结构而言,并列复合句又可称为单层级或线形分句结构语句:

img43

在并列复合句中,各个分句的连接主要通过并列连词、逗号加并列连词、分号以及分号加并列连词等几种形式进行。英语中的并列连词主要有for,and,nor,but ,or,yet,so等。

语例:

(1)In the middle of last century Hongkong became the most important finance and transportation center in Asia,and it still is.

(2)Maybe some parents don’t always show their affection to their children; but factually they love their children in their special ways.

当然,也有极少数情况是直接用逗号将两个语义相近或相关的两个语句,或两个以上的简单句连接成并列复合句的情况。逗号的这种用法有助于加强语句语义表达的明确性或语气。

语例:

(1)Amemoir is history,it is based on evidence.

(2)America’s task in Iraq is not only to defeat an enemy,it is to give strength to a friend—a free,representative government that serves its people and fights on their behalf.

(3)Iraq now faces a critical moment. As the Iraqi people move closer to governing themselves,the terrorists are likely to become more active and more brutal. There are difficult days ahead,and the way forward may sometimes appear chaotic. Yet our coalition is strong,our efforts are focused and unrelenting,and no power of the enemy will stop Iraq’s progress.

在英语语句中,一旦一个具备主谓结构的语句被纳入另一个语句之后,这时,这个语句就不再是一个完整的语句(Sentence),而变成一个小句或分句(Clause)了。并列复合句表达的是具有一定语义联系(相关、相近、对比、因果、递进、转折等)的一个语义整体。相对于简单句,并列复合句表达更丰富的语义内涵,用一个语句表达了更丰富的信息量。

主从复合句是包含了一个主句结构和至少一个从句结构的英语语句。主从复合句与并列复合句一样,也是服务于表达更丰富的信息内涵。二者不同之处在于,并列复合句中各分句之间的语法地位是平等的,或并列的,而主从复合句中则只有一个主谓结构为主分句,而其他的主谓结构分句的语法地位则是从属的。主从复合句中的从属分句用于对主句信息进行补充性的信息添加。从属的主谓结构分句只充当主分句中的某个成分,如状语、主语、宾语、表语、定语等。因此,英语主从复合句中的从句可以是状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等不同种类。

主从复合句中的从属分句还可以有其更下属的从属分句。因此,主从复合句的结构实际上是一种多层级或非线形结构的语句,如图5-3所示。

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图5-3 主从复合句结构模型

语例:

(1)What I want to emphasize to you is that,people remember things which make sense to them,or which they can associate with something they already know.

(2)People who want to memorize what they can’t understand are almost wasting their time.

在上述两个多级主从复合句中,既有二级结构,也有三级结构,如例(1)中的which make sense to them,or which they can associate with something,例(2)中的what they can’t understand。甚至在例(1)中还有一个四级结构:they already know。

主从结构不清的错误语句语例:

I often think about what kind of job shall I look for after graduate.

But people say highly is that they tend to choose the job can offer high salary and low pains cost/pays.

3.复杂句

复杂句则是同时满足了并列复合句和主从复合句的特征要求,其中既有并列的主句,又有从属的分句的语句。因此,在结构上,复杂句是多并列主句、多层级结构的语句,是所有英语句子中结构复杂性最高的句子,如图5-4所示。

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图5-4 复杂句模型

语例:

Successful units need to know they are fighting for the future of their own country,not for any occupying power,so we are ensuring that Iraqi forces serve under an Iraqi chain of command.

Fleming noticed that the mould had killed the microbes,and it was from similar moulds that the miracle drug penicillin was finally developed.

复合句和复杂句正是因为有了这些扩展性的分句——并列分句和从属分句,才为写作者提供了表达更丰富语义信息的手段。从理论上,复合句和复杂句的扩展性是无限的,一个并列句或复合句可以附带众多甚至无限的分句。

在英语简单句、复合句、复杂句几种句型中,它们分别用于表达简单和复杂的语义。恰当合理地使用这几种句型,对英语文本的写作具有非常重要的作用。这几种句型,除了能够表达简单和复杂的语义外,还能起丰富文本语句结构的作用。英语的简单句和并列复合句实际上都是简单的平面结构或线性结构的语句,简单句中的各句子成分的语法地位都是平等或并列的。并列复合句中的各分句间也是平等或并列的,而主从复合句和复杂句的结构则是立体的和非线性的,其中,既有主结构,又有辅结构,甚至辅结构再有其辅结构。

因此,在一篇具体英语写作文本中,如果只有平面结构的简单句和并列句,往往难免单调乏味。因此,为了让文本充满活力和意趣,应熟练地使用这几种句型,以达到出乎意料的文本表达效果。

4.松散句、圆周句

松散句就是在表意时,把重要思想或关键思想表达在前面,把次要思想放在后面的语句。圆周句则相反,语义重心放在整个语句的后面或最后。读者在阅读某些圆周句时,有时甚至要读完整个语句的最后一个词,才能真正理解作者在整个语句中所要表达的思想或意图。

语例:

(1)I will buy a luxurious villa on the far suburb if I can earn enough money.

(2)If I can earn enough money I will buy a luxurious villa on the far suburb.

可见,在松散句和圆周句两种句型中,松散句表意较直接、简单、自然,而圆周句则相对复杂、着重、正式和文雅。松散句是写作中通常采用的句型,其表达流畅、松缓、自然,但是,如能在文本中适当采用圆周句,则会使文本语句变得稍微跌宕起伏,生动灵活。

5.倒装句

英语语句的基本成分构成顺序是按主语—谓语,或主语—谓语—宾语/表语顺序构成的。但是,在英语语句中,有些语句是违背这一基本成分构成顺序结构的,它们就是英语的倒装句型。

英语的倒装句常常是按照谓语—主语,宾语/表语—谓语—主语或宾语/表语—主语—谓语结构顺序构成的。

语例:

(1)Not only did he dislike the way they spoke,but he also disapproved of the way they dressed.

(2)Beggars were they,they were penniless.

倒装句是英语语句的一种特殊句型,倒装句不仅结构顺序独特,其表意还通常具有强调语义的效果。

6.平行结构句型

平行结构是英语语句的另一特殊结构句型。平行结构就是指具备相同语法结构和功能的两个或两个以上的语句成分的句型结构。

英语语句的平行结构包括词平行结构、短语平行结构、分句平行结构。在英语写作中,采用平行结构也是扩大语句信息表达量的一种常用的重要语句手段。英语语句的平行结构在写作中不仅能有效地帮助写作者表达更丰富的文本话语信息,还能起到丰富语句式样和加强语气的作用。

1)词平行语例:

I met your brother and sister.

He speaks quickly but thoughtfully.

You may stand or sit.

2)短语平行语例:

(1)I’ve directed Secretary Powell to work with fellow members of the Council to endorse the timetable the Iraqis have adopted,to express international support for Iraq’s interim government,to reaffirm the world’s security commitment to the Iraqi people,and to encourage other U.N. members to join in the effort.

(2)Never tiring,never yielding,never finishing

(3)John has a car and a boat.

(4)Have you left your key on the table or in the drawer?

(5)I will live and lead by these principles,to advance my convictions with activity,to pursue the public interest with courage,to speak for greater justice and compassion,to call for responsibility,and try to live it as well.

3)分句平行语例:

(1)I washed the dishes and I dried them.

(2)Ted came here yesterday but he won’t be here tomorrow.

(3)I may see you tomorrow or I may call you tonight.

(4)I have a dream that one day every valley shall beexalted,every hill and mountain shall bemade low; the rough places will be made plain and the crooked places will bemade straight; and the glory of the Lord shall berevealled and all the flesh see it together. This is my hope.

4)语句平行语例:

(1)Our terrorist enemies have a vision that guides and explains all their varied acts of murder. They seekto impose Taliban-like rule,country by country,across the greater Middle East. They seekthe total control of every person,and mind,and soul,a harsh society in which women are voiceless and brutalized. They seekbases of operation to train more killers and export more violence. They commit dramatic acts of murder to shock,frighten and demoralize civilized nations,hoping we will retreat from the world and give them free rein. They seekweapons of mass destruction,to impose their will through blackmail and catastrophic attacks.

(2)So let freedom ring fromthe prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring fromthe mighty mountains of New York. From the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring fromthe snow-capped Rockies of colorado. Let freedom ring fromthe curvaceous slopes of California. But not only that,let freedom ring fromStone Mountain Of Georgia. Let freedom ring fromLookout Mountain of Tennessee. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi,from every mountainside…

错误的平行结构语例:

∗∗We made him comfortable and chairman.

∗∗We made him chairman and comfortable.

∗∗John is here and nice.

∗∗John is nice and here.

∗∗I wrote a postcard and to Mary.

∗∗John has become a teacher and very tall.

∗∗Mary likes classical music and to relax.

对偶句是平行结构的一种特殊句型。对偶句是指由两个结构相同或近似并且表意相异和相反的两个平行分句构成的句子,对偶句表意“强劲有力”,能给人留下深刻的印象,能极大地增强话语表达的说服力。对偶句主要用于说明文、议论文及演讲等正式文体中。

语例:

(1)And so,my fellow citizens,ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for the country.

(2)Whatever our enemies oppose,we approve; and whatever our enemies approve,we approve.

7.短句、长句

英语语句的短句与长句各有其文本特点,一般而言,短句表意简单明了,而长句则长于表达复杂而严密的思想,以及形象和印象的描写。因此,短句多用于书信、广告、工作报告等应用文本中;长句则多用于政法文本和理论思辨性的文本中。

长句语例:

(1)Her mouth and chin,they said,were too large and long,and so they might be for a goddess in marble,nut not for a woman whose eyes were fire,whose look was love,whose voice was the sweetest low song,whose shape was perfect symmetry,health,decision,activity,whose foot as it planted itsels on the ground was firm but flexible,and whose motion,whether rapid or slow,was always perfect grace-agile as a nymph,lofty as a queen-now melting,now imperious,now sarcastic-there was no single movement of hers but was beautiful.(描写)

(2)I’ve directed Secretary Powell to work with fellow members of the Council to endorse the timetable the Iraqis have adopted,to express international support for Iraq’s interim government,to reaffirm the world’s security commitment to the Iraqi people,and to encourage other U.N. members to join in the effort.(表达复杂思想)

8.平衡句、失衡句

语句的前后结构,特别是主语结构和表语或宾语结构间的长度趋于大致平衡的语句称为平衡句;相反,主语结构和表语或宾语结构间,其中之一过长而另一个又过短的语句称为失衡句。人们在平常的写作中多使用平衡句。可是,有时候,偶尔使用一些失衡句也会给人耳目一新的感觉,产生另一些不一样的文本效果。

语例:

(1)Completing the five steps to Iraqi elected self-government will not be easy.

(2)Helping construct a stable democracy after decades of dictatorship is a massive undertaking.

(3)Whether this new medicine will be widely applied clinically or not is still a question.

上述主要介绍了8种英语句型分类。写作学习者应通过熟练掌握和运用这些不同的英语语句类型,来达到写作中语句的多样化。当然,在实际的写作中,句型的多样化应考虑文本特征而恰当地运用多种多样的句型,切不可为了语句的多样化而硬性地把各种句型搬到一篇文本里面。写作中,最终是内容决定形式。写作者应首先考虑的是文本的内容,其次才是形式,语句多样化更多地体现于文本的形式上。当然,如果各种语句的使用,既适合了文本语义的表达,又兼顾了语句的多样化,那就再好不过了。然而,最上乘的方法却是无法之法,当一个写作者已对英语语句掌握得炉火纯青,写作中在表达文本思想时,并未特意去考虑句型句式,而自然地就采用了各种相应的最佳句型句式。

(二)英语语句句式结构的转换

英语语句句式这里主要是指英语语句的微观的内部结构。弄清楚英语语句的微观的内部结构,对每一个英语写作者来说都是十分重要的。然而,要具备扎实的英语写作能力,在英语语句的掌握和运用方面,仅仅具备单个或一个独立语句的语法分析能力是远远不够的,英语写作者还应该对英语语句的基本句式,以及各句式内部结构间的转换规律有一个总揽性的了解,然后才能真正拓展写作中的语句运用能力,使英语语句运用达到灵活自如,随心所欲。

在英语语句的运用上,就单个英语语句而言,一个英语语句的运用尽可以是多种多样的。例如,为了表达一个师范生第一次走上讲台讲课心里感到很紧张这个意思,我们尽可以采用以下不同的英语表达句式。

语例:

(1)The teachers’ college student was giving his class the first time and he felt very nervous.

(2)The teachers’ college student was giving his class the first time; he felt very nervous.

(3)The teachers’ college student giving his class the first time felt very nervous.

(4)The teachers’ college student felt very nervous during his first class giving.

(5)The teachers’ college student’s first class giving made him feel very nervous.

(6)Extreme uneasiness seized the teachers’ college student giving his class the first time.

(7)The teachers’ college student was giving his class the first time,feeling very nervous.

(8)It being his first class giving,the teachers’ college student felt very nervous.

(9)Being giving his class the first time,the teachers’ college student felt very nervous.

(10)The teachers’ college student was giving his class the first time and felt very nervous.

(11)The teachers’ college student,who was giving his class the first time,felt very nervous.

(12)When the teachers’ college student was on his first class giving,he felt very nervous.

(13)As the teachers’ college student was giving his class the first time,he felt very nervous.

(14)The teachers’ college student was giving his class the first time,so that he felt very nervous.

(15)The teachers’ college student was very nervous for it was his first time giving a class.

(16)The teachers’ college student was very nervous while giving his class the first time.

(17)It was the first time that the teachers’ college student gave his class,so he felt very nervous.

(18)It being the first time that the teachers’ college student gave his class,he felt very nervous.

(19)It being the first time for the teachers’ college student’s giving his class,he felt very nervous.

上述的语例表明,一个语义的表达是可以采取多种不同的句式结构的。有的结构简约,有的结构相对繁复。因此,英语写作者熟练进行不同英语句式间的转换是相当必要的。英语句式间的转换主要有两种模式:语句的拓展和语句的简约。语句的拓展与语句的简约是两个不同方向的语句操作,语句的拓展是增加语句的长度,使结构更加复杂化,而语句的简约则是缩短语句的长度,使语句的结构更加简单。

英语语句的结构成分大致可分为英语单词、英语短语、英语从句。这三个英语语句结构成分都只是完整英语语句的组成成分,它们本身并不构成一个完整的英语语句。同时,在它们三者之间,英语单词是英语短语的组成成分,而英语短语又常常是英语从句的组成成分。另外,从上述的有关完整英语语句的讨论中可以看到,作为完整的英语语句,又可以根据它们的结构复杂性,分为简单句、复合句和复杂句。同时在英语简单句、复合句和复杂句三者之中,英语复合句又通常是由英语简单句组成。由此可以看出,在英语语句的组织结构上,存在着一种总体能累积性组织结构的趋势,那就是在英语语句的组织结构阶梯层次上,如图5-5所示,处于某一结构层次之下的所有不同句子结构,都依次是上一级语句的理论上的组成成分。

img46

图5-5 英语语句累积性组织结构模型

英语语句的这种累积性组织结构方式从理论上为英语语句的灵活运用,为英语语句的不同句型、句式的转换,具体而言,为语句的拓展和简约提供了无限的手段。

根据英语语句累积性组织结构模型,处于结构下端的三级结构:英语单词、英语短语和英语从句,它们仅仅是英语语句的句子成分而已,并不是完整的英语语句,正确地说,无论是简单句、复合句或复杂句,它们是英语完整语句共同的构成成分。因为,实际上,英语简单句就是一个由单从句构成的语句,所以,从这种角度来看,英语从句也可以说是英语简单句的构成成分。英语从句这一中文翻译术语并不太正确,所以,在一些英语语法书中,英语从句一词常常被另一术语英语小句所取代。

而作为完整英语语句的是处于结构模型上端的英语简单句、英语复合句和英语复杂句。而在英语简单句、英语复合句和英语复杂句之间,决定它们之间差异和复杂性以及它们语句长度的关键因素正是在于它们所拥有的句子成分,即从句和短语的数量上的差异。由此可见,在实际的英语写作中,如何进行英语语句句式和句型转换,灵活操纵和驾驭英语语句写作,作为其中一个非常重要的方面是,英语语句的拓展和英语语句的简约,其关键问题就在于如何处理英语语句的短语和从句的问题。

从英语语句的累积性组织结构以及英语语句的拓展和简约间的转换规律看出,无论是英语语句的拓展或是英语语句的简约,英语语句中的从句和短语这两个构成成分都是运用广泛,且在英语语句的表意和结构功能上都非常活跃的语句结构成分。因此,对于英语写作者来说,熟练掌握英语短语和从句以及以英语短语为核心的英语单词—短语—从句间的转换对英语语句的灵活驾驭至关重要。

1.英语从句

英语从句是英语写作者常常借助的英语语句写作手段。英语从句,作为英语语句中具备英语语句基本结构成分:主语和谓语,但又不构成一个完整英语语句而只能构成一个完整英语的一个句子成分的英语语句结构单位。英语从句主要有主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句六种类型。它们分别充当英语语句的主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。

英语从句语例:

(1)Whether this new medicine will be widely applied clinically or not is still a question.(主语从句)

(2)Everybody knows that Taiwan is only a part of China.(宾语从句)

(3)The fact is that they didn’t do any field investigation and created the data out of the imagination.(表语从句)

(4)Computer was then a newly emerged thing whose importance in the future was not fully realized by people.(定语从句)

(5)If we don’t take strict measures against the fake and malicious commodities,it will do more serious harm to the steady and heathy development of China’s economy.(状语从句)

在英语语句的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句六种主要从句中,相对而言,定语从句和状语从句表意和结构功能角色更为活跃,是英语写作者更多地倚重的英语语句的表意和结构手段,其主要原因在于,英语的定语从句,从理论上,可以用来对英语语句中的几乎所有的名词和代词进行一定的修饰、说明或补充,另外,状语从句可用来对英语语句中主句动词行为进行时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式等多方面的修饰和说明,因而存在着表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式等多种不同类型的状语从句。

不同类型的状语从句分别由它们相应的关系词和短语表示。例如,时间状语从句常常由表示时间的关系词when,whenever,as,since,before,till,before,after等表示,地点状语从句由表示地点的关系词where,wherever,anywhere等表示,条件状语从句由if,unless,provided(that),suppose,assuming(that),in case(that),as(so)long as等关系词和短语表示。

2.英语短语

英语短语主要有动词短语、名词短语、介词短语、形容词短语和副词短语几大类。其中,动词短语分为谓语动词短语和非谓语动词短语两类。

总体上,英语短语在英语语句结构层次中,处于英语单词和英语从句之间,其结构和表意功能相当活跃。英语短语在英语写作中具有相当强大的表达功能。

在英语的这几种短语中,一般而言,谓语动词短语、形容词短语和副词短语的结构较为固定。因此,写作在这几类短语运用上的灵活空间较小。相对而言,英语短语中的介词短语、名词性短语和非谓语动词短语的语句结构和表意功能尤其活跃和强大,英语短语中的介词短语、名词性短语和非谓语动词短语可以说具备英语语言表达的词汇功能,因为英语短语在语句中只是语句的一个句子成分而已,同时,它们在一定程度上又具备一个完整英语语句(从句)的表意功能,换言之,英语短语常常能够表达一个具备主—谓结构的从句所表达的语义思想。而在整个语句的结构上,与英语从句相比,英语短语占用的是有限的结构空间,正如上述所提到的,它们仅仅是一个完整英语语句的一个句子成分而已。在不少情况下,英语从句可以找到某个恰当的英语短语进行替代,而能履行其相应的表意功能。

语例:

名词性短语的语句表意功能:

(1)In the past decades,China has developed a series of new agricultural technologies,and that has resulted in the high increase of China’s agricultural production.

img47The development of a series of new agricultural technologies In the past decades has resulted in the high increase of China’s agricultural production.

(2)All available evidence points to the fact that more and more young people are declaring their allegiance to traditional values.

img48All available evidence points to the fact of more and more young people’s declaration of their allegiance to traditional values.

介词短语的语句表意功能:

(1)With the steady progress in different sectors of China,we are very confident that China will play more and more important roles in international affairs.

img49With the steady progress in different sectors of China,we are very confident with China’s more and more important roles in international affairs.

(2)Now when China is entering the world and other countries are approaching to us,we should make good use of this opportunity and make contributions to the world civilization.

img50Now with China’s entering the world and other countries’approaching to us,we should make good use of this opportunity and make contributions to the world civilization.

非谓语-ing动词短语的语句表意功能:

(1)Whenever you tell a lie,you do so at the expense of your reputation.

img51Whenever you telling a lie,you do so at the expense of your reputation.

(2)I should be grateful if you would let me know as soon as possible whether you are able to accept the attachment on the above terms and conditions.

img52Letting me know as soon as possible your ability to accept the attachment on the above terms and conditions,I should be grateful.

非谓语to do动词短语的语句表意功能:

(1)Now it is high time we took effective measures to solve this problem.

img53Now it is high time for us to take effective measures to solve this problem.

(2)The essential solution,in my opinion,is that we combine developing and protecting.

img54The essential solution,in my opinion,is to combine developing and protecting.

非谓语-ed动词短语的语句表意功能:

(1)In the picture that has been presented to us,an oil lamp gives out bright flame against the dark background.

img55In the picture presented to us,an oil lamp gives out bright flame against the dark background.

(2)The beautiful articraft was in fact entirely made of things that were outused and thrown away by people.

img56The beautiful articraft was in fact entirely made of things that were outused and thrown away by people.

由此可见,英语短语仅占用有限的语句资源而能履行更加强大的语义思想功能。英语短语自然成为熟练英语写作者常常借助的语句手段。优秀英语语篇文本常常具有写作者对英语短语的娴熟和高超的方法运用。

短语在文本写作中的妙用语例:

(1)We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike,that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans – born in this century,tempered by war,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,proud of our ancient heritage – and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rightsto which this nation has always been committed…

(2)I’ve come here tonight to report to all Americans,and to the Iraqi people,on the strategy our nation is pursuing in Iraq,and the specific steps were taking to achieve our goals.

3.小结

根据英语语句的累积性组织结构规律,不难找出英语语句的拓展和英语语句的简约的具体操作方法。就英语语句的拓展而言,具体来讲,其方法主要有四种:单词的短语化、短语的从句化、增加语句中的分句以及拓展平行结构。

英语语句的简约则刚好相反,那就是减少语句中的分句、从句的短语化、短语的单词化以及减少语句的平行结构。通过这几种简单的方法,就能有效进行英语语句的拓展和简约,以及相当程度的不同英语语句句型和句式的灵活自如的转换。

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