阅读部分词汇

阅读部分词汇

阅读理解在大学英语六级考试中占有很大比重。提高阅读速度和效率是决胜英语六级考试阅读理解题的关键。阅读部分基本功扎实是解题的根本，而基本功包括了充足的词汇量和解构句子的语法知识。词汇量是阅读部分的基础，词汇是语言的基石，是文章的最基本单元，没有一定的词汇量作基础，提高并掌握阅读技巧就无从谈起。掌握充足的词汇并不等于看懂文章。六级英语阅读理解文章中的句子结构复杂，长句难句较多，因此，文章的理解也要求考生有解构句法的能力，考生需要词汇的上下文，即完整的句子来全面了解句意。

本书的阅读词汇部分汇集了新六级考试实施以来所有的阅读文章中所涉及的重点词汇，所取词汇来自文章句子中决定句意理解的关键词语。同时，大量的词条下都列举了六级考试阅读文章中的实战例句，帮助考生进行句法的理解。

阅读词汇的学习，建议考生分三步走。首先，考生需要充分熟悉本部分所列的词语，熟悉词条后所列的全部含义。其次，考生需要把词语放到语境中进行理解，通过上下文，确定所列词条在语境中的意义。英语中的一词多义现象很普遍，同一单词在不同语境下会有不同的意思，所以考生必须把词汇放在语境之中来巩固。最后，考生要对所列的真题例句进行句法解构，做到能够充分了解整个句子的含义。对于句法的理解，考生需要先确定句子的“主、谓、宾”，再分析句子的“定、状、补”，这样才能准确把握整个句子的意思。

通过阅读部分词汇的学习，考生不仅可以充分提高词汇量，而且可以提高句法分析的能力。由于阅读词汇具有一定的复现性，考生在充分复习了解阅读部分的词汇后，一定会在阅读理解方面有较大的提高。

A

abbreviation［a﹒bri：vi′ei∫an］n．节略，缩写，缩短

abide［a′baid］vt．遵守vt．忍受

absorbent［ab′sa：bant］adj．吸收性的，有吸收力的

absorption［ab′sa：p∫an］n．吸收；专注

absorb［ab′sa：b］vt．吸收；使专心

One of the top track coaches in the U．S．，Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent．（2008/12）

abstractly［′ēbstrēktli］adv．抽象地

Philosophy taught Einstein how to think independently and abstractly about space and time，and it wasn’t long before he became a philosopher himself．（2010/12）

absurd［ab′sa：d］adj．不合理的，荒唐的

abundance［a′bandans］n．丰富，充裕

abuse［a′bju：z］vt．滥用；虐待n．滥用

And 90percent of sexual abuse cases are committed by someone the child knows．（2009/6）

access［′ēkses］vt．访问；使用

The benefits of broadband to the occasional home worker are that they can access email in real time，and take full advantage of services such as internetbased backup or even internetbased phone services．（2009/12）

accessible［ak′sesibal］adj．可到达的，可接近的；易懂的，易于理解的

In just a few short years，globalization has started a variety of trends with profound consequences：the opening of markets，true global competition，widespread deregulation of industry，and an abundance of accessible capital．（2005/12）

accomplished［a′kampli∫t］adj．实现的，完成的；善社交的；有造诣的，熟练的

accomplish［a′kampli∫］vt．达到（目的）；完成

And Einstein was an accomplished musician．（2010/12）

accommodation［a﹒kama′dei∫an］n．招待设施；预订铺位

The Second Reconstruction（1954-1968），or the modern civil rights movement，ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights．（2006/6）

accord［a′ka：d］n．调和，符合；协议

accumulate［a′kju：mjuleit］vt．积累vi．堆积

The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of“structural racism”，the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race．（2006/6）

accrue［a′kru：］vi．＆vt．自然增长或增加（尤指财富）；积累

Really，it is to steal those benefits because they accrue to the whole of society as today’s children become tomorrow’s productive citizenry．（2010/6）

acknowledge［ak′nalid3］vt．承认；告知收到

But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession with kid’s college is more about us than them．（2008/6）

acquaint［a′kweint］vt．使认识，使了解

As someone paid to serve food to people．I had customers say and do things to me that I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances．（2007/12）

activist［′ēktivist］n．激进主义份子，行动主义者；活跃份子

A 2008study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activists support traditionally liberal causes．（2010/6）

address［a′dres］v．对某人、某事物提出（意见或书面陈述）

Just one week after Obama was elected president，participants were less ready to support policies designed to address racial inequality than they had been two weeks before the election．（2010/6）

adhere［ad′hia］vi．粘附；追随；坚持

adjacent［a′d3eisant］adj．毗连的；紧接着的

adjoin［a′d3ain］vt．贴近，毗连；靠近

administration［ad﹒minis′trei∫an］n．管理；管理部门，行政机构；政府

administrative［ad′ministrativ］adj．管理的，行政的；政府的；执行的，施行的

Meanwhile，the administration is playing the fear card．（2006/6）

admission［ad′mi∫an］n．允许进入；承认

admit［ad′mit］vt．承认；准许……进入

In the college-admissions wars，we parents are the true fights．（2008/6）

adolescence［﹒ēdau′lesans］n．青春发育期，青年期

I discovered during my own reckless adolescence that what creates excitement is not going fast，but going faster．（2006/12）

adolescent［﹒ēdau′lesnt］adj．青春期的n．青少年

Thus what may，to an older speaker，seem like“masculine”speech may seem to an adolescent like“liberated”or“hip”speech．（2007/6）

adoption［a′dap∫an］n．收养；采纳，采取

adore［a′da：］vt．崇拜；很喜欢

advantageous［﹒ēdvan′teid3as］adj．有利的，有助的

advance［ad′va：ns］vi．前进；提高n．进展

advanced［ad′va：nst］a．先进的；高级的

Parkinson’s disease［′pa：kinsanz di﹒zi：z］帕金森氏病，震颤麻痹

Grove and others are more interested in advancing scientific research that could benefit the large number of Americans who suffer from Parkinson’s disease，nerve injuries，heart diseases and many other problems．（2006/12）

advocate［′ēdvakit］n．辩护者vt．拥护，支持，倡导

Covey advocates that leaders need to understand universal principles of effectiveness，and he highlights how vital it is for leaders to first personally manage themselves if they are to enjoy any hope of outstanding success in their work environments．（2011/12）

aerial［′earial］adj．空气的；航空的

affirm［a′fa：m］vt．断言，批准；证实

afflict［a′flikt］vt．使痛苦，使苦恼，折磨

Ellen Heber Katz，aprofessor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia，fore-sees cures for injuries causing paralysis such as the one that afflicted Super-man star Christopher Reeve．（2008/6）

affluence［′ēfluans］n．富足，富裕，

Up to a point，affluence succeeds．（2007/6）

affluent［′ēfluant］n．支流adj．富饶的，富裕的

The Affluent Society is a modern classic because it helped define a new moment in the human condition．（2007/6）

ageing process老化过程

Will we really，as today’s scientists claim，be able to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150？（2008/6）

agenda［a′d3enda］n．议事单，议程表

No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda．（2007/12）

aggression［a′gre∫an］n．侵略；敌对的情绪或行为；攻击行动

The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression．（2006/6）

aggressive［a′gresiv］adj．侵略的；好斗的

“The traits that characterise him are very contradictory to the racial stereo-types that black people are aggressive and uneducated，”says Ashby Plant of

Florida State University．（2010/6）

agitation［﹒ēd3i′tei∫an］n．鼓动，煽动；搅动

agreeable［a′gri：abal］adj．惬意的；同意的

agriculture［′ēgrikalt∫a］n．农业，农艺；农学

All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th．（2008/12）

alarm［a′la：m］n．惊恐，忧虑；警报

For the next ten years a succession of books，mainly by Americans，sounded the alarm．（2010/12）

alarmist［a′la：mist］n．危言耸听者；大惊小怪的人；忧虑者

In response，the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry．（2006/6）

alarming［a′la：miy］adj．惊人的；令人担忧的；告急的

Even using a“hands-free”device can divert a driver’s attention to an alarming extent．（2009/12）

album［′ēlbam］n．粘贴簿；相册；文选

alert［a′la：t］adj．警惕的；活跃的

alien［′eilian］adj．外国的n．外国人

Within 50years he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites（陨石）．（2008/6）

alignment［a′lainmant］n．队列；结盟，联合

allied［′ēlaid］adj．联合的；联姻的

ally［′ēlai，a′lai］n．盟国，同盟者，伙伴

alleviate［a′li：vieit］vt．减轻；缓和

But some of the consequences of population ageing can be alleviated．（2010/12）

allocate［′ēlaukeit］vt．分派；分配

For people who buy and sell companies，or who allocate capital to markets all around the world，that’s the real nightmare．（2007/12）

allowance［a′lauans］n．津贴，补助费

alternative［a：l′ta：nativ］adj．两者（或若干）中择一的；非此即彼的n．选择，二择一

alternate［a：l′ta：nit，′a：lta：neit］vt．使交替adj．交替的

alteration［﹒a：lta′rei∫an］n．变更，改变；蚀变

BT claims that，by July，99．8%of its exchanges will be broadband enabled，with alternative plans in place for even the most remote exchanges．（2009/12）

amateur［′ēmata，﹒ēma′ta：］adj．业余的n．业余爱好者

ambassador［ēm′bēsada］n．大使，使节

ambient［′ēmbiant］adj．周围的，包围着的

There is no denying that ambient temperatures（环境温度）have changed in the past few decades．（2008/12）

ambition［ēm′bi∫n］n．雄心，抱负

Getting into Yale may signify intelligence，talent and Ambition．（2008/6）

ambitious［ēm′bi∫as］adj．有雄心的；热望的

It’s no small challenge for a blog run by agroup of ordinary—if ambitious—young people，but the members of Generation O are up to the task．（2010/6）

amend［a′mend］vt．改正；修改

Even in its amended form，AB 2330is，like SB 1403，vitally important for tenants and should be made state law．（2006/12）

amplify［′ēmplifai］vt．放大，增强；扩大

ample［′ēmpal］adj．足够的；宽敞的

Part of the problem is that with wall to wall Internet and cable news，every missing child case gets so much airtime that it’s not surprising even normal parental anxiety can be amplified．（2009/6）

amplitude［′ēmplitju：d］n．广大；充足；振幅

amusement［a′mju：zmant］n．娱乐，消遣，乐趣

analogue［′ēnalag］n．类似物；同源语

analogous［a′nēlagas］adj．类似的；可比拟的

analogy［a′nēlad3i］n．相似，类似；比拟

One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women—in a fashion analogous to little girls’use of a high-pitched voice to do“teacher talk”or“mother talk”in role play．（2007/6）

analyze［′ēnalaiz］vt．分析，分解

analytic（al）［ēna′litik（a）l］adj．分析的；分解的

A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries（老年医保受惠人）．（2009/12）

anniversary［﹒ēna′va：sari］n．周年纪念日

Other 9/11projects are on the way as the fifth anniversary of the attacks approaches，most notably Oliver Stone’s“World Trade Center”．（2008/6）

annually［′ēnjuali］adv．年年，每年

anonymous［a′nanimas］adj．匿名的；姓氏不明的

Every American who hopes to“make it”also knows the fear of failure，because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the havenots，the stars and the anonymous crowd．（2005/12）

antarctic［ēn′ta：ktik］adj．南极的n．南极区

antenna［ēn′tena］n．触角；天线

anticipate［ēn′ticipeit］vt．预期，期望；预料

By anticipating“What if．．．？”situations before they happen，you can reach understanding that will help ease you out of confrontation．（2011/6）

antique［ēn′ti：k］adj．古代的n．古物

apartment［a′pa：tmant］n．公寓

The new protection will apply to renters who have been in an apartment for at least a year．（2006/12）

apathy［′ēpaθi］n．表情淡漠；淡漠；情感淡漠

The result could be a group of young people that，like their boomer parents，grow up with a strong sense of purpose and shed the image of apathy they’ve inherited from Generation X（60年代后期和70年代出生的美国人）．（2010/6）

appealing［a′pi：liy］adj．上诉的；哀求的；有魅力的；动人的

In the early 20th century，few things were more appealing than the promise of scientific knowledge．（2010/12）

appendix［a′pendiks］n．附录，附属物；阑尾

appetite［′ēpitait］n．食欲，胃口；欲望

It probably has something to do with the fact that nicotine is an appetite suppressant and appears to up your metabolic rate．（2008/12）

applaud［a′pla：d］vi．鼓掌，喝彩vt．向……鼓掌，向……喝彩；称赞，赞许

Online message boards were soon full of people both applauding and condemning Skenazy’s decision to let her son go it alone．（2009/6）

appliance［a′plaians］n．用具，器具，器械

More than half of all residential power goes into running household appliances，producing a fifth of the world’s carbon emissions．（2007/12）

approach［a′praut∫］vt．向……靠近n．靠近

Child experts discourage a one-size-fits-all approach to parenting．（2009/6）

appropriate［a′praupriit］adj．适当的，恰当的

Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost．（2009/12）

The boss’suggestions might be appropriate，but there are always consequences．（2011/6）

appropriation［a﹒praupri′ei∫an］n．拨付；占用

Indeed，we didn’t hear about“men’s language”until people began to respond to girls’appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men．（2007/6）

apt［ēpt］adj．恰当的；聪明的

arch［a：t∫］n．拱门vt．用拱连接

architect［′a：kitekt］n．建筑师；创造者

arctic［′a：ktik］adj．北极的n．北极

armed with以……武器；装备有……

With all sides presenting their own experts armed with conflicting scientific studies，whom should parents believe？（2009/12）

array［a′rei］vt．装扮n．队列；排列

Anyone who has reached a certain age is automatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life．（2006/6）

artificial［﹒a：ti′fi∫al］adj．人工的，人造的；假的

Because so much spending was artificial，it would be unfulfilling．（2007/6）

assault［a′sa：lt］vt．袭击；殴打n．攻击

Men commit nearly 90percent of violent crimes in the United States and almost all sexual assaults．（2010/12）

ascertain［﹒ēsa′tein］vt．查明，确定，弄清

assassinate［a′sēsineit］vt．暗杀，行刺；中伤

assemble［a′sembl］vt．集合，召集；装配

During the presidential campaign，Barack Obama assembled a racially and ideologically diverse coalition with his message of hope and change．（2010/6）

assertive［a′sa：tiv］adj．断言的；肯定的

assert［a′sa：t］vt．肯定地说，断言；维护，坚持

Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out．（2007/6）

assess［a′ses］vt．对（财产等）估价

assessment［a′sesmant］n．估定；查定；估计数

Each group consisted of around 120adults of similar age and education，and the test assessed their language skills．（2010/6）

asset［′ēset］n．有价值的人（或物），有点，长处；（pl．）资产，财产

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved．（2008/6）

assimilation［a﹒simi′lei∫an］n．吸收，同化；同化代谢，同化作用

We also ought to ask some broader question about assimilation，about how to ensure that people，once outsiders，don’t forever remain marginalized within these shores．（2008/12）

associate［a′sau∫ieit］vi．交往n．伙伴，同事

The team also showed that those with the lowest bias were likely to subconsciously associate black skin colour with political words such as“government”or“president”．（2010/6）

assumption［a′samp∫an］n．采取；假定；傲慢

But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined．（2006/6）

assurance［a′∫uarans］n．保证；财产转让书

astonishment［a′stani∫mant］n．惊奇，惊讶

astronomy［a′stranami］n．天文学

athletic［ēθ′letik］adj．运动的，体育的；运动员的

One of the major producers of athletic footwear，with 2002sales of over｜S10billion，is a company called Nike，with corporate headquarters in Beaver-ton，Oregon．（2008/12）

atom［′ētam］n．原子；微粒；微量

attachment［a′tēt∫mant］n．连接物，附件；爱慕

attainment［a′teinmant］n．达到；获得；到达

Although children of Mexican immigrants do better，in terms of educational and professional attainment，than their parents，UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains don’t continue．（2008/12）

attendance［a′tendans］n．到场；出席人数

attendant［a′tendant］n．侍者；护理人员

attorney［a′ta：ni］n．代理人；辩护律师

authentic［a：′θentik］adj．真正的，真迹的；可靠的，可信的

Richard Miller，aprofessor at the University of Michigan，thinks scientist could develop“authentic antiageing drugs”．（2008/6）

avail［a′veil］vt．有益于n．效用

availability［aveila′biliti］n．有效（性）；可得性

Technology advances，including the widespread availability of broadband，are making the introduction of remote working apiece of cake．（2009/12）

avert［a′va：t］vt．避开，移开

In a report entitled“averting the Old Age Crisis”，the World Bank argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable．（2010/12）

auction［′a：k∫an］n．拍卖，竞卖

In 1854my great-grandfather，Morris Marable，was sold on an auction block in Georgia for＄500．（2006/6）

automate［﹒a：ta′meit］vt．使自动化

awkward［′a：kwad］adj．不雅观的；（令人）尴尬的

This is awkward for universities which must spend extra money building separate labs and keeping rigorous records proving no federal funds were in-volved．（2006/12）

axis［′ēksis］n．轴，轴线；第二颈椎

B

baby-boom n．婴儿潮（1945年二战后出生率猛增期）

Employers have had plenty of younger ones to choose from，partly thanks to the post-war baby-boom and partly because over the past few decades many more women have entered the labour force，increasing employers’choice．（2010/12）

baby-boomer n．婴儿潮时代（baby boom）出生的人

In the good old days nine-year-old baby boomers rode their bikes to school，walked to the store，took buses-and even subways—all by themselves．（2009/6）

bachelor［′bēt∫ala］n．未婚男子；学士

backbone［′bēkbaun］n．支柱，骨干，基础

Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system．（2009/12）

bacterium［bēk′tiariam］n．细菌Ingham claimed that a GM version of a common soil bacterium could spread and destroy plants if released into the wild．（2005/6）

badge［bēd3］n．徽章，像章；标志

baffle［′bēfal］vt．使挫折n．迷惑

bait［beit］n．饵；引诱物

ballet［′bēlei］n．芭蕾舞；舞剧

bandage［′bēndid3］n．绷带，包带

bandit［′bēndit］n．土匪，盗匪，歹徒

bankrupt［′bēykrapt］adj．破产的vt．使破产

bankruptcy［′bēykraptsi］n．破产

Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can re-duce them to bankruptcy．（2007/12）

banquet［′bēykwit］n．宴会，盛会，酒席

bargain［′ba：gin］n．交易vi．议价；成交

“Our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating，”lamented（哀叹）the 117th-richest man in America．（2007/12）

barometer［ba′ramita］n．气压计，晴雨表

barren［′bēran］adj．贫瘠的；不妊的

barrier［′bēria］n．栅栏，屏障；障碍

Structural racism’s barriers include“equity inequity”，the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s history．（2006/6）

basement［′beismant］n．地下室；地窖；底层

basin［′beisan］n．内海；盆地，流域

battlefield［′bētlfi：ld］n．战场，战地

I’ve twice been to the wars，and as I survey the battlefield，something different is happening．（2008/6）

bazaar［ba′za：］n．集市，廉价商店

beam［bi：m］vi．发光，发热；微笑

bear［bea］vt．结（果实）；产生

That is not surprising：politicians with an eye on the next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular measures that may not bear fruit for years，per-haps decades．（2010/12）

beckon［′bekan］vt．（招手或点头）向……示意；召唤

One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away，then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later，complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been．（2007/12）

beforehand［bi′fa：hēnd］adv．预先；提前地

behaviour［bi′heivja］n．行为，举止，态度

Their work is already starting to reveal how the“Obama effect”is changing people’s views and behaviour．（2010/6）

bend［bend］vt．使屈从vi．屈从

bent on［′bentan］决心要；专心于；下决心

The Bush administration seems bent on satisfying the small but vocal group of Americans who oppose stem cell research under any conditions．（2006/12）

bestow［bi′stau］vt．把……赠与

beverage［′bevarid3］n．饮料

Foreign sales accounted for 65percent of Coke’s beverage business．（2008/6）

beware［bi′wea］vt．＆vi．谨防，当心

bewilder［bi′wilda］vt．迷惑，把……弄糊涂

bid［bid］vt．命令vi．报价

bill［bil］n．账单；议案，法案

One bill，which will give more time to tenants being evicted（逐出），will soon be heading to the governor’s desk．（2006/12）

bishop［′bi∫ap］n．（基督教的）主教

bitterness［′bitanis］n．苦味，辛酸，苦难

blast［bla：st］n．管乐器的声音

We blasted through face-stretching turns and loops for ninety seconds．（2006/12）

blaze［bleiz］vt．使燃烧vi．燃烧

bleach［bli：t∫］vt．漂白vi．变白

block［blak］n．阻塞；障碍物；炮闩

blogger［′blaga］n．写博客的人

By tying all of their ideas and experiences to the new president and his administration，the bloggers will try to start a conversation about what it means to be young and politically active in America today．（2010/6）

blond［bland］n．白皮肤金发碧眼的人

bloodshed［′blad∫ed］n．杀戮

Movies，television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed．（2006/6）

blow［blau］vi．吹，吹动；吹响

The financial blows rain，instead，on the uninsured，especially the chronically ill who need expensive drugs to live．（2006/6）

blunder［′blanda］vi．犯大错n．大错

blunt［blant］adj．钝的，不锋利的；（指人、言语等）坦诚的，直率的，不客气的，欠圆通的

Their message was blunt：health-care systems were heading for the rocks，pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners，and soon there would be intergenerational warfare．（2010/12）

blur［bla：］n．模糊的东西，模糊v．使变模糊

Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries be-tween science and technology，between discovery and manufacture．（2005/12）

blush［bla∫］vi．脸红，害臊n．脸红

board［ba：d］vt．（收费）供……膳食

boarder［′ba：da］n．寄膳者；寄宿生；寄膳宿者

boom［bu：m］vi．（营业等的）激增，（经济等的）繁荣，迅速发展；（发出）隆隆声，嗡嗡声

The booming economy means people are working harder than ever．（2005/6）

boost［bu：st］n．提高，增长；推动，激励；宣传

To boost the market value of efficiency，all new buildings are required to have an“energy pass”detailing power and heating consumption．（2007/12）

border［′ba：da］n．边境

That is a much larger question than how best to secure the border，and it is one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations．（2008/12）

bore［ba：］n．讨厌的人；麻烦事

bourgeois［′bua3wa：］adj．资产阶级的；平庸的

boycott［′baikat］vt．＆n．联合抵制

brace［breis］n．支柱vt．拉紧，撑牢；支持

breadwinner［′bredwina］n．负担家庭生计者

There，men are still expected to be breadwinners climbing the corporate ladder；traditionally-minded bosses are often unsympathetic to family needs．（2007/12）

break down失败；故障

Old-boy networks are breaking down．（2008/6）

break up分解；分裂；分散

The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up—slowly，and then all at once．（2008/6）

breakdown［′breikdaun］n．（机器等的）故障，损坏；（精神、体力等的）衰弱，衰竭

But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences，including family breakdown and obesity．（2007/6）

breakthrough［′breikθru：］n．突破性进展，突破点

The next breakthrough came in 2000，when Google figured out how to make money with its invention．（2007/6）

breed［bri：d］vt．滋生；产生

To Galbraith，materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent．（2007/6）

bribe［braib］n．贿赂vt．向……行贿

bridle［′braidl］n．笼子；束缚vt．抑制

brilliance［′briljans］n．光辉，光彩；（卓越的）才华，才智

Google owes much of its success to the brilliance of S．Brin and L．Page，butalso to a series of fortunate events．（2007/6）

broadband［′bra：dbēnd］n．宽带

One is the availability of broadband everywhere，which now covers almost all of the country．（2009/12）

brood［bru：d］vt．沉思vi．郁闷地沉思

bubble［′babl］n．泡沫vi．冒泡，沸腾

It was set up in a Silicon Valley garage in 1998，and inflated with the Internet bubble．（2007/6）

buck［bak］n．雄鹿；公羊；（美俚）钱

Compared with all other options，efficient technology is the biggest，easiest and most profitable bang for the buck．（2007/12）

Buddhism［′budism］n．佛教，释教

budget［′bad3it］n．预算，预算拨款vi．编预算，作安排vt．规划，安排adj．低廉的，收费公道的

As with automobiles，consumers in today’s college marketplace have vast choices，and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets．（2009/6）

bull［bul］n．买空的证券投机商；牛市

bulletin［′bulatin］n．告示，公告，公报

bump［bamp］vt．撞击vi．撞n．肿块

bureaucracy［bju′rakrasi］n．官僚主义；官僚机构

A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines．（2009/6）

burglar［′ba：gla］n．夜盗，窃贼

burial［′berial］n．安葬，埋葬，埋藏

by-product［bai′pradakt］n．副产品

C

cable［′keibal］n．海底电报；电缆

calibration［′kēlibrei∫an］n．校准；标定，刻度

campaign［kēm′pein］n．战役；运动；竞选活动

They tested four separate groups at four key stages of Obama’s presidential campaign．（2010/6）

cane［kein］n．（藤等）茎；手杖

cap［kēp］vt．胜过；超过

By capping her grades at 94while most other teachers grade on a scale that tops out at 100，your teacher could jeopardize a student’s chance of getting a scholarship or getting into a top college．（2010/6）

capability［﹒keipa′biliti］n．能力，才能；性能

Society expects and needs parents to provide their children with continuity of care，meaning the intensive，intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual，emotional and moral capabilities．（2010/6）

capacity［ka′pēsiti］n．容量；能力；能量

While company managers have known about the benefits for a long time，many have done little about it，sceptical of whether they could trust their em-ployees to work to full capacity without supervision．（2009/12）

capital［′kēpital］n．资本，资金；首都

In just a few short years，globalization has started a variety of trends with profound consequences：the opening of markets，true global competition，widespread deregulation of industry，and an abundance of accessible capital．（2005/12）

capitalism［′kēpitlizam］n．资本主义

The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe’s shift from social democracy to the sharper，more individualistic climate of American style capitalism．（2005/6）

capture［′kēpt∫a］vt．捕获，俘获；夺得

captive［′kēptiv］adj．被俘虏的；被迷住的

It had minimal effect on biodiversity，and any pollution it caused was typically localized in terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient．（2008/12）

carbon［′ka：ban］n．碳

Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years．（2005/6）

catalyst［′kētalist］n．催化剂；刺激因素

category［′kētigari］n．种类，类目；范畴

causality［ka：′zēliti］n．因果关系；原因

The critical point here is causality．（2006/6）

catastrophic［﹒kēta′strafik］adj．最后结局的；毁灭（性）的，悲剧（性）的

Many experts now believe that given the right policies，the effects，though grave，need not be catastrophic．（2010/12）

catastrophe［ka′tēstrafi］n．灾祸，大灾难

Richard Gott，professor of astrophysics at Princeton，hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars，which would be a“life insurance policy against whatever catastrophes，natural or otherwise，might occur on Earth．（2008/6）

cater［′keita］vi．迎合，投合；满足

Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians，and even disputed the number of studies．（2006/6）

The service industry，by definition，exists to cater to others’needs．（2007/12）

casual［′kē3ual］adj．随便的，漫不经心的

At this time，well over 1，000studies．．．point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children．（2006/6）

Catholic［′kēθalik］adj．天主教的n．天主教徒

cause［ka：z］n．原因，理由；事业

A 2008study from the center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activists support traditionally liberal causes．（2010/6）

caution［′ka：∫an］n．小心；告诫vt．警告

cautious［′ka：∫as］adj．小心的，谨慎的

characterize［′kēriktaraiz］vt．表示……的特性

In keeping with the automotive world’s hottest consumer trend，maybe it’s best to characterize it as a hybrid（混合动力汽车）；an expensive consumer product that，over time，will pay rich dividends．（2009/6）

cement［si′ment］vt．粘结vi．粘紧

censor［′sensa］vt．审查，检查

cereal［′siarial］n．谷类，五谷，禾谷

champion［′t∫ēmpian］n．斗士；提倡者

charity［′t∫ēriti］n．施舍；慈善事业

Far from a kind of charity they once were，senior citizen discounts have be-come a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them．（2006/6）

characterize［′kēriktaraiz］vt．具有……的特征，以……为特征

In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry．（2008/12）

charcoal［′t∫a：kaul］n．炭，木炭；生物炭

charter［′t∫a：ta］vt．租n．宪章；契据

chatter［′t∫ēta］vi．＆n．喋喋不休

charge［t∫a：d3］n．负荷；充电；收费vt．装满

Some savings come free of charge：you can boost fuel efficiency by 6percent simply by keeping your car’s tires properly inflated（充气）．（2007/12）

cherish［′t∫eri∫］vt．珍爱；怀有（感情）

chill［t∫il］vi．感到寒冷；冷淬

chip［t∫ip］n．薄片，碎片

chord［ka：d］n．（乐器的）弦vi．协调

chorus［′ka：ras］vt．＆vi．合唱

The solution？A hearty chorus of“O Canada”．（2006/6）

Christian［′krist∫an］adj．基督教的

chronic［′kranik］adj．（病）慢性的，（人）久病的；长期的

Treatments for chronic conditions can easily top＄2，000amonth—no wonder that one in four Americans can’s afford to fill their prescriptions．（2006/6）

The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit．（2008/6）

chronicle［′kranikl］n．编年史，年代记

The writers of Generation O（short for Obama），a new Newsweek blog that seeks to chronicle the lives of a group of young Obama supporters，want toanswer that question．（2010/6）

circular［′sa：kjula］n．传单，通报，通函

circus［′sa：kas］n．马戏；马戏团

citation［sai′tei∫an］n．引用，引证

cite［sait］vt．引用，引证；举例

There were no footnotes or citations in Einstein’s submission to the prestigious journal．（2010/12）

civilization［﹒sivilai′zei∫an］n．文明，文化；开化

Glaser claims that these earth works，built between AD 400and 1400，were at the heart of urban civilizations．（2005/6）

clamp［klēmp］n．夹子vt．夹住，夹紧

clap［klēp］n．拍手喝彩声；霹雳声

clash［klē∫］n．碰撞声；抵触，冲突

In response，the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry．Such clashes help neither science nor society．（2006/6）

classic［′klēsik］n．名著adj．不朽的；经典的

clatter［′klēta］n．得得声，卡嗒声

clear-cut［′klia′kat］adj．轮廓清晰的；明确的，清楚的

For those parents who wonder how and when they should start allowing their kids more freedom，there’s no clear-cut answer．（2009/6）

clearing［′kliariy］n．（森林中的）空旷地

And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing．（2005/6）

client［′klaiant］n．顾客；诉讼委托人

climax［′klaimēks］n．（兴趣的）顶点

cling［kliy］vi．粘住；依附；坚持

cloak［klauk］vt．掩盖，覆盖，掩饰

clown［klaun］n．（马戏的）小丑，丑角

cluster［′klasta］n．一串vt．使成群

clutch［klat∫］vt．抓住vi．掌握，攫

coach［kaut∫］vt．辅导，指导，训练

Through her book，8Myths of Making a Living，as well as workshops，seminars and personal coaching and consulting，she has helped thousands of dissatisfied workers reassess life and work．（2007/6）

coalition［﹒kaua′li∫an］n．结合，联合；（政党、国家等）临时结成的联盟

During the presidential campaign，Barack Obama assembled a racially and ideologically diverse coalition with his message of hope and change．（2010/6）

coffin［′kafin］n．棺材，柩

coherent［kau′hiarant］adj．粘着的；紧凑的

coincide［﹒kauin′said］vi．相符合；相巧合

collaborate［ka′lēbareit］vi．协作，合作；协调

collaborative［ka′lēbarativ］adj．合作的，协作的

Perhaps most significant is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative models，such as those prevalent in Scandinavia，which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability．（2011/6）

collapse［ka′lēps］vi．倒塌；崩溃，瓦解

Even when everything around it collapsed the company kept on inflating．（2007/6）

colleague［′kali：g］n．同事，同僚

But when doing so，they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled，drawing criticism from colleagues．（2006/6）

collective［ka′lektiv］adj．集体的；集合性的

To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting．（2010/6）

collegial［ka′li：d3ial］adj．学院（学生）的

The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowerman’s teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nikes．（2008/12）

collide［ka′laid］vi．碰撞；冲突，抵触

colonize［′kalanaiz］vt．将……开拓（或建立）为殖民地

colonial［ka′launial］adj．殖民地的，殖民的

colonist［′kalanist］n．移民；殖民地居民

“The real space race is whether we will colonize off Earth on to other worlds before money for the space programme runs out．”（2008/6）

column［′kalam］n．柱，支柱，圆柱；专栏（文章）

In December．Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U．S News ＆World Report．（2007/12）

combination［﹒kambi′nei∫an］n．结合，联合；化合

This combination of older mothers and more single children could be contributing to the obesity epidemic．（2008/12）

combustion［kam′bast∫an］n．燃烧；氧化；骚动

comedy［′kamidi］n．喜剧；喜剧场面

comfort［′kamfat］n．舒适；安慰vt．安慰

“And most importantly，we’re not giving up a single comfort for our guests．”（2007/12）

commitment［ka′mitmant］n．托付，交托；委任；承诺，保证

Commitment to being who you are，not who or what someone wants you to be．（2007/6）

commence［′kama：s］vt．开始vi．获得学位

commend［ka′mend］vt．称赞，表扬；推荐

comment［′kament］n．评论，意见；注释

But Ingham stands by her comments and says the complaints are an attempt to silence her．（2005/6）

commercial［ka′ma∫al］adj．商业的；商品化的

“The threat is from commercial fishing，”says Griffin．（2009/6）

commodity［ka′maditi］n．日用品，商品，物品

We are rapidly shifting from an economy based on manufacturing and commodities to one that places the greatest value on information，services，sup-port，and distribution．（2005/12）

commonplace［′kamanpleis］adj．平凡的n．平常话

commonwealth［′kamanwelθ］n．共和国；联邦

community［ka′mju：niti］n．社区；社会；公社

A 1993study by the U．S．National Academy of Sciences listed“biological，individual，family，peer，school，and community factors”as all playing their parts．（2006/6）

commute［ka′mju：t］vi．通勤（乘汽车或火车经常往返于市区工作处与郊区住所之间）

Rising costs of office space，time lost to stressful commuting，and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office—all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home．（2009/12）

compact［′kampēkt］adj．紧密的vt．使紧凑

companion［kam′pēnjan］n．同伴；共事者；伴侣

For those of us lucky enough to live that long，2056will be a world of almost perpetual youth，where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions．（2008/6）

compatriot［kam′pētriat］n．同国人，同胞

If the Obama effect is positive for African Americans，how is it affecting their white compatriots？（2010/6）

compensate［′kampanseit］vt．＆vi．补偿，赔偿

But over the next few decades labour forces in rich countries are set to shrink so much that inflows of immigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate．（2010/12）

compensation［kampen′sei∫an］n．补偿的款物；（pl．）补偿，赔偿

Demanding reparations（赔偿）is not just about compensation for slavery and segregation．（2006/6）

competitive［kam′petitiv］adj．竞争的，经由竞争的，竞争性的

Home working can also provide competitive advantage，especially when small businesses want to attract new staff but don’t have the budget to offer huge salaries．（2009/12）

complaint［kam′pleint］n．疾病；抱怨；主诉

The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints．（2008/6）

complement［′kamplimant］vt．补充n．补足（物）

completion［kam′pli：∫an］n．完成，结束，完满

complex［′kampleks］adj．结合的；复杂的

Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex．（2006/6）

complicated［′kamplikeitid］adj．复杂的，难懂的

Those only repeating words performed the same as those with no distraction，but those with the more complicated task showed even worse reaction times—an average of 480milliseconds extra delay．（2009/12）

compliment［′kamplimant］n．问候vt．赞美，祝贺

compromise［′kampramaiz］n．妥协，和解

Women find it hard to combine family and career．They often compromise by having just one child．（2010/12）

comply［kam′plai］vi．应允，遵照，照做

Dependent，as they are，on politicians for much of their funding，scientists have little choice but to comply．（2005/12）

composite［′kampazit］adj．合成的n．合成物

composition［﹒kampa′zi∫an］n．组成，构成，结构

comprehend［﹒kampri′hend］vt．了解，理解，领会

compression［kam′pre∫an］n．压缩，压紧，浓缩

conceit［kan′si：t］n．自负，自高自大

conceive［kan′si：v］vt．设想，以为；怀孕

Living alone was conceived to be negative—dark and cold，while being together suggested warmth and light．（2005/6）

Grand-children of mice fed a high-fat diet grow up fat even if their own moth-er is fed normally—so your fate may have been sealed even before you were conceived．（2008/12）

conceivably［kan′si：vabli］adv．想得到地；可想象地，可相信地

When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it，we can-not be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment．（2005/12）

conception［kan′sep∫an］n．概念，观念，想法

concert［′kansat］n．一齐，一致，协作

concession［kan′se∫an］n．让步，迁就

concrete［′kankri：t］adj．有形的，实在的；具体的n．混凝土；具体物

But such concrete hazards are beside the point．（2009/12）

condemn［kan′dem］vt．谴责，指责；判刑

What it is wrong to condemn her for is overlooking your hard work．（2010/6）

condition［kan′di∫an］n．状况，状态；环境v．训练以适应（某种习惯）；决定；影响

Through advertising，companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didn’t really want or need．（2007/6）

conditioned［kan′di∫and］adj．有条件的；被调整的；受制约的

They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints．（2008/6）

confirm［kan′fa：m］vt．证实，肯定；批准

confirmation［﹒kanfa′mei∫an］n．证实，确定；确认

But the latest research further confirms that the danger lies less in what a motorist’s hands do when he takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain．（2009/12）

conform［kan′fa：m］vt．使遵守vi．一致

Assuming that your teacher is neither biased nor corrupt and that her system conforms to school rules，you can’t fault her ethics．（2010/6）

confront［kan′frant］vt．使面对；使对证

congress［′kaygres］n．大会；国会，议会

Given the recent change of control in congress，popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage，and efforts by california’governor to offer universal health care，these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows．（2007/12）

conjunction［kan′d3ayk∫an］n．接合，连接；连接词

All were grown in conjunction with mouse cells，making future therapeutic（治疗的）uses unlikely．（2006/12）

con［kan］n．欺骗，骗局，诡计

pros and cons正反双方

Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation，one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various ways land is used．（2008/12）

consciousness［′kan∫asnis］n．意识，知觉，觉悟

consensus［kan′sensas］n．一致；合意

Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration，both legal and illegal，provides a small net boost to the economy．（2010/6）

conserve［kan′sa：v］vt．保存；保护；节省

Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial—riding bi-cycles，dimming the lights，and taking fewer showers．（2007/12）

conservative［kan′sa：vativ］adj．保守的n．保守的人

The use of deferential（敬重的）language is symbolic of the confucian ideal of the woman，which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan．（2007/6）

conservation［﹒kansa（：）′vei∫an］n．保存，保护；守恒

In many people’s minds，conservation is still associated with self-denial．

Many environmentalists still push that view．（2007/12）

These days conservation is all about efficiency：getting the same—or better—results from just a fraction of the energy．（2007/12）

consistent［kan′sistant］adj．前后一致的，连贯的

console［kan′saul］vt．安慰，抚慰

But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying，as well as studying，can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that，unlike many bank stocks，should yield huge dividends．（2009/6）

consolidate［kan′salideit］vt．巩固vi．合并

constant［′kanstant］adj．经常的；永恒的

We humans，like all warm-blooded animals，can keep our core body temperatures pretty much constant regardless of what’s going on in the world around us．（2008/12）

constituent［kan′stit∫uant］adj．形成的n．选民

constitute［′kanstitju：t］vt．构成，组成

In most cases，though，there are honest disputes over damages—what constitutes ordinary wear and tear．（2006/12）

constitution［﹒kansti′tju：∫an］n．（人的）体格，素质；（事物）构成成分；宪法

constraint［kan′streint］n．强迫，结束；强制力

construct［kan′strakt］vt．建造；建设；构筑

Every morning now she turns on a specially constructed light box for half an hour and sits in front of it to trick her brain into thinking it’s still enjoying those long summer days．（2005/6）

consultancy［kan′saltansi］n．咨询公司，顾问服务公司

Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm，some people maystill distrust him because of his association with those who do，or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding．（2005/12）

consumer［kan′sju：ma］n．消费者，用户

consumption［kan′samp∫an］n．消费（量），灭绝

contemporary［kan′temparari］adj．当代的，同时代的

Demanding reparations are，more important，an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of“racial deficits”of all kinds，the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class．（2006/6）

contemplation［﹒kantem′plei∫an］n．凝视；沉思，冥想；深思熟虑，研究

This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations，but a fact of Eu-rope’s new economic landscape，embraced by sociologists，real-estate developers and ad executives alike．（2005/6）

contempt［kan′tempt］n．轻蔑；藐视；受辱

Cloned infants and a general contempt for human life．（2006/12）

continental［﹒kanti′nentl］adj．大陆的，大陆性的

continuity［﹒kanti′nju：iti］n．延续性；持续性

Society expects and needs parents to provide their children with continuity of care，meaning the intensive，intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual，emotional and moral capabilities．（2010/6）

contradict［﹒kantra′dikt］vt．反驳，否认

contradiction［﹒kantra′dik∫an］n．矛盾，不一致；否认

People are better off．Unfortunately，affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions．（2007/6）

contradictory［﹒kantra′diktari］adj．矛盾的，对立的n．矛盾因素，对立物

“The traits that characterise him are very contradictory to the racial stereo-types that black people are aggressive and uneducated，”says Ashby Plant of Florida State University．（2010/6）

contrast［′kantrēst］vt．使对比vi．形成对比

Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution．（2008/12）

contribute［kan′tribju：t］vi．＆vt．捐献，捐助；投（稿）

Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals．（2006/6）

contribution［﹒kantri′bju：∫an］n．贡献；捐献，捐助；投稿

Yet I’ve been reflecting more and more on how the pace of life and the intensity of stimulation may be contributing to the rising rates of psychiatric problems among children and adolescents in our society．（2006/12）

contributor［kan′tribjuta］n．捐赠者，捐款人；贡献者；投稿人

Nobody is saying that the“big two”—reduced physical activity and increased availability of food—are not important contributors to the epidemic，but they cannot explain it all．（2008/12）

contrive［kan′traiv］vt．发明，设计；设法做到，以计谋达成

So we’ve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths，prejudices or myths．（2008/6）

controversy［′kantrava：si］n．争论，辩论，争吵

Intel chairman Andy Grove has decided to cut the Gordian knot of controversy surrounding stem cell research by simply writing a check．（2006/12）

convention［kan′ven∫an］n．传统，惯例；公约，（换俘等）协定

conventional［kan′ven∫anl］adj．普通的；习惯的

Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment，Glaser says：“Black carbon combined with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils．”（2005/6）

Heat pump systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all．（2007/12）

convert［kan′va：t］vt．转变，改变，变换

convey［kan′vei］vt．传达；传播；转让

convince［kan′vins］vt．使确信，使信服；说服

conviction［kan′vik∫an］n．确信，信服，深信

Knight convinced the company’s officials of the potential for its product in the U．S．（2008/12）

convincing［kan′vinsiy］adj．有说服力的；令人信服的

We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters．（2008/6）

cooperative［kau′aparativ］adj．合作的n．合作社

cord［ka：d］n．细绳，粗线，索

spinal cord脊髓，脊椎神经

Repairs to the nervous system will start with optic nerves and，in time，the spinal cord．（2008/6）

core［ka：］n．果核，果心；中心部分，核心

Employment is another core point．（2006/6）

cordially［′ka：djali］adj．热诚地，诚挚地，友善地

I assumed this was the way the professional world worked cordially．（2007/12）

cope［kaup］vi．对付，应付

The world has never seen population ageing before．Can it cope？（2010/12）

corporation［﹒ka：pa′rei∫an］n．公司，企业；社团

If you own shares in large American corporations，you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble．（2008/6）

correlate［′karileit］n．互相关联的事物

correlation［kari′lei∫an］n．相互关系

corrosion［ka′rau3n］n．腐蚀，侵蚀；锈

corrupt［ka′rapt］vt．贿赂adj．腐败的

cosmic［′kazmik］adj．宇宙的；广大无边的

cosmos［′kazmas］n．宇宙；秩序，和谐

courtesy［′ka：tisi］n．礼貌，谦恭，请安

My job title made people treat me with courtesy．（2007/12）

counteract［﹒kaunta′rēkt］vt．对……起反作用；对抗，抵消；中和

Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama’s effect．（2010/6）

courageous［ka′reid3as］adj．勇敢的，无畏的

courteous［′ka：tias］adj．有礼貌的，谦恭的

coverage［′kavarid3］n．覆盖，新闻报道（范围）

The media are giving the subject of aging extensive coverage．（2010/12）

coward［′kauad］adj．懦弱的，胆小的

crack［krēk］vi．＆vt．发出爆裂声

cradle［′kreidl］n．摇篮，发源地

craft［kra：ft］n．技巧

credit［′kredit］n．信用贷款；信用

Henry Flores，apolitical-science professor at St．Mary’s University，credits this younger generation’s political strength to their embrace of technology．（2010/6）

creep［kri：p］vi．爬行；缓慢地行进

The percentage of immigrants（including those unlawfully present）in the United States has been creeping upward for years．（2008/12）

cripple［′kripl］n．跛子；残废的人

Crippling health care bills，long emergency room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily．（2009/12）

crisis［′kraisis］n．危机；转折点

critical［′kritikal］adj．决定性的；批评的

Their breakthrough was that when their search engine crawled the Web，it did more than just look for word matches，it also tallied（统计）and ranked a host of other critical factors like how websites link to one another．（2007/6）

crisp［krisp］adj．脆的；卷曲的

criterion［krai′tiarian］n．标准，准则，尺度

criticism［′kritisizam］n．批评；批判；评论

Still，when Lenore Skenazy，a columnist for the New York Sun，wrote about letting her son take the subway alone to get back，she didn’t expect to get hit with a wave of criticism from readers．（2009/6）

crooked［′krukid］adj．弯的，歪的；畸形的

cross［kras］adj．易怒的；杂交的

crucial［′kru：∫al］adj．至关重要的，决定性的

One crucial aspect of Einstein’s training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenager—Kant，Schopenhauer and Spinoza，among others．（2010/12）

cruise［kru：z］vi．巡航vt．巡航于……

cubic［′kju：bik］adj．立方体的；立方的

cumulative［′kju：mjulativ］adj．（数量、力量等）渐增的，累积的

I’m concerned about the cumulative effect of years at these levels of feverish activity．（2006/12）

cure［kjua］vt．治愈n．药物；疗法

No sky-high drug price today，no cure for cancer tomorrow．So shut up and pay up．（2006/6）

curly［′ka：li］adj．卷曲的；有卷毛的

currency［′ka：ransi］n．通货，货币；通行，流行

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation，for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency．（2008/6）

custom［′kastam］n．海关，关税

customary［′kastamari］adj．通常的；照惯例的

cycle［′saikl］n．自行车，循环

Breaking the cycle of doing what you have always done is one of the most difficult tasks for job seekers．（2007/6）

D

dash［dē∫］vt．使猛撞；匆忙完成n．猛冲

If scholars suddenly discovered that Rembrandt had dashed off“The Night Watch”in an afternoon，it would still be“The Night Watch”．（2010/6）

dazzle［′dēz（a）l］vt．＆vi．炫耀；迷惑

dazzling［′dēzliy］adj．令人目眩的，耀眼的；灿烂的

Anyone who has reached a certain age is automatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life．（2006/6）

dealer［′di：la］n．商人，贩子；发牌者

dean［di：n］n．（大学）院长，系主任

decency［′di：snsi］n．合宜，得体；懂得情理

The U．S．will follow the U．K．in realizing that religion is not a prerequisite（前提）for ordinary human decency．（2008/6）

decimal［′desimal］adj．小数的，十进制的

declaration［﹒dekla′rei∫an］n．宣布，宣言；申诉

decline［di′klain］vt．下倾；偏斜；衰退

Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices，further contributing to the decline of primary care．（2009/12）

decompose［﹒di：kam′pauz］vt．＆vi．腐败；分解

decorative［′dekarativ］adj．装饰的；可作装饰的

decree［di′kri：］n．法令，政令；教令

deadline［′dedlain］n．最后期限

I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult．（2005/6）

dedicate［′dedikeit］vt．奉献；献身

deem［di：m］vt．认为，相信vi．想

default［di′fa：lt］n．＆vi．不履行；缺席

defense［di′fens］n．防御；防务；辩护

In the decades to 2050，America will find itself playing an ever-increasing role in the developed world’s defence effort．（2010/12）

defer［di′fa：］vi．延迟；暂缓

The promise of“40acres and a mule（骡子）”was for most blacks a dream deferred（尚未实现的）．（2006/6）

deferential［﹒defa′ren∫al］adj．恭敬的；惯于顺从的

They are using fewer of the very deferential“women’s”forms，and even u-sing the few strong forms that are know as“men’s”．（2007/6）

deficiency［di′fi∫ansi］n．缺乏；不足之数

deficient［di′fi∫ant］adj．缺乏的；欠缺的

deficit［′defisit］n．赤字，亏空，亏损

For the first five months of 2007，the trade deficit actually fell 7percent from 2006．（2008/6）

define［di′fain］vt．规定；立（界限）

Ask most people how they define the American Dream and chances are they’ll say，“Success．”（2005/12）

definitive［di′finitiv］adj．决定性的；最后的；限定的

But there’s never been definitive proof that treatment with very bright lights makes a difference．（2005/6）

deflect［di′flekt］vt．＆vi．（使）偏斜

deflection［di′flek∫an］n．偏斜，歪斜；偏差

deform［di′fa：m］vt．损坏……的形状

deformation［﹒di：fa：′mei∫an］n．损坏；变形；畸形

defy［di′fai］vt．向……挑战；蔑视

degradation［﹒degra′dei∫an］n．降级；退化；衰变

delegate［′deligat］n．代表，委员，特派员

deliberate［di′libareit］adj．深思熟虑的；审慎的

deliberately［di′libaratli］adv．审慎地，故意地

demand［di′ma：nd］n．＆v．请求；要价；要求；需要

What’s more，demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300million tons of grain a year by 2050．（2008/12）

democracy［di′makrasi］n．民主，民主制

After World WarⅡ，the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies，which seemed to many scholars the best way to ensure the survival of democracy．（2010/12）

democratic［﹒dema′krētik］adj．民主的，民主政体的

In fact，every step of the way，as Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law，business groups have been strongly opposed．（2010/6）

demonstrate［′demanstreit］vt．说明；论证；表露

We see our kids’college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them．（2008/6）

denote［di′naut］vt．指示，意味着

denounce［di′nauns］vt．谴责，声讨；告发

deny［di′nai］vt．否定；拒绝相信

Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites．（2006/6）

deposition［﹒depa′zi∫（a）n］n．免职，罢免；证词

deputy［′depjuti］n．代理人adj．副的

density［′densiti］n．密集，稠密；密度

Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed，clothed and sheltered a predominant-ly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today．（2008/12）

deploy［di′plai］vt．（使部队等）进入战斗位置；调度，部署（军队等）

Trawlers（which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor）and longline fishers（which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles）take a heavy toll on turtles．（2009/6）

deposit［di′pazit］n．押金；寄存物

The original bill would have required the landlord to pay interest in the deposit．（2006/12）

depressant［di′presant］n．镇静剂adj．有镇静作用的

As increasing numbers of friends’children are prescribed medications—stim-ulants to deal with inattentiveness at school or anti-depressants to help with the loss of interest and joy in their lives，I question the role of kids’boredom in some of the diagnoses．（2006/12）

depression［di′pre∫an］n．沮丧，意气消沉；不景气，萧条

Then she read about seasonal affective disorder，a form of depression that occurs in fall and winter．（2005/6）

Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world．（2010/12）

depressive［di′presiv］adj．压抑的；沮丧的；抑郁的

That hasn’t stopped thousands of winter depressives from trying to heal themselves．（2005/6）

derivation［di′raivei∫n］n．引出；起源；衍生

descendant［di′sendant］n．子孙，后裔

Better still，our descendants might at last live in a world at peace with itself．（2008/6）

Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well，or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meet its end at the hands of humans，leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection．（2009/6）

description［dis′krip∫an］n．描写，形容；种类

There was little task differentiation．There were no job descriptions，rigid reporting systems，or detailed rules and regulations．（2008/12）

desert［di′za：t］vt．遗弃；擅离（职守）

desolate［′desalat］adj．荒芜的；孤独的

dessert［di′za：t］n．甜点心

destination［﹒desti′nei∫an］n．目的地，终点；目标

Each of these steps will lead you on a journey to a happier and more rewarding work life．After all，it is the journey，not the destination，that is most important．（2007/6）

destine［′destin］vt．命定，注定；预定

destiny［′destini］n．命运，天数

detached［di′tēt∫t］adj．分离的，不连接的；不带感情的；超然的

Most young boys are trained to believe that men should be strong，tough，cool，and detached．（2010/12）

detain［di′tein］vt．耽搁；扣押，拘留

detector［di′tekta］n．发觉者，探测器

destructive［di′straktiv］adj．破坏（性）的，危害的

America is a competitive society：our kids need to adjust to that，but too much pushiness can be destructive．（2008/6）

detection［di′tek∫an］n．察觉，发觉；侦察

Princeton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it“likely”that life from outer space will be discovered before 2056because the tools for finding it，such as optical and radio detection and data processing，are improving．（2008/6）

determine［di′ta：min］vt．决定；查明；决心

I’ve always done what I wanted to do：live a self-determined life．（2005/6）

deviation［﹒di：vi′ei∫an］n．背离，偏离；偏差数

devotion［di′vau∫an］n．献身，热诚，专心

devour［di′vaua］vt．吞食；吞灭，毁灭

diagnose［′daiagnauz］vt．诊断（疾病）

As increasing numbers of friends’children are prescribed medications—stimulants to deal with inattentiveness at school or anti-depressants to help with the loss of interest and joy in their lives，I question the role of kids’boredom in some of the diagnoses．（2006/12）

dictator［dik′teita］n．独裁者，专政者

diet［′daiat］n．饮食，食物vi．节食（减肥）

differentiation［﹒difa﹒ren∫i′ei∫an］n．区别；微分；变异

There was little task differentiation．There were no job descriptions，rigid reporting systems，or detailed rules and regulations．（2008/12）

dignity［′digniti］adj．尊贵；（举止）庄严

diligence［′dilid3ans］n．勤勉，勤奋

Your diligence is worthy of encouragement，but effort does not equal accomplishment．（2010/6）

dilemma［di′lema］n．（进退两难的）窘境，困境

Here lies the American dilemma．Who is all this splendid medicine for？（2006/6）

dime［daim］n．（美国、加拿大的）一角硬币

And currencies don’t turn on a dime．（2008/6）

diminish［di′mini∫］vt．减少，减小，递减

dioxide［dai′aksaid］n．二氧化物

diploma［di′plauma］n．毕业文凭，学位证书

diplomatic［﹒dipla′mētik］adj．外交的；有策略的

In 2005，The typical full-time year-round U．S．worker with a four-year college degree earned＄50，900，62%more than the＄31，500earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma．（2009/6）

directory［di′rektari］n．姓名地址录；董事会

disastrous［di′za：stras］adj．灾难性的；悲惨的

discern［di′sa：n］vt．看出，辨出；辨别

discontent［diskan′tent］n．不满，不满足adj．不满足的

To Galbraith，materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent．（2007/6）

discount［′diskaunt］n．折扣；打折扣卖

People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them．（2006/6）

discourse［′diska：s］n．讲话，演说，讲道

discredit［dis′kredit］vt．使丢脸；败坏……的名声n．坏名声的人（或事）

The attitude plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as a venal．（2005/12）

discrepancy［di′screpansi］n．不一致，差异

So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrant’s impact on the economy and the reality？（2011/6）

discrimination［dis﹒krimi′nei∫an］n．辨别；识别力；歧视

Senior citizen discounts are the essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting against—discrimination by age．（2006/6）

disgrace［dis′greis］n．失宠，耻辱，丢脸

disillusion［﹒disi′lu：3an］n．觉醒vt．使觉醒；使幻想破灭

As the reality of life under a new administration settles in，some of those supporters might become disillusioned．（2010/6）

disintegrate［dis′intigreit］vt．使碎裂；使瓦解；使崩溃vi．碎裂；瓦解，崩溃

“Our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating，”lamented（哀叹）the 117th-richest man in America．（2007/12）

dismay［dis′mei］n．惊慌，沮丧，灰心

dismayed［dis′meid］adj．惊慌的，气馁的，沮丧的

Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing ajoint statement．（2006/6）

dismiss［dis′mis］vt．忘掉

He admits，“With my decision to work from home I dismissed any opportunity for promotion．”（2007/12）

disobedience［﹒disa′bi：dians］n．不服从，违抗；违反

Their main weapon against super skinny（role）models：a brand of civil disobedience dubbed“body activism”．（2009/6）

disorder［dis′a：da］n．杂乱；混乱；骚乱，动乱；（身心、机能）失调，紊乱；不适，疾病

My own work is focused on the chemical imbalances and biological factors related to behavioral and emotional disorders．（2006/12）

disoriented［dis′arientid］adj．失去方向的；迷惘的；失去判断力的

There were volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings（幼龟）down to the wa-ter’s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead．（2009/6）

dispatch［dis′pēt∫］vt．派遣；调度n．急件

display［di′splei］vt．陈列，展览；显示

He predicts that“absurdly wasteful”displays of wealth will become unfashionable while the importance of close-knit communities and families will become clearer．（2008/6）

disperse［dis′pa：s］vt．（使）分散；驱散

displacement［dis′pleismant］n．移置；免职；置换

disposable［di′spauzabl］adj．可任意处理的；可自由使用的；用完即丢弃的，一次性使用的

More workers fear they’ve become“the disposable American”，as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same name．（2007/6）

dispute［di′spju：t］vi．争论，争执n．争论

The EPA has not commented on the dispute．（2005/6）

disproportionate［﹒dispra′pa：∫anit］adj．不均衡的；不相称的

The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor．（2006/6）

disproportionately［dispra′pa：∫anitli］adv．不均衡地；不相称地

During the 1990-91recession．African-Americans suffered disproportionately．（2006/6）

disruptive［dis′raptiv］adj．破裂的，破裂性的；分裂的

The company will also be able to avoid the expense of having to relocate staff to temporary offices for several weeks when it begins disruptive office renovations soon．（2009/12）

dissatisfaction［di﹒sētis′fēk∫an］n．不满，不平

One study found that，other things being equal，graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction．（2008/6）

dissipate［′disipeit］vt．驱散；浪费vi．消散

dissolve［di′zalv］vt．解除（婚约等）

distinguished［di′stiygwi∫t］adj．卓越的；著名的；高贵的，高雅的

When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it，we can-not be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment．（2005/12）

discipline［′disiplin］n．纪律；训练vt．训练

In the America of our own time，the great educational challenge has become an effort to strengthen the teaching of what is now known as the STEM disciplines（science，technology，engineering，and math）．（2010/12）

distinct［di′stiykt］adj．独特的

distinctly［di′stiyktli］adv．显然，清楚地

distinction［di′stiyk∫an］n．差别，不同，区分

When a noted leader on the art of management，Peter Drucker，coined the phrase“Managerment is doing things right；leadership is doing the right things，”he was seeking to clarify the distinction he associates with the terms．（2011/12）

distort［di′sta：t］vt．歪曲，曲解，扭曲

distortion［di′sta：∫an］n．弄歪，歪曲；畸变

distressingly［dis′tresiyli］adv．令人苦恼地；悲惨地

Then，as we stepped off the ride，he shrugged and，in a distressingly calm voice，remarked that it was not as exciting as other rides he’d been on．（2006/12）

distribute［dis′tribju：t］vt．分发，分送；分布

In the first few years，Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets．（2008/12）

distribution［﹒distri′bju：∫an］n．分发，分配；分布

What they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity．（2007/12）

disturb［dis′ta：b］vt．打扰，扰乱；弄乱

disturbance［di′sta：bans］n．动乱；干扰；侵犯

But the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order．（2007/6）

diverge［dai′va：d3］vi．分岔；分歧

diversion［dai′va：∫an］n．转移；改道；娱乐

diversity［dai′va：siti］n．差异；不同点；多样性

To be sure，there is economic diversity within the elderly，and many older Americans are poor，but most of them aren’t．（2006/6）

dividend［′dividend］n．资本红利；被除数

But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying，as well as studying，can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that，unlike many bank stocks，should yield huge dividends．（2009/6）

divine［di′vain］adj．神的；敬神的

division［di′vi3an］n．分，分配；除法

She now works in the biotech forestry division of a major paper company．（2007/6）

dizzy［′dizi］adj．头晕眼花的，眩晕的

doctrine［′daktrin］n．教义，主义；学说

documentary［﹒dakju′mentari］adj．纪录的，文献的

For hundreds of millions of years，turtles have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches，long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them．（2009/6）

dome［daum］n．圆屋顶，拱顶

domestic［da′mestik］adj．养在家里的

One might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment．（2006/6）

donate［dau′neit］vt．捐助

Universal，which is releasing the film，plans to donate 10%of its opening weekend gross to the Flight 93National Memorial Fund．（2008/6）

dominate［damineit］vt．在……中占首要地位；支配，统治，控制；耸立于，俯视

dominant［′daminant］adj．统治的n．主因

That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it．（2008/12）

donation［dau′nei∫an］n．捐款，捐赠物；捐赠，赠送

Thanks in part to such private donations，university research into uses for human stem cells—the cells earliest stages of development that can form any body part—will continue in California．（2006/12）

donor［′dauna］n．捐款人

The check，which he pledged last week，could be for as much as＄5million，depending on how many donors make gifts of between＄50，000and＄500，000which he has promised to match．（2006/12）

doom［du：m］n．命运，毁灭vt．注定

doomsday［′du：mzdei］n．最后的审判日；世界的末日

But last week the New Zealand Life Sciences Network accused Ingham of“generating speculative doomsday scenarios（世界末日的局面）that are not scientifically supportable”．（2005/6）

downplay［′daunplei］vt．轻描淡写；贬低；低估

The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality（因果关系）．（2006/6）

downside［′daunsaid］n．不利之处；下降趋势

So the election of a female leader might have a downside for other women．（2010/6）

downsize［′daun′saiz］vt．以较小尺寸设计或制造；裁减（员工）人数

As things stand，if somebody doesn’t wake up，the middle class is on a path to being downsized all the way to the bottom of society．（2006/12）

drain［drein］vi．（水等）流掉

dramatic［dra′mētik］adj．引人注目的，戏剧的

In New York City，the response was even more dramatic．（2008/6）

What can explain this dramatic shift？（2010/6）

drawback［′dra：bēk］n．退款；障碍；欠缺

Otherwise，the main drawback is having to sit in front of the light for 30to 60minutes in the morning．（2005/6）

dread［dred］n．畏惧vt．惧怕

After World WarⅡ，the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom．（2007/6）

dropout［′drapaut］n．退出（者）；脱离（者）；中途退学（者）

Like African-Americans，Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to segregated，substandard schools，and their dropout rate is the highest in the country．（2008/12）

drift［drift］vi．漂流，漂泊n．漂流

As the nation moves further into the Obama presidency，will politically en-gaged young people continue to support the president and his agenda，or will they gradually drift away？（2010/6）

drive［draiv］n．魄力，干劲

Should our health-care system continue its drive toward the best of the best，even though rising numbers of patients can’t afford it？（2006/6）

dubious［′dju：bias］adj．半信半疑的，犹豫不决的；暧昧的，含糊的；引起怀疑的，可疑的

Last spring one of the two，Australia，gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011．（2010/6）

due［dju：］adj．应支付的；欠款的；欠的

due to归因于

Such lasting effects may be due to girls’realizing not only how they were being influenced but also who was benefiting from the societal pressure to be thin．（2009/6）

duke［dju：k］n．公爵，君主

duplicate［′dju：plikit］n．复制品vt．复制

dutiful［′dju：tifal］adj．忠于职守的，尽本分的；恭顺的，顺从的

She is a dutiful daughter，wife，and mother，master of the domestic arts．（2007/6）

dwarf［dwa：f］n．矮子，侏儒

dwell［dwel］n．居住vi．凝思，细想

dynamic（al）［dai′nēmik（al）］adj．机能上的；动态的

E

earnings［′a：niyz］n．工资，收入；收益

By some studies，selective schools do enhance their graduates’lifetime earnings．（2008/6）

earthenware［′a：θanwea］n．陶器

ease［i：z］n．容易，舒适vt．缓和

Grove’s donation，a first step toward a＄20million target at UCSF．Will ease the burden．（2006/12）

echo［′ekau］vt．反射（声音等）

Wilbur Ross Jr．has echoed Zuckerman’s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class Americans．（2007/12）

eclipse［i′klips］n．（日，月）食

ecology［i′kalad3i］n．生态学；个体生态学

ecosystem［′i：kausistam］n．生态系统

Like every other environmental issue today，this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems．（2009/6）

ecoconscious［′i：kau′kan∫as］adj．有环保意识的

There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent，especially one of the over-educated，ecoconscious type．（2009/12）

edge［ed3］n．边缘，边；刀口；优势

But Bush’s effort to please both sides certainly didn’t provide the basis for cutting edge research．（2006/12）

edit［′edit］vt．编辑，编纂；校订

editorial［﹒edi′ta：rial］n．社论，期刊的社论

eject［i′d3ekt］vt．逐出，排斥；喷射

elapse［i′lēps］vi．（时间）过去，消逝

elderly［′eldali］adj．较老的，年长的

the elderly老人

Today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population．（2006/6）

electronics［i﹒lek′traniks］n．电子学

elegant［′eligant］adj．（举止、服饰）雅致的

elementary［﹒eli′mentari］adj．初级的，基础的

The city’s public high school，as well as a number of daycare centers，preschools，elementary and middle schools，fell in the lowest 10%．（2009/12）

efficiency［i′fi∫ansi］n．效率；功效，效能

Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming．（2007/12）

elevate［′eliveit］vt．提高（思想）；抬高

elevation［﹒eli′vei∫an］n．高度；标高；臃肿

The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy；she“treads softly（谨言慎行）in the world”，elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form．（2007/6）

eligible［′elid3abl］adj．有资格当选的；法律上合格的

Within a few years，the first wave of the 76million Baby Boomers will be-come eligible for Medicare．Patients older than 85，who need chronic care most，will rise by 50%this decade．（2009/12）

eligibility［﹒elid3a′biliti］n．被选举资格；合格

Eligibility is determined not by one’s need but by the date on one’s birth certificate．（2006/6）

eliminate［i′limineit］vt．消灭，消除，排除

Self-honoring or self-love may seem like an odd step for job hunters，but being able to accept yourself，without judgment，helps eliminate insecurities and will make you more self-assured．（2007/6）

elite［ei′li：t］n．精华；精英；优秀分子

Underlying the hysteria（歇斯底里）is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable．（2008/6）

elliptical［i′liptikal］adj．椭圆的；省略的

eloquent［′elakwant］adj．雄辩的，有说服力的

eloquence［′elakwans］n．雄辩；口才，修辞

“Obama’s very intelligent and eloquent．”（2010/6）

embark［im′ba：k］vi．上船（或飞机等）；从事，着手vt．使从事，使着手；投（资）

Governments in rich countries now accept that their pension and health-care promises will soon become unaffordable，and many of them have embarked on reforms，but so far only timidly．（2010/12）

embarrass［im′bēras］vt．使负债；使复杂化；使局促不安

embassy［′embasi］n．大使馆；大使的职务

embrace［im′breis］vt．拥抱；包括；包围

Men，these days，are embracing fatherhood with the round-the-clock involvement their partners have always dreamed of—handling night feedings，packing lunches and bandaging knees．（2007/12）

embroidery［im′braidari］n．绣花，刺绣；绣制品

emerge［i′ma：d3］vi．出现，涌现；冒出

But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einstein emerging anytime soon．（2010/12）

emergency［i′ma：d3nsi］n．紧急情况，突然事件

This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors．（2009/12）

emigrate［′emigreit］vi．永久移居国外

emission［i′mi∫an］n．散发；传播；发出物

Carbon emission碳排放

As a bonus，the hotel’s lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon e-missions by more than 200metric tons．（2007/12）

emit［i′mit］vt．散发；发射；发表

In two of the groups，the placebo problem was resolved by telling patients they were comparing light boxes to a new anti-depressant device that emits negatively charged ions（离子）．（2005/6）

emotion［i′mau∫an］n．情感，感情；激动

Males’difficulty with“tender”emotions has serious consequences．（2010/12）

empirical［im′pirikal］adj．经验主义的

enchant［in′t∫a：nt］vt．迷住；用魔法迷惑

enclosure［in′klau3a］n．围绕；围场，围栏

endangered［in′deind3ad］adj．快要绝种的

The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from“threatened”to“en-dangered”．（2009/6）

endow［in′dau］vt．资助；赋予，授予

endurance［in′djuarans］n．耐久力，持久力

energetic［﹒ena′d3etik］adj．积极的；精力旺盛的

energize［﹒ena′d3aiz］vt．给予……能量；施电压于

engage［in′geid3］vt．吸引；占用（时间、精力等）；使从事于；聘用vi．从事，参加

engagement［in′geid3mant］n．婚约；约会，债务

One group was left undistracted while the other had to engage in a conversation using a speakerphone．（2009/12）

engine［′end3in］n．发动机，引擎；机车

Google’s search engine is so widespread across the world that search became

Google，and google became a verb．（2007/6）

engineer［﹒end3i′nia］n．工程师，技师

It’s also not clear whether the organism，first engineered by a German institute for biotechnology，is still in use．（2005/6）

engineering［﹒end3i′niariy］n．工程，工程学

Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific，technological，and engineering fields．（2010/12）

enhance［in′ha：ns］vt．提高，增加；夸张

enlightenment［in′laitnmant］n．启蒙；教化

Some philosophers believe that the way to enlightenment comes through facing obstacles and difficulties．（2007/6）

enroll［in′raul］vt．登记，招收vi．参军

enterprise［′entapraiz］n．艰巨的事业，计划；事业（或企业）单位，公司；事业心

The middle class used to be loyal to the free enterprise system．（2006/12）

entertainment［﹒enta′teinmant］n．招待，招待会

Facing their children’s complaints of“nothing to do”，parents were shelling out large numbers of dollars for various forms of entertainment．（2006/12）

entitle［in′taitl］vt．给……权利（或资格）

It entitles workers to as much as 12weeks’unpaid leave for care of a new-born or dealing with a family medical problem．（2010/6）

entreat［in′tri：t］vt．＆vi．恳求

entry［′entri］n．通道；条目

environmental［in′vaiaranmantal］adj．环境的，环境产生的

epidemic［﹒epi′demik］n．流行病；流传，盛行adj．流行性的，流传极广的

Ask anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s all due to eating too much and burning too few calories．（2008/12）

episode［′episaud］n．一段情节；插曲

Rather than just another weird episode in the town that brought you protesting environmentalists，this latest drama is a trial for how today’s parents perceive risk．（2009/12）

epoch［′i：pak］n．（新）时代；历元

equation［i′kwei∫an］n．平衡；平均；反应式

The heat pump has altered that equation．（2007/12）

equator［i′kweita］n．赤道，天球赤道

equilibrium［﹒i：kwi′libriam］n．平衡，均衡；均衡论

equivalent［i′kwivalant］adj．相等的；等量的

Lighting eats up 20percent of the world’s electricity，or the equivalent of roughly 600，000tons of coal a day．（2007/12）

era［′iara］n．时代，年代；纪元

Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice，today’s tech-savvy（精通技术的）workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics．（2005/6）

erect［i′rekt］adj．竖起的

erode［i′raud］vt．腐蚀；侵蚀；磨损

erosion［i′rau3an］n．腐蚀，侵蚀；糜烂

As corporate layoffs increased，that part has eroded．（2007/6）

errand［′erand］n．差使，差事

escort［′eska：t］n．＆vt．护卫，护送

essence［′esans］n．本质，本体；精华

Senior citizen discounts are the essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting against—discrimination by age．（2006/6）

establishment［is′tēbli∫mant］n．建立，设立，确立

At Sears，54percent were black，Blacks have significantly shorter life spans，in part due to racism in the health establishment．（2006/6）

estate［i′steit］n．房地产；财产，产业

real-estate（美）房地产

This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations，but a fact of Eu-rope’s new economic landscape，embraced by sociologists，real-estate developers and ad executives alike．（2005/6）

estimate［′estimeit］vt．估计，评价n．估计

In fact，by some estimates，the value of parental investments in children，in-vestments of time and money（including lost wages），is equal to 20-30%of gross domestic product．（2010/6）

eternal［i′ta：nal］n．永久的；不朽的

ethical［′eθikal］adj．伦理的；道德的；伦理学上的

Is her grading philosophy ethical？（2010/6）

ethnic［′eθnik］adj．种族的

We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding people on the presumption of the ethnic/racial inferiority．（2008/12）

evaporate［i′vēpareit］vt．使脱水vi．发散蒸气

evenly［′i：vanli］adv．一致地，平静地

evil［′i：val］n．邪恶，罪恶；祸害

exaggerated［ig′zēd3areitid］adj．夸张的；言过其实的

The New Zealand Life Sciences Network says the view expressed by Elaine Ingham was exaggerated and irresponsible．（2005/6）

exaggeration［ig﹒zēd3a′rei∫an］n．夸张；夸大

The solution turned out to be advertising，and it’s not an exaggeration to say that Google is now essentially an advertising company，given that that’s the source of nearly all its revenue．（2007/6）

exceptional［ik′sep∫anal］adj．例外的；优越的

excess［′ekses］n．过度行为，暴行

excessively［ik′sesivli］adv．过分，极端地

exclamation［﹒ekskla′mei∫an］n．呼喊，惊叫；感叹

exclusive［ik′sklu：siv］adj．除外的；孤傲的

excursion［ik′ska：∫an］n．离题

execute［′eksikju：t］vt．执行；将……处死；实施

After critiquing（评论）the so-called thin ideal by writing essays and rolepla-ying with their peers，participants are directed to come up with and execute small，nonviolent acts．（2009/6）

exemplary［ig′zemplari］adj．模范的；惩戒性的；示范的

exemplify［ig′zemplifai］vt．举例证明（解释）

In time，Italians，Romanians and members of other so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans．（2008/12）

exert［ig′za：t］vt．发挥（威力），施加

exhibit［ig′zibit］vt．显示；陈列，展览

Your qualities will exhibit to employers why they should hire you over other candidates．（2007/6）

exit［′eksit］n．出口；通道；太平门

She argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives：there is“no exit”when it comes to children．（2010/6）

expansion［iks′pēn∫an］n．扩大，扩充；扩张

The promise of a land where“the rewards of a man’s industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor”drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories．（2005/12）

expel［ik′spel］vt．驱逐，开除；排出

expenditure［iks′pendit∫a］n．经费；经费开支；财政支出；支出

Most governments，perhaps all governments，justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future．（2005/12）

experiment［iks′perimant］n．实验

experimentation［ik﹒sperimen′tei∫an］n．实验，试验；实验法

Industrial pollution in our town had supposedly turned students into living science experiments breathing in a laboratory’s worth of heavy metals like manganese，chromium and nickel each day．（2009/12）

expire［ik′spaia］vi．满期，到期；断气

explicit［iks′plisit］adj．详述的，明确的；毫不隐瞒的，直言的

The United States does have one explicit family policy，the Family and Medical Leave Act，passed in 1993．（2010/6）

explicitly［ik′splisitli］adv．明白地；明确地

“United 93”is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11，2001，and is certain to ignite an emotional debate．（2008/6）

exploit［′eksplait］vt．剥削；利用；开拓

That hasn’t stopped criticism that the studio is exploiting a national tragedy．（2008/6）

exposition［﹒ekspa′zi∫an］n．说明，解释；陈列

exposure［iks′pau3a］n．暴露；揭露；曝光

A 2004report in the journal Pediatrics explained that nervous parents have more to fear from fire，car accidents and drowning than from toxic chemical exposure．（2009/12）

expressive［iks′presiv］adj．表现的；表达……的；表情丰富的；意味深长的

extinct［ik′stiykt］adj．绝种的；熄灭了的

With all that attention paid to them，you’d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct．（2009/6）

extinguish［ik′stiygwi∫］vt．熄灭，扑灭；消灭

extract［ik′strēkt，′ekstrēkt］vt．取出；榨取n．摘录

extraction［ik′strēk∫an］n．抽出；提取法；摘要

extraordinary［iks′tra：dnri］adj．异常的；特别的；非凡的

I was surprised at the extraordinary way the United 93families have welcomed us into their lives and shared their experiences with us．（2008/6）

extravagant［ik′strēvagant］adj．奢侈的；过度的

But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences，including family breakdown and obesity．（2007/6）

euro［juarau］n．欧元

It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar．（2008/6）

evaluate［i′vēljueit］vt．评定；评价

No，in this consumerist age，most buyers aren’t evaluating college as an in-vestment，but rather as a consumer product—like a car or clothes or a house．（2009/6）

eviction［i′vik∫an］n．收回财产；退租

But the bill gained support when a Japanese real estate investor sent out 30-day eviction notices to 550families renting homes in Sacramento and Santa Rosa．（2006/12）

evidence［′evidans］n．根据；证据，证人

Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used their power at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them．（2010/12）

evident［′evidant］adj．明显的，明白的

The challenge is particularly evident in the workplace．（2007/12）

evolution［﹒i：va′lu：∫an］n．进化；开方；（天体的）形成

Sydney Brenner won the 2002Nobel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans will survive and evolution will favor small people with bodies large enough to support the required amount of brain power．（2008/6）

evolve［i′valv］vt．使进化；使发展

Conlin Pillinger，professor of planetary sciences at the Open University，says：“I fancy that at least we will be able to show that life did start to evolve on Mars well as Earth．”（2008/6）

F

fabric［′fēbrik］n．织品；织物；纤维品；结构；构造

“The actual fabric of space and time curving？My God，what an idea！”

Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute．“It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe you’ll find the solution．”（2010/12）

fabricate［′fēbrikeit］vt．制作，组合；捏造

fabrication［fēbri′kei∫an］n．制作，构成；捏造

faction［′fēk∫an］n．派别，宗派，小集团

falsehood［′fa：lshud］n．虚假；谬误；谎言，说谎

The power of self-honoring can help to break all the falsehoods you were programmed to believe—those that made you feel that you were not good enough，or strong enough，or intelligent enough to do what you truly desire．（2007/6）

fake［feik］n．假货，赝品adj．假的

Officials from the food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake，mishandled，or even a potential threat to life．（2006/6）

fan［fēn］vi．成扇形展开

American scholars fanned out across much of the world to promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an effort to make the case for democratic freedoms．（2010/12）

fascinatingly［′fēsineitiyli］adv．迷人地，有极大吸引力地

The world fell in love with the effective，fascinatingly fast technology．（2007/6）

fashion［′fē∫an］n．样子，方式；风尚

There is nothing new about TV and fashion magazines giving girls unhealthy ideas about how thin they need to be in order to be considered beautiful．（2009/6）

favor［′feiva］vt．喜爱；赞同

Sydney Brenner won the 2002Nobel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans will survive and evolution will favor small people with bodies large enough to support the required amount of brain power．（2008/6）

feasible［′fi：zabl］adj．可行的；可能的

Further big increases in immigration would be politically unfeasible．（2010/12）

feature［′fi：t∫a］n．特征，特色；面貌

Featuring no famous actors，it begins with images of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane．（2008/6）

feed［fi：d］vt．喂（养）；饲（养）

Now it seems the richness of the Terra Preta soils may explain how such civilizations managed to feed themselves．（2005/6）

feedback［′fi：dbēk］n．回授，反馈，反应

On two measures—professors’feedback and the number of essay exams—selective schools do slightly worse．（2008/6）

fell［fel］vt．砍倒（树等）；砍伐

fellowship［′felau∫ip］n．伙伴关系；联谊会

feminine［′feminin］adj．女性的；女子气的

Nowadays，it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic（语言的）ideal．（2007/6）

fence［fens］n．击剑（术）vi．击剑

ferry［′feri］n．渡船；渡口vt．运送

fertile［′fa：tail］adj．肥沃的；多产的；（创造力）丰富的

But Bruno Glaser，a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth，has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon．（2005/6）

In still-fertile America immigration currently accounts for about 40%of total population growth，and in fastageing western Europe for about 90%．（2010/12）

fertility［fa：′tiliti］n．（土地的）肥沃；繁殖力

And if fertility in ageing countries does not pick up？It will not be the end of the world，at least not for quite a while yet，but the world will slowly be-come a different place．（2010/12）

fierce［fias］adj．凶猛的；残酷的；好斗的

Kaufmann thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates，so relationships don’t last long—if they start at all．（2005/6）

figure［′figa］n．数字；外形；人物

But there’s no easy way to see what those figures mean in real life．（2010/6）

filter［′filta］vi．滤过

filth［filθ］n．污秽，污物；淫猥

finance［′fainēns］vt．提供资金

finite［′fainait］adj．有限的；有尽的

first-rate［fa：st′reit］adj．第一流的，优秀的

fission［fi∫an］n．分裂；分裂生殖；裂变

fitting［′fitiy］adj．适当的n．配合

fix［fiks］vt．使固定；决定；修理

How do we fix this problem？（2009/12）

fixture［′fikst∫a］n．固定；定期存款

flank［flēyk］n．肋，肋腹；侧面

flatter［′flēta］vt．奉承，阿谀，谄媚

flavour［′fleiva］vt．给……调味

flaw［fla：］n．缺点，瑕疵；裂隙

flee［fli：］vi．逃走vt．逃避

flexible［′fleksibal］adj．易弯曲的；灵活的

The study found that 28%more companies claimed to have introduced flexible working practices than a year ago．（2009/12）

flight［flait］n．溃退，逃跑；外流

fling［fliy］vi．＆vt．（用力）扔，抛

flock［flak］vi．群集，聚集

fluctuate［′flakt∫ueit］vi．波动vt．使波动

fluctuation［﹒flaktju′ei∫an］n．波动；脉动；踌躇

flutter［′flata］vi．（鸟）振翼；飘动

flux［flaks］n．流；涨潮；流量

foam［faum］n．泡沫；泡沫塑料

footnote［′futnaut］n．（注在本页下方的）脚注；vt．给……作脚注，给……作注释

There were no footnotes or citations in Einstein’s submission to the prestigious journal．（2010/12）

footprint［′fut﹒print］n．脚印，足迹

It is clear，for example，that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the U．K．is less than that of producing them in the U．K．with additional heating and lighting．But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity．（2008/12）

footstep［′futstep］n．脚步，步伐

follow the footstep步后尘

Tells fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps ofAmerican blacks．（2008/12）

foresight［′fa：sait］n．先见（之明），洞察，远见

Until the early 1990snobody much thought about whole populations getting older．The UN had the foresight to convene a“world assembly on ageing”back in 1982，but that came and went．（2010/12）

former［′fa：ma］adj．在前的n．前者

formerly［′fa：mali］adv．以前，从前

The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes．（2008/12）

forerunner［′fa：rana］n．先行者，先驱者

But as the forerunner，“United 93”will take most of the heat，whether it deserves it or not．（2008/6）

foresee［fa：′si：］vt．预见，预知，看穿

forge［fa：d3］vt．打（铁等），锻造

formidable［′fa：midabal］adj．可怕的；难对付的

A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines．（2009/6）

formulate［′fa：mjuleit］vt．用公式表示

formulation［′fa：mjulei∫an］n．明确的表达

forsake［fa′seik］vt．遗弃，抛弃，摒绝

fort［fa：t］n．要塞，堡垒

forthcoming［﹒fa：θ′kamiy］adj．即将到来的；现有的

fortress［′fa：tris］n．堡垒，要塞

fortune［′fa：t∫n］n．命运，运气；财产

We spend millions every year reading about the rich and famous，learning how to“make a fortune in real estate with no money down”，and“dressing for success．”（2005/12）

forum［′fa：ram］n．论坛，讨论会，（电视等的）专题讨论节目

The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensions and health care at its prestigious Davos conference early next year．（2010/12）

fossil［′fasal］n．化石adj．化石的

foster［′fasta］vt．养育，领养；培养，促进；心怀（希望、野心等）

Europe’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence．（2005/6）

foul［faul］adj．肮脏的；丑恶的

foundation［faun′dei∫an］n．基础；地基；基金

Humanistic disciplines are seriously underfunded，not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves．（2010/12）

fowl［faul］n．家禽；禽肉

fraction［′frēk∫an］n．小部分；片断；分数

These days conservation is all about efficiency：getting the same—or better—results from just a fraction of the energy．（2007/12）

fracture［′frēkt∫a］n．破裂；裂痕；骨折vi．破裂

fragile［′frēd3ail］adj．脆的；体质弱的

fragmentation［﹒frēgmen′tei∫an］n．分裂；破碎

Actually，increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors．（2009/12）

fragrant［′freigrant］adj．香的，芬芳的

frail［freil］adj．脆弱的；意志薄弱的

framework［′freimwa：k］n．机构，组织，体制

This，science will kill religion—not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more practical，universal and rewarding moral framework for human interaction．（2008/6）

freight［freit］n．运费；货运；负担

frequency［′fri：kwansi］n．频繁，屡次；频率

frequent［′fri：kwant］adj．常见的；频繁的

fret［fret］vt．＆vi．（使）烦恼

friction［′frik∫an］n．摩擦；摩擦力

fringe［′frind3］n．穗，毛边；边缘

frustrated［fras′treitid］adj．挫败的；失意的；泄气的

Though she had advanced within the company，she felt frustrated and longed to be involved with nature and the outdoors．（2007/6）

fuel［fjual］n．燃料vt．给……加燃料

Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits，which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old．（2006/6）

fundamental［﹒fanda′mentl］adj．基础的，基本的

The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of“structural racism”．（2006/6）

furiously［′fjuariasli］adv．狂暴地；猛烈地

The interplay between music and math is well known．Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem．（2010/12）

G

gadget［′gēd3it］n．（小巧的）器具；小玩意儿

Punishing people for using hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult enough，even though they can be seen from outside the car．（2009/12）

gamble［′gēmbal］n．赌博vt．冒……的险

If you own shares in large American corporations，you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble．（2008/6）

gangster［′gēysta］n．匪徒，歹徒，暴徒

garment［′ga：mant］n．衣服；服装，衣着

gear［gia］n．齿轮，传动装置

gender［′d3enda］n．（生理上的）性别分类，性

As with many gender gaps，differences in emotionality tend to be small，in-consistent，and dependent on the situation．（2010/12）

generate［′d3enareit］vt．发生，产生；生成

Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant in-come．（2010/12）

generalization［﹒d3ena′ralai′zei∫an］n．一般化；概括，综合

generous［′d3enaras］adj．慷慨的；宽厚的

Younger people today mostly accept that they will have to work for longer and that their pensions will be less generous．（2010/12）

generalize［′d3enaralaiz］vt．概括出vi．形成概念

Barack Obama’s family is such a salient（出色的）image，we generalize it and fail to see the larger picture—that there’s injustice in every aspect of American life．（2010/6）

genetic［d3i′netik］adj．基因的；遗传（学）的；

On its own，like marrying life cannot account for any increase in obesity．But combined with others—particularly the fact that obesity is partly genetic，and that heavier people have more children—it amplifies the increase from other causes．（2008/12）

genetically［d3e′netikali］adv．从基因方面，从遗传学角度

genetically-modified转基因的

Supporters of the biotech industry have accused an American scientist of mis-conduct after she testified to the New Zealand government that a genetically modified（GM）bacterium could cause serious damage if released．（2005/6）

geology［d3i′alad3i］n．地质学；（某地）地质

germ［d3a：m］n．细菌，病原菌；幼芽

gesture［′d3est∫a］vi．（讲话时等）做手势

giant［′d3aiant］n．巨人；巨物

Today it is a giant advertising company，worth＄100billion．（2007/6）

gigantic［d3ai′gēntik］adj．巨大的；巨人似的

In Ludwigshafen，German chemicals giant BASF runs an interconnected complex of more than 200chemical factories，where heat produced by one chemical process is used to power the next．（2007/12）

gleam［gli：m］n．微光vi．发微光

glider［′glaida］n．滑翔机；滑翔导弹

global［′glaubal］adj．球面的；全球的

globalization［﹒glaubalai′zei∫an］n．全球化

In just a few short years，globalization has started a variety of trends with profound consequences．（2005/12）

gloomy［′glu：mi］adj．黑暗的；令人沮丧的

This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations，but a fact of Europe’s new economic landscape，embraced by sociologists，real-estate developers and ad executives alike．（2005/6）

glowing［′glauiy］adj．灼热的；鲜艳的，鲜明的

His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers．（2005/12）

glossary［′glasari］n．词汇表；术语汇编

gnaw［na：］vt．啃，咬断vi．啮

goodness［′gudnis］n．善良，善行，美德

gorgeous［′ga：d3as］adj．绚丽的；极好的

gossip［′gasip］n．闲谈；碎嘴子；漫笔

govern［′gavan］vt．决定，支配；控制

gracious［′grei∫as］adj．谦和的

graduate［′grēdjueit］n．毕业生vi．大学毕业

Graduates from elite colleges must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts．（2008/6）

grab［grēb］vt．＆vi．攫取，抓取

The new rich selfishly act on their own to unfairly grab the wealth that the country as a whole has produced．（2006/12）

granite［′grēnit］adj．花岗岩，花岗石

grant［gra：nt］n．授予物，拨款

Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant in-come．（2010/12）

gratitude［′grētitju：d］n．感激之情，感恩，感谢

With all that attention paid to them，you’d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct．（2009/6）

gravity［′grēviti］n．重力，引力；严重性

The shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have a pro-found effect on societies，not just economically and politically but in all sorts of other ways too．（2010/12）

graze［greiz］vi．吃草；放牧（牲畜）

grease［gri：s］n．动物脂，脂肪

greed［gri：d］n．贪心；贪婪

Once on the inside they have both political parties busily tearing up all the regulations that protect the rest of us from the greed of the rich．（2006/12）

grim［grim］adj．冷酷无情的，严厉的

grind［graind］vt．折磨，压榨

grope［graup］vi．（暗中）摸索，探索

gross［graus］adj．（语言、举止）粗俗的

growl［graul］vi．（狗等）嗥叫；咆哮

grumble［′grambal］vi．抱怨，发牢骚

guard［ga：d］vt．守卫；看守n．卫兵

We do not believe that every time school-age children go outside，they need a security guard．（2009/6）

guarantee［﹒gēran′ti：］n．保证；担保物

But even then there is no guarantee that their efforts will work．（2010/12）Contrary to popular belief，the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care．（2009/12）

guideline［′gaidlain］n．（pl．）指导方针，准则

The ability to follow parent guidelines，the child’s level of comfort in handling such situations，and a child’s general judgment should be weighed．（2009/6）

guilt［gilt］n．有罪，犯罪；内疚

The mayor，neighborhood activists（活跃分子）and various parent-teacher associations have engaged in a fierce battle over its validity：over the guilt of the steel-casting factory on the western edge of town，over union jobs versus children’s health and over what，if anything，ought to be done．（2009/12）

gust［gast］n．阵风，一阵狂风

gutter［′gata］n．沟，边沟；檐槽

H

habitat［′hēbitēt］n．聚集处；栖息场所；栖息地

However，these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity．（2008/12）

hail［heil］vt．向……欢呼vi．招呼

hamper［′hēmpa］vt．妨碍，阻碍，牵制

handout［′hēndaut］n．施舍物，救济品

harass［′hēras］vt．使烦恼，烦扰

“I think her concerns should be taken seriously．She shouldn’t be harassed in this way，”says Ann Clarke．“It’s an attempt to silence the opposition．”（2005/6）

harbor［′ha：ba］n．海港，海湾；避难所，躲藏处，避风港v．庇护；藏匿；心怀，怀有；避入安全地；躲藏

Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans，too，challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments．（2010/6）

hardy［′ha：di］adj．强壮的，耐劳的

harsh［ha：∫］adj．粗糙的；严厉的

haughty［′ha：ti］adj．傲慢的，轻蔑的

haunt［ha：nt］vt．常去vi．经常出没

The notion of success haunts us．（2005/12）

hazard［′hēzad］n．危险

hazardous［′hēzadas］adj．有危险的；冒险的

Ideally，such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not make hazardous or toxic waste or carbon dioxide，the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warming．（2008/6）

heading［′hediy］n．标题，题词，题名

healthcare［′helθkea］n．医疗保健

Should our health-care system continue its drive toward the best of the best，even though rising numbers of patients can’t afford it？（2006/6）

headquarters［′hed﹒kwa：taz］n．总局，总店

Google is a world-famous company，with its headquarters in Mountain View，

California．（2007/6）

hearth［ha：θ］n．壁炉地面；炉边

heave［hi：v］vt．（用力地）举起；抛

hedge fund n．套利基金；避险基金；对冲基金

No，you’re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely．（2008/6）

helicopter［′helikapta］n．直升机

And for those who like the idea of free-range kids but still struggle with their inner helicopter parent，there may be a middle way．（2009/6）

hemisphere［′hemisfia］n．半球；半球地图

The dream of individual opportunity has been home in American since Europeans discovered a“new world”in the Western Hemisphere．（2005/12）

henceforth［′hens′fa：θ］adv．今后，从今以后

herd［ha：d］vt．放牧vi．成群

hide［haid］n．生皮，兽皮，皮革

highlight［′hailait］vt．强调，突出，使显著n．最精彩的部分，最重要的事件

Demanding reparations are，more important，an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of“racial deficits”of all kinds，the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class．（2006/6）

hinder［′hinda］vt．阻碍，妨碍

hindrance［′hindrans］n．障碍，妨碍

Hindered by limits President Bush placed on stem cell research a year ago，scientists are turning to laboratories that can carry out work without using federal money．（2006/12）

hike［haik］vi．作长途徒步旅行vt．提高；抬高

And that’s true even though manufacturers have already hiked the efficiency of refrigerators and other white goods by as much as 70percent since the 1980s．（2007/12）

hinge［hind3］n．合页，折叶，铰链

hoarse［ha：s］adj．（声音）嘶哑的

hoist［haist］vt．升起vi．扯起来

hollow［′halau］vt．凿空vi．变空

homogeneous［﹒hama′d3i：nias］adj．同类的；均匀的

honor［′ana］n．荣誉；名誉，面子

Self-honoring or self-love may seem like an odd step for job hunters，but being able to accept yourself，without judgment，helps eliminate insecurities and will make you more self-assured．（2007/6）

hose［hauz］n．长筒袜；软管

hospitality［﹒haspi′tēliti］n．好客，殷勤；宜人

host［haust］n．主人；寄主；宿主

hostess［′haustis］n．女主人；旅馆女老板

These organs would be entirely composed of human cells，grown by introducing them into animal hosts，and allowing them to develop into an organ in place of the animal’s own．（2008/6）

hostage［′hastid3］n．人质，抵押品

hostile［′hastail］adj．敌方的；不友善的

Many Europeans may view the U．S．as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners．（2008/6）

hover［′hava］vi．徘徊；彷徨；翱翔

A new generation of GPS cell phones with tracking software make it easier than ever to follow a child’s every movement via the Internet—without seeming to interfere or hover．（2009/6）

hound［haund］n．猎狗；角鲨；卑鄙的人

household［′haushauld］n．家庭，户；家务

Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder．Average income for a household of people of working age，by contrast，has fallen five years in a row．（2007/12）

howl［haul］n．嚎叫；哀号vi．吠

hug［hag］vt．搂n．紧紧拥抱

humanistic［﹒hju：man′istik］adj．人文主义的；人道（主义）的

Science and technology teach us what we can do．Humanistic thinking helps us understand what we should do．（2010/12）

humanist［′hju：manist］n．人道主义者

Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded．（2010/12）

humanitarian［′hju：mēnitearian］adj．博爱的n．慈善家

humanities［hju′mēnatiz］n．人文学科

At the same time，perhaps inevitably，the humanities—while still popular in elite colleges and universities—have experienced a significant decline．（2010/12）

humanity［hju：′mēniti］n．人类；人性，人情

But to Morris Marable and his heirs，slavery was a crime against our humanity．（2006/6）

humidity［hju：′miditi］n．湿气；湿度

humiliation［hju：﹒mili′ei∫an］n．丢脸；羞辱；蒙羞

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation，for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency．（2008/6）

hurl［ha：l］vt．猛投vi．猛冲

hurricane［′harikan］n．飓风，十二级风

hydrocarbon［haidaur′ka：ban］n．烃，碳氢化合物

hymn［him］n．赞美诗，圣歌；赞歌

hypothesis［hai′paθisis］n．假设；前提

Ashby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama’s candidacy to test hypothesis about the power of role models．（2010/6）

I

idealism［ai′dializam］n．唯心主义；理想主义

identification［ai﹒dentifi′kei∫an］n．认出，鉴定；身份证

identify［ai′dentifai］vt．认出，识别，鉴定

Forbes magazine identified Nike’s president，Philip Knight，as the 53rdrichest man in the world in 2004．（2008/12）

Examine the skills and knowledge that you have and identify how they can apply to your desired occupation．（2007/6）

ideologically［﹒aidia′lad3ikali］adv．思想体系上；意识形态上

During the presidential campaign，Barack Obama assembled a racially and ideologically diverse coalition with his message of hope and change．（2010/6）

ignite［ig′nait］vt．引燃vi．着火

The episode has ignited another one of those debates that divides parents into vocal opposing camps．（2009/6）

ignorance［′ignarans］n．无知，无学，愚昧

illegal［′i′li：gl］adj．不合法的，非法的

Many countries have made it illegal to chat into a hand-held mobile phone while driving．（2009/12）

illiterate［i′litarit］adj．文盲的n．文盲

illuminate［i′lju：mineit］vt．照明，照亮；阐明

illustration［﹒ilas′trei∫an］n．说明，图解；例证

Our national mythology is full of illustration of the American success story．（2005/12）

illusion［i′lu：3an］n．幻想；错觉；假象

imbalance［im′bēlans］n．不平衡；不均衡；失衡；失调

My own work is focused on the chemical imbalances and biological factors re-lated to behavioral and emotional disorders．（2006/12）

imitation［﹒imi′tei∫an］n．仿制品，伪制物

immense［i′mens］adj．巨大的；极好的

That’s because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply，not to mention the drain of rising energy prices．（2007/12）

immerse［i′ma：s］vt．沉浸；给……施洗礼

Why do children immersed in this much excitement seem starved for more？（2006/12）

immigrant［′imigrant］n．移民adj．移民的

In many countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labor force as have already emerged．（2010/12）

immigration［﹒imi′grei∫an］n．移居；移民；人口移入immigrate［′imigreit］vt．（使）移居入境

Immigration in the developed world is the highest it has ever been，and it is making a useful difference．（2010/12）

impact［′impēkt］n．影响，作用；冲击

Barack Obama really is a positive role model for African Americans，and hewas making an impact even before he got to the White House．（2010/6）

immortal［i′ma：tal］adj．不朽的；永生的

impair［im′pea］vt．损害；损伤；削弱；减少

It’s well known that obesity impairs sleep，so perhaps people get fat first and sleep less afterwards．（2008/12）

This shows that when people have to consider the information they hear care-fully，it can impair their driving ability significantly．（2009/12）

impart［im′pa：t］vt．给予，传递；告诉

impartial［im′pa：∫al］adj．公正的，无偏见的

implication［﹒impli′kei∫an］n．含义，暗示，暗指

Richard Jackson and Neil Howe argue that，among other things，the ageing of the developed countries will have a number of serious security implications．（2010/12）

implore［im′pla：］vt．乞求，恳求，哀求

imply［im′plai］vt．暗示，意指

A 100need not imply that there is no possibility of improvement，only that a student successfully completed the course work．（2010/6）

impose［im′pauz］vt．征（税）等；把……强加于

Last March，China imposed a 20percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020．（2007/12）

improper［im′prapa］adj．不适当的；不合理的

improvement［im′pru：vmant］n．改进，改善；改进处

My ninth-grade art teacher doesn’t give any grade above 94%because，she says，“There’s always room for improvement．”（2010/6）

impulse［′impals］n．推动，冲力；冲动

impurity［im′pjuariti］n．不纯；杂质；不道德

inaccessible［﹒inēk′sesabal］adj．达不到的，难接近的

inappropriate［﹒ina′praupriit］adj．不恰当的

What’s right for Skenazy’s nine-year-old could be inappropriate for another one．（2009/6）

inaugurate［i′na：gjureit］vt．开始；使就职

incense［′insens］n．香，熏香；香气

incentive［in′sentiv］n．刺激；鼓励；动机adj．刺激的；鼓励的，奖励的

The most powerful incentives，of course，will come from the market itself．（2007/12）

But it is not a simple matter of offering financial incentives or providing more child care．（2010/12）

incidence［′insidans］n．发生，影响；射入；入射角

inclination［﹒inkli′nei∫an］n．倾斜，点头；斜坡

incline［in′klain］n．坡度

incompatible［﹒inkam′pētabal］adj．不相容的

inconsistent［﹒inkan′sistant］adj．不调和的；不相容的；不一致的

As with many gender gaps，differences in emotionality tend to be small，in-consistent，and dependent on the situation．（2010/12）

incorporate［in′ka：pareit］vt．结合，合并，收编

indefinite［in′definit］adj．无限期的

independence［﹒indi′pendans］n．独立，自主，自立

“Long story short：My son got home，overjoyed with independence，”

Skenazy wrote on April 4in the New York Sun．（2009/6）

index［′indeks］n．索引；卡片索引；文献索引；指数；率

People who sleep less than 7hours a night tend to have a higher body mass index than people who sleep more．（2008/12）

indicative［in′dikativ］adj．指示的；陈述的

indicator［′indikeita］n．指示者；指示物；（仪器上的）指针，指示器

But it’s not the only indicator and，paradoxically，its significance is declining．（2008/6）

Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes．（2007/6）

indifference［in′difarans］n．情感淡漠；漠不关心

The fundamental problem of American democracy is“structural racism”，the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference．（2006/6）

indifferent［in′difarant］adj．冷漠的；不积极的

indignation［﹒indig′nei∫an］n．愤怒，愤慨，义愤

indiscriminately［indi′skriminitli］adv．不加区别地；不加选择地；随意地；任意地

Combine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements，physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income．（2009/12）

individualism［﹒indi′vid3ualizam］n．个人主义；利己主义

The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle，observes a French sociologist，is part of the“irresistible momentum of individualism”over the last century．（2005/6）

induce［in′dju：s］vt．劝诱；引起；感应

induction［in′dak∫an］n．就职；归纳推理

industrious［in′dastrias］adj．勤劳的，勤奋的

indulge［in′dald3］vt．放纵（感情）vi．纵情

Under pressure of the myth，we become indulged in status symbols．（2005/12）

industrialization［in﹒dastrialai′zei∫n］n．工业化；产业化

In a world struggling with rapid industrialization，science and technology seemed to offer solutions to almost every problem．（2010/12）

inequality［﹒ini′kwaliti］n．不均等；不平等；不平衡

Sure，some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against in-come inequality for years．（2007/12）

inertia［i′na：∫a］n．惯性，惯量；无力

inexhaustible［′inig′za：stabl］adj．用之不竭的；无穷无尽的

The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexhaustible，safe，green energy，and that science will have killed off religion．（2008/6）

inevitably［in′evitabli］adv．不可避免地

Every American who hopes to“make it”also knows the fear of failure，be-cause the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the havenots，the stars and the anonymous crowd．（2005/12）

infect［in′fekt］vt．使受影响；传染

infectious［in′fek∫as］adj．传染的；感染性的

infer［in′fa：］vt．＆vi．猜想，臆测

inference［′infarans］n．推论；推断的结果

inferior［in′fiaria］n．下级；晚辈，次品adj．低等的

We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried aboutinferior races polluting America’s bloodstream．（2008/12）

I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults．（2007/12）

infinite［′infinit］n．无限；无穷（大）

infinity［in′finiti］n．大量，大宗；无穷大

inflation［in′flei∫an］n．通货膨胀，物价飞涨

From 1995to 2004，inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14．3percent，to＄43，200．（2007/6）

inflict［in′flikt］vt．给予（打击）；使遭受（损伤等）；加以（处罚或判刑）

So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar，cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England．There，the dollar is still treated with a little respect．（2008/6）

informal［in′fa：mal］adj．非正式的；口语的；会话体的，通俗的；不拘礼节的

Communication was informal；people discussed ideas and issues in the hall-ways，on a run，or over a beer．（2008/12）

inflation［in′flei∫an］n．通货膨胀，物价飞涨

Over the past decade，prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate．（2006/6）

ingenious［in′d3i：nias］adj．机灵的；精巧制成的

ingenuity［﹒ind3i′nju：iti］n．机灵；设计新颖

ingredient［in′gri：diant］n．配料，成分

This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming．（2005/6）

inherit［in′herit］vt．继承（传统等）

The result could be a group of young people that，like their boomer parents，grow up with a strong sense of purpose and shed the image of apathy they’ve inherited from Generation X（60年代后期和70年代出生的美国人）．（2010/6）

initiate［i′ni∫ieit］vt．开始，创始；启蒙

initially［i′ni∫ali］adv．最初，开始

Danish telecom company TDC initiated an internal campaign last year to en-courage dads to take paternity leave：97percent now do．（2007/12）

inject［in′d3ekt］vt．注射；注满；喷射

Anthony Atala，director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina，believes failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body．（2008/6）

injection［in′d3ek∫an］n．注射，注入；充满

A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process by using the same process to“tune”cells．（2008/6）

inlet［′inlet］n．进口，水湾vt．引进

innovative［′inauveitiv］adj．创新的

Older societies may be less innovative and more strongly disinclined to take risks than younger ones．（2010/12）

innumerable［i′nju：marabal］adj．无数的，数不清的

inorganic［ina：′gēnik］adj．无生物的；无机的

input［′input］vt．输入n．输入

inquiring［in′kwaiariy］adj．打听的；爱追根究底的

Many have reservations，but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the i-dea of an inquiring，creative spirit．（2005/12）

insecurity［﹒insi′kjuariti］n．不安全；不安全感

The other great frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity．（2007/6）

insert［in′sa：t］vi．（肌肉）附着vt．插入

insight［′insait］n．洞察力，洞悉，见识

“The independence created by philosophical insight is—in my opinion—the mark of distinction between a mere artisan（工匠）or specialist and a real seeker after truth，”Einstein wrote in 1944．（2010/12）

insistent［in′sistant］adj．坚持的；逼人注意的

inspector［in′spekta］n．检查员；巡官

inspire［in′spaia］vt．鼓舞；给……以灵感

inspiration［﹒inspi′rei∫an］n．灵感；妙想；鼓舞

Obama’s successes seemed to act as a shield against this．“We suspect they felt inspired and energised by his victory，so the stereotype threat wouldn’t prove a distraction．”（2010/6）

instability［﹒insta′biliti］n．不稳定性；不坚决

instantaneous［﹒instan′teinias］adj．瞬间的，即刻的

instinct［′instiykt］n．本能；直觉；生性

If you love the social aspects of your job，but are stuck inside an office or“chained to your desk”most of the time，vow to follow your instinct and investigate alternative careers and work that allow you more time to interact with others．（2007/6）

instinctively［in′stiyktivli］adv．（出于）本能地；凭直觉

Meanwhile，government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively—and wrongly—labeled government only as“a necessary evil”．（2007/6）

institution［﹒insti′tju：∫an］n．协会；制度，习俗

Many white institutions，including some leading universities，insurance companies and banks，profited from slavery．（2006/6）

instrumental［﹒instru′mental］adj．仪器的；有帮助的

insurance［in′∫uarans］n．保险；保险费

Many white institutions，including some leading universities，insurance companies and banks，profited from slavery．（2006/6）

insulate［′insjuleit］vt．使绝缘，使绝热

It’s possible that plutocrats（有钱有势的人）are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory（没收性的）tax policies．

insulation［﹒insju′lei∫an］n．绝缘

He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump，and wrapped insulation around the pipes．（2007/12）

insulator［′insjuleita］n．隔离者；绝缘体

intake［′inteik］n．吸入；输入能量

integral［′intigral］adj．组成的；整的

integrate［′intigreit］vt．使结合，使并入

integration［﹒inti′grei∫an］n．消除种族差别待遇；整合；整合作用；完成

What they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity．（2007/12）

integrity［in′tegriti］n．诚实，正直

The attitude questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue．（2005/12）

intellect［′intilekt］n．理智，智力，才智

intellectual［﹒inti′lektjual］n．知识分子adj．智力的

Society expects and needs parents to provide their children with continuity of care，meaning the intensive，intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual，emotional and moral capabilities．（2010/6）

intellectually［inti′lekt∫juali］adv．智力上

In Einstein’s day，there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide，and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit in-to a streetcar with seats to spare．（2010/12）

intensity［in′tensiti］n．强烈，剧烈；强度

Yet I’ve been reflecting more and more on how the pace of life and the intensity of stimulation may be contributing to the rising rates of psychiatric problems among children and adolescents in our society．（2006/12）

intensive［in′tensiv］adj．加强的；深入细致的

Society expects and needs parents to provide their children with continuity of care，meaning the intensive，intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual，emotional and moral capabilities．（2010/6）

intent［in′tent］n．意图，目的adj．专心致志的；坚决要做的；热切的，急切的

The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies，assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction．（2006/6）

interact［﹒inta′rēkt］vi．相互作用

If you love the social aspects of your job，but are stuck inside an office or“chained to your desk”most of the time，vow to follow your instinct and investigate alternative careers and work that allow you more time to interact with others．（2007/6）

interconnect［﹒intarkan′nekt］vt．使互相联系

intercourse［′intaka：s］n．交际，往来，交流

interference［﹒inta′fiarans］n．干涉，干预；阻碍

Like every other environmental issue today，this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems．（2009/6）

interior［in′tiaria］n．内部adj．内部的

intermediate［﹒inta′mi：diat］n．中间体；调解人

interpretation［in﹒ta：pri′tei∫an］n．解释；口译

interpret［in′ta：prit］vt．解释vi．口译

Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation，one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various ways land is used．（2008/12）

intervene［﹒inta′vi：n］vi．干涉，干预；播进

intonation［′intaunei∫an］n．语调，声调；发声

intriguingly［in′tri：giyli］adv．有趣地；有魅力地

Intriguingly，the effect persists for two or three generations．（2008/12）

invade［in′veid］vt．侵入，侵略；拥入，大批进入；（疾病等）侵袭

The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships．（2005/12）

invalid［in′vēlid］n．病人adj．有病的；无效的

inversely［in′va：sli］adv．相反地

investment［in′vestmant］n．投资，投资额，投入

If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer．（2010/6）

invoice［′invais］n．发票，发货清单

involve［in′valv］vt．使卷入；牵涉

On a positive note，fathers are increasingly involving themselves with their children．（2010/12）

involvement［in′valvmant］n．牵连，连累

Men，these days，are embracing fatherhood with the round-the-clock involvement their partners have always dreamed of—handling night feedings，packing lunches and bandaging knees．（2007/12）

ion［′aian］n．离子

irreversibly［﹒iri′va：sabli］adv．不可逆地；不可挽回地

Starting breakthroughs in information technology have irreversibly altered the ability to conduct business unconstrained by the traditional limitations of time or space．（2005/12）

ironically［ai′ranikali］adv．讥讽地，反讽地；具讽刺性的是

She wound up defending herself on CNN and on popular blogs like the Buffington Post，where her follow-up piece was ironically headlined“More From America’s Worst Mom”．（2009/6）

irritant［′iritant］adj．刺激的n．刺激物

Moreover，they are a direct irritant in what some politicians and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations．（2006/6）

irrespective［﹒iri′spektiv］adj．不考虑的，不顾的

irresponsible［﹒iri′spansabl］adj．不承担责任的；无责任感的，不可靠的；不负责任的

From the“she’s an irresponsible mother”camp came：“Shame on you for being so careless about his safety”，in comments on the Buffington Post．（2009/6）

irrigation［﹒iri′gei∫an］n．灌溉；冲洗法

irritate［′iriteit］vt．激怒；引起不愉快

Islam［′izlēm］n．伊斯兰教，回教

issue［′isju：］vt．发表；发布

Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing ajoint statement．（2006/6）

ivory［aivari］n．象牙；牙质；乳白色

J

jealous［′d3elasi］n．妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌

jeopardize［′d3epadaiz］vt．使濒于危险境地；冒……的危险；危及

By capping her grades at 94while most other teachers grade on a scale that tops out at 100，your teacher could jeopardize a student’s chance of getting a scholarship or getting into a top college．（2010/6）

jerk［d3a：k］vt．猛地一拉vi．急拉

jog［d3ag］vt．使（马等）缓步行进；慢跑

junction［′d3ayk∫an］n．连接；接头；中继线

jump-start［′d3amp﹒sta：t］vt．助动启动（汽车）；刺激推动

Several countries have used subsidies to jump-start the market，including Japan，where almost I million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs．（2007/12）

jungle［′d3aygal］n．丛林，密林，莽丛

During the past decade，researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle．（2005/6）

justify［′d3astifai］vt．证明……是正当的

As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues，justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that，in some sense，society must pay for．（2010/6）

There is considerable and justified concern that the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed world in these essential disciplines．（2010/12）

justification［﹒d3astifi′kei∫an］n．证明为正当；辩护；辩解；正当的理由；借口

So we’ve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths，prejudices or myths．（2008/6）

K

kernel［′ka：nl］n．（果实的）核；谷粒

kidnap［′kidnēp］vt．诱拐，绑架

Are cities and towns less safe and kids more vulnerable to crimes like child kidnap and sexual abuse than they were in previous generations？（2009/6）

kidney［′kidni］n．肾；性格

kindle［′kindl］vt．点燃vi．着火

kinetic［ki′netik］adj．动力（学）的；活动的

knight［nait］n．骑士，武士；爵士

knit［nit］vt．把……编结vi．编织

close-knit［′klaus′nit］adj．紧密结合着的；严谨的

He predicts that“absurdly wasteful”displays of wealth will become unfashionable while the importance of close-knit communities and families will be-come clearer．（2008/6）

knotty［′nati］adj．有结的；多节的；难解决的；复杂的

The interplay between music and math is well known．Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem．（2010/12）

knowledgeable［′nalid3abl］adj．有知识的，博学的；有见识的

The company did not have the money to hire“experts”，and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit

those knowledgeable in the field．（2008/12）

L

label［′leibl］n．标签；标记，符号

When labeling games as violent or non-violent，should a hero eating aghost really be counted as a violent event？（2006/6）

lace［leis］vi．系带，用带子束紧

lament［la′ment］v．哀悼，悲痛；痛哭；悲叹；n．悲痛之情；哀悼；痛哭

“Our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating，”lamented（哀叹）the 117th-richest man in America．（2007/12）

landlord［′lēndla：d］n．房东；（旅馆，家庭公寓等的）主人；老板；地主

For more than a century，landlords in California have been able to force ten-ants out with only 30days’notice．（2006/12）

landscape［′lēndskeip］n．风景，景色，景致

latent［′leitant］adj．存在但看不见的

latitude［′lētitju：d］n．纬度；黄纬；自由

A teacher deserves wide latitude in selecting the method of grading that best promotes learning in her classroom．（2010/6）

lattice［′lētis］n．格子；点阵，网络

laundry［′la：ndri］n．送洗衣店去洗的东西

lean［li：n］adj．瘦的

Lean people are more likely to marry lean and fat more likely to marry fat．（2008/12）

leap［li：p］vi．跳，跃n．跳跃

Over the past decade，prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate．（2006/6）

leaflet［′li：flit］n．传单，活页；广告

leakage［′li：kid3］n．漏，泄漏；漏出物

lease［li：s］n．租约，契约，租契

legislation［﹒led3is′lei∫an］n．立法；法规

Recently，the U．K．National Stem Cell Network warned the U．K．could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured．（2011/12）

length［leyθ］n．程度，范围；长度

go to great lengths长篇累牍，不厌其详

Writer-director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in his depiction of what occurred，proceeding with the film only after securing the approval of every victim’s family．（2008/6）

lever［′li：va］n．途径，工具，手段

New product，process，and distribution technologies provide powerful levers for creating competitive value．（2005/12）

liable［′laiabal］adj．有（法律）责任的

liberal［′libaral］adj．心胸宽大的；慷慨的；自由主义的

A 2008study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activists support traditionally liberal causes．（2010/6）

liberal arts文科

This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences（such as attending aprivate liberal-arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program）．（2009/6）

liberate［′libareit］vt．解放；释放

Affluence liberates the individual，promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment．（2007/6）

lifestyle［′laifstail］n．（反映个人或团体之态度及价值观的）生活方式

While pensioners make up a large proportion of those living alone，the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30sand 40swho increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice．（2005/6）

likelihood［′laiklihud］n．可能（性）

limb［lim］n．分支，突出物；肢

She predicts that within 5to 10years fingers and toes will be regrown and limbs will start to be regrown a few years later．（2008/6）

limp［limp］vi．蹒跚，跛行n．跛行

linger［′liyga］vi．逗留，徘徊；拖延

lingering racism（2010/6）

linguistic［liy′gwistik］adj．语言的；语言学的

The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change—of social change and of linguistic change．（2007/6）

litter［′lita］n．废物，杂乱vi．乱扔

loan［laun］n．贷款vt．借出，贷与

Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites．（2006/6）

lobby［′labi］n．前厅，（剧院的）门廊；院外活动集团

The landlords’lobby protested that it would involve too much paperwork o-ver too little moneys．（2006/12）

location［lau′kei∫an］n．定位，测位；测量

locomotive［﹒lauka′mautiv］adj．运动的；机车的

lodging［′lad3iy］n．寄宿，住宿；住所

lofty［′lafti］adj．高耸的；高尚的

log［lag］n．航海日志；飞行日志

longitude［′land3itju：d］n．经线，经度

lounge［laund3］n．（旅馆等的）休息室

loyal［′laial］adj．忠诚的，忠心的

The middle class used to be loyal to the free enterprise system．（2006/12）

loyalty［′laialti］n．忠诚，忠心

The middle class may also wake up to forget its loyalty to the so-called free enterprise system altogether（2006/12）

lubricate［′lu：brikeit］vt．使润滑vi．加润滑油

luminous［′lu：minas］adj．发光的；光明的

lump［lamp］vt．（使）成团vi．结块

lunar［′lu：na］adj．月亮的

luxurious［lag′zjuarias］adj．爱好奢侈的，豪华的

M

magistrate［′mēd3istreit］n．地方行政长官

magnet［′mēgnit］n．有吸引力的人（或物）

magnitude［′mēgnitju：d］n．大小；重大；星等

malice［′mēlis］n．恶意；蓄意犯罪

mammal［′mēmal］n．哺乳动物

manifest［′mēnifest］vt．表明adj．明白的

manipulate［ma′nipjuleit］vt．操作；控制，手持

mansion［′mēn∫an］n．大厦，大楼；宅第

manuscript［′mēnjuskript］n．手稿，底稿，原稿

marginalize［′ma：d3inalaiz］vt．使局限于社会边缘；排斥；忽视；使脱离主流

We also ought to ask some broader question about assimilation，about how to ensure that people，once outsiders，don’t forever remain marginalized within these shores．（2008/12）

marginally［′ma：d3inali］adv．在栏外，在页边；在边缘；少量地；最低限度地

The fourth generation is marginally worse off than the third．（2008/12）

magnificent［mēg′nifisnt］n．壮丽的；华丽的

Italians，Romanians and members of other so-called inferior races contributed greatly，in ways too numerous to detail，to the building of this magnificent nation．（2008/12）

markedly［′ma：kidli］adv．引人注目地；显著地

To start with，it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history，and will continue to do so．（2008/12）

masculine［′mē：skjulin］adj．男性的；强壮的

In some instances，it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men，but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be“masculine．”（2007/6）

mass［mēs］n．众多；团；群众

The communications revolution，the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on（扰乱）Europeans’private lives．（2005/6）

massive［′mēsiv］adj．粗大的；大而重的

They say that her study doesn’t even show that the bacteria would survive in the wild，much less kill massive numbers of plants．（2005/6）

mainstream［′meinstri：m］n．（河的）主流；主要倾向

For the next three months，Michelle Kremer and 11other Obama supporters，ages 19to 34，will blog about life across mainstream America．（2010/6）

maintain［men′tein］vt．维持；赡养；维修

If middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier，it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political sup-port for the free flow of goods，services，and capital across borders．（2007/12）

management［′mēnid3mant］n．管理；经营，处理

The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowerman’s teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nikes．（2008/12）

maneuver［ma′nu：va］n．谨慎而熟练的动作；策略，花招v．设法变动位置；操纵，控制

These business maneuvers don’t act to create new jobs as the founders of new industries used to do，but only to cut out jobs while keeping the money value of what those jobs produced for themselves．（2006/12）

manufacturer［﹒mēnju′fēkt∫ara］vt．制造n．制造；产品

In any event，you should choose a reputable manufacturer．（2005/6）

margin［′ma：d3in］n．页边的空白；边缘

Nevertheless，if Canada-level pricing came to the United States，theindustry’s profit margins would drop and the pace of new-drug development would slow．（2006/6）

marsh［ma：∫］n．沼泽地，湿地

marshal［′ma：∫al］n．元帅；陆军元帅

martyr［′ma：ta］n．烈士，殉难者

marvel［′ma：val］n．奇迹；惊奇vt．惊奇

masculine［′ma：skjulin］adj．男性的；雄性的

For example，men who endorse traditional masculine norms report lower relationship satisfaction，as do their female partners．（2010/12）

masculinity［﹒mēskju′liniti］n．男性；男子本性；雄性

It seems that men with traditional views of masculinity are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions，supposedly because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure（镇定）．（2010/12）

massacre［′mēsaka］n．大屠杀，残杀

mast［ma：st］n．桅杆；杆vt．扯帆

master［′ma：sta］n．主人；能手；硕士

For his white slave master，the sale was just“business as usual”．（2006/6）

mate［meit］n．同伴，伙伴

Kaufmann thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates，so relationships don’t last long—if they start at all．（2005/6）

materialism［ma′tiarializam］n．唯物论；唯物主义

To Galbraith，materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent．（2007/6）

mathematical［﹒mēθa′mētikl］adj．数学的，数学上的

Brin and Page meant to name their creation Googol（the mathematical term for the number 1followed by 100zeroes），but someone misspelled the word so it stuck as Google．（2007/6）

mature［ma′tjua］vt．使成熟vi．成熟

maturity［ma′tjuariti］n．成熟；完善；（支票等的）到期

It all depends on developmental issue，maturity，and the psychological and e-motional makeup of that child．（2009/6）

measure［′me3a］vt．量，测量n．分量

measurement［′me3amant］n．（量得的）尺寸，大小

And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read“aggressive”or“non-aggressive”words from a list，can we be sure what they are actually measuring？（2006/6）

mechanism［′mekanizam］n．机械装置；机制

media［′mi：dja］n．

the media新闻媒介，传播媒介

There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads through-out the media．（2006/6）

medieval［medi′i：val］adj．中世纪的；中古风的；老式的；守旧的

Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed，clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today．（2008/12）

meditate［′midieit］vt．沉思，冥想，反省

melancholy［′melankali］n．＆adj．忧郁的，悲伤的

melody［′meladi］n．旋律，曲调；歌曲

menace［′menas］vt．＆vi．＆n．（进行）威胁

mend［mend］vt．改正，修正；改进

merchandise［′ma：t∫andaiz］n．商品，货物

merit［′merit］vt．值得vi．应受赏（罚）

mess［mes］vt．弄脏，弄乱，搞糟

methodology［﹒meθa′dalad3i：］n．方法论

You can criticize her methodology．（2010/6）

metropolitan［﹒metra′palitan］adj．主要都市的n．（基督教）都主教

microscopic［﹒maikra′skapik］adj．显微镜的，微观的

microwave［′maikraweiv］n．微波

That’s why I’ve rid my cupboard of microwave food packed in bags coated with a potential cancer-causing substance．（2009/12）

mighty［′maiti］adj．强大的；巨大的

migrate［mai′greit］vi．迁移，移居

mild［maild］adj．（烟、酒）味淡的；温和的

Scientists estimate that 10million Americans suffer from seasonal depression and 25million more develop milder versions．（2005/6）

mind-set n．心理/思维定式

Mind-sets（思维定式）are changing gradually．（2007/12）

mineral［′minaral］n．矿物adj．矿物的

Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor．（2005/6）

mingle［′miygal］vt．使混合vi．混合起来

miniature［′miniat∫a］n．缩影adj．缩小的

minimal［′minimal］adj．最低的；最小的；极微的

It had minimal effect on biodiversity，and any pollution it caused was typically localized in terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient．（2008/12）

minimum［′minimam］n．最小量adj．最小的

For the small business，there are additional benefits too—staff are more productive，and happier，enabling firms to keep their headcounts（员工数）and their recruitment costs to a minimum．（2009/12）

mint［mint］n．薄荷；薄荷糖；造币厂；巨额，富源

miracle［′mirakl］n．奇迹，令人惊奇的人

Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his“miracle year”of 1905．（2010/12）

mire［maia］n．泥沼；污泥；困境；vi．＆vt．（使）陷于泥坑；（使）陷入困境

Tells fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks—that large parts of the community may become mired in a seemingly state of poverty and underachievement．（2008/12）

mirror［′mira］n．反映，借鉴

A 2002poll by the National Sleep Foundation suggests that the average has fallen to under 7hours，and the decline is mirrored by the increase in obesity．（2008/12）

mischief［′mist∫if］n．调皮，捣蛋，胡闹

misconduct［mis′kandakt］n．不端行为；管理或处理不善；玩忽职守

Supporters of the biotech industry have accused an American scientist of mis-conduct after she testified to the New Zealand government that a geneticallymodified（GM）bacterium could cause serious damage if released．（2005/6）

miser［′maiza］n．守财奴，吝啬鬼

misery［′mizari］n．痛苦，悲惨，不幸

There is much less physical misery than before．（2007/6）

misfortune［mis′fa：t∫an］n．不幸，灾祸，灾难

missionary［′mi∫anari］n．传教士

mist［mist］n．薄雾vi．下薄雾

mob［mab］vi．聚众闹事

mobile［′maubail］adj．运动的；流动的

That shift，in turn，places an unprecedented premium on“knowledge workers”，a new class of wealthy，educated，and mobile people who view them-selves as free agents in a seller’s market．（2005/12）

mock［mak］n．嘲弄vt．嘲弄，挖苦

moderately［′madaritli］adv．适度地，适中

mobility［mau′biliti］n．流动性；移动性；机动性

The communications revolution，the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on（扰乱）Europeans’private lives．（2005/6）

modest［′madist］adj．有节制的；谦虚的；朴素的

There’s Benjamin Franklin，the very model of the self-educated，self-made man，who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist，philosopher，and statesman．（2005/12）

modesty［′madisti］n．谦逊；端庄；适度

Despite the modesty of the benefit，the Chamber of Commerce and other bus-iness groups fought it bitterly，describing it as“government-run personnel management”and a“dangerous precedent”．（2010/6）

modify［′madifai］vt．更改，修改；修饰

modification［﹒madifi′kei∫an］n．缓和；修改；修饰

Is the experience of having a charismatic（有魅力的）black president modifying lingering racist attitudes？（2010/6）

modulate［′madjuleit］vt．调整，调节（声音）

molecular［ma′lekjula］adj．分子的

momentary［′maumantari］adj．瞬息间的，片刻的

monarch［′manak］n．君主，最高统治者

monitor［′manita］n．班长；监视器vt．监视

Of course，when they go to college，they might start objecting to being monitored as they’re on parole（假释）．（2009/6）

monk［mayk］n．和尚，僧侣，修道士

monster［′mansta］n．怪物；畸形的动植物

monstrous［′manstras］adj．可怕的；极大的

moor［mua］vt．使停泊；使固定

morality［ma′rēliti］n．道德，美德，品行

There is considerable sentiment about the“corruption”of women’s language—which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality．（2007/6）

mortality［ma：′tēliti］n．必死性；死亡量；死亡率

Mortality rates from all causes，including disease and accidents，for American children are lower now than they were 25years ago．（2009/6）

mortgage［′ma：gid3］n．抵押vt．抵押

mosque［′mask］n．清真寺

move［mu：v］n．行动，步骤

multimillion［﹒malti′miljan］n．数百万

But Nike has not always been a large multimilliondollar organization．（2008/12）

multiple［′maltipl］adj．由许多部分组成的，复合的；多样的n．倍数

Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has at present．（2010/12）

multiply［′maltiplai］vt．使增加；乘

multiplication［﹒maltipli′kei∫an］n．增加；繁殖；乘法

Books，conferences and research papers have multiplied．（2010/12）

Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens．（2007/6）

multitude［′maltitju：d］n．大批，大群；大量

municipal［mju：′nisipal］adj．市的，市立的

murmur［′ma：ma］n．低沉连续的声音

muscular［′maskjula］a．肌肉发达的，强健的

muse［mju：z］vi．沉思，默想，冥想

mustard［′mastad］n．芥子，芥末

mystery［′mistari］n．神秘小说，侦探小说；谜

It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic（麻木的）and burned out，with a“been there，done that”air of indifference toward much of life．（2006/12）

myth［miθ］n．神话；虚构的人（或事物）；没有事实根据的观点（或理论）

Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people can’t take care of themselves and need special treatment．（2006/6）

mythology［mi′θalad3i］n．（总称）神话；神话学

Our national mythology is full of illustration of the American success story．（2005/12）

N

narration［na′rei∫an］n．叙述；故事；叙述法

necessity［ni′sesiti］n．必要性；必然性

There are still plenty of kids whose parents give them a lot of independence，by choice or by necessity．（2009/6）

needy［′ni：di］n．缺乏生活必需品的；贫穷的

The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that“elderly”and“needy”are synonymous（同义的）．（2006/6）

negative［′negativ］adj．负的，阴性的

negligible［′neglid3abal］adj．微不足道的

negotiate［ni′gau∫ieit］vi．谈判，交涉，议定

But unlike women，many find they’re negotiating their new roles with little support or information．（2007/12）

neighborhood［′neibahud］n．邻近地区；近邻，整个街坊

We try to live in the“right”neighborhoods，wear the“right”clothes，eat the“right”foods．（2005/12）

nervous［′na：vas］adj．神经质的；紧张不安的；害怕的；胆怯的；胆小的

So why are some parents so nervous about letting their children out of their sight？（2009/6）

nest［nest］vi．筑巢；巢居vt．为……筑巢

The South Florida nesting population，the largest，has declined by 50%in the last decade．（2009/6）

net［net］adj．净的；最终的

One third of all black households actually have negative net wealth．（2006/6）

network［′netwa：k］n．网络；广播网

Men often find themselves excluded from mothers’support networks，and are eyed warily on the playground．（2007/12）

neutron［′nju：tran］n．中子

newcomer［′nju：′kama］n．新来的人；新近到达的移民；新手；初学者

But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of the wrong sort of newcomers．（2008/12）

nice［′nais］adj．细微的，微妙的

nickel［′nikal］n．镍；（美国和加拿大的）5分镍币

nicotine［′nikati：n］n．烟碱，尼古丁

It probably has something to do with the fact that nicotine is an appetite suppressant and appears to up your metabolic rate．（2008/12）

nightmare［′naitmea］n．恶梦；经常的恐惧

But dreams easily turn into nightmares．（2005/12）

For people who buy and sell companies，or who allocate capital to markets all around the world，that’s the real nightmare．（2007/12）

nickname［′nikneim］n．绰号，诨号

norm［na：m］n．标准，规范；平均数

normalization［﹒na：malai′zei∫an］n．正常化，标准化

For example，men who endorse traditional masculine norms report lower re-lationship satisfaction，as do their female partners．（2010/12）

notable［′nautabal］n．值得注意的；著名的

notably［′nautabli］adv．显著地，明显地；尤其，特别

A report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles，notably loggerheads，which can grow to as much as 400pounds．（2009/6）

notice［′nautis］vt．注意到，察觉到n．注意，察觉；布告，通知

But it will be an improvement in cities like San Jose where renters，rights groups charge that unscrupulous（不择手段的）landlords have kicked out tenants on short notice to put up rents．（2006/12）

notify［′nautifai］vt．通知，告知；报告

notion［′nau∫an］n．概念，意念；看法

The Body Project works by getting girls to understand how they have been buying into the notion that you have to be thin to be happy or successful．（2009/6）

notorious［nau′ta：rias］adj．臭名昭著的

notoriously［nau′ta：riasli］adv．恶名昭彰地，声名狼藉地

Political sentiment is notoriously changeable．（2010/6）

Water boilers，space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient．（2007/12）

nourish［′nari∫］vt．提供养分，养育

nourishment［′nari∫mant］n．食物；营养（情况）

novel［′naval］adj．新的，异常的

novelty［′navalti］n．新颖；新奇的事物

nuclear［′nju：klia］adj．原子核的；核心的

nuclear reactor n．核子反应器；核反应堆

nucleus［′nju：klias］n．原子核；细胞核

The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor，for example，is a nuclear engineer who declares that a reactor is unsafe．We believe him，because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it．（2005/12）

numerical［nju：′merikal］adj．数字的，数值的

O

oath［auθ］n．誓言，誓约，宣誓

obedience［a′bi：djans］n．服从，顺从；管辖

obedient［a′bi：djant］n．服从的，顺从的

obese［au′bi：s］adj．肥胖的；过胖的

Children of obese mothers are much more likely to become obese themselves later in life．（2008/12）

obesity［au′bi：siti］n．肥胖；肥胖病

Ask anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s all due to eating too much and burning too few calories．（2008/12）

objective［ab′d3ektiv］n．宾格；目标adj．目标的

obligation［﹒abli′gei∫an］n．义务，责任

The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children’s welfare，yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes．（2010/6）

obscure［ab′skjua］vt．掩盖；混淆

But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’lives．（2006/6）

observation［﹒abza′vei∫an］n．（观察后发表的）言论，意见；短评

obsession［ab′se∫an］n．着迷，被缠住；摆脱不了的思想（或情感）

But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession with kid’s college is more about us than them．（2008/6）

obstacle［′abstakl］n．障碍，障碍物，妨害

Obama’s success helps people to forget that a disproportionate number of black Americans still live in poverty and face huge obstacles when trying to overcome these circumstances．（2010/6）

obstinate［′abstinit］adj．固执的；顽强的

occupation［﹒akju′pei∫an］n．占领，占据；职业

Like most people，I’ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation，that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am．（2007/12）

occurrence［a′karans］n．事故；发生率

offset［′a：fset］n．分支，抵消vt．抵消

offspring［′af﹒spriy］n．儿女，子孙，后代

Offspring of mice fed a high-fat diet during pregnancy are much more likely to become fat than the offspring of identical mice fed a normal diet．（2008/12）

old-fashioned［′auld′fē∫and］adj．旧式的，过时的；老派的，守旧的

Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs—a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat．（2007/12）

opaque［au′peik］adv．不透明的；不传导的

opium［′aupiam］n．鸦片；麻醉剂

opponent［a′paunant］n．对手；敌手，反对者adj．对立的，对抗的；敌对的，反对的

Whether Ingham is right or wrong，her supporters say opponents are trying unfairly to silence her．（2005/6）

opposite［′apazit］adj．对面的n．对立物

The U．S．takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician．（2009/12）

opposition［apa′zi∫an］n．反对；反抗；对抗；敌对；对立；意见相反

The landlords’lobby eventually dropped its opposition and instead its forces against AB 2330，regarding security deposits．（2006/12）

optical［′aptikal］adj．眼的；光学的

Princeton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it“likely”that life from outer space will be discovered before 2056because the tools for finding it，such as optical and radio detection and data processing，are improving．（2008/6）

optimism［′aptimizam］n．乐观，乐观主义

optimize［′aptimaiz］vt．最有效地进行；使完美

“Optimizing energy efficiency is a decisive competitive advantage，”says BASF CEO Jurgen Hambrecht．（2007/12）

optimum［′aptimam］n．最适条件，最适度

option［′ap∫an］n．选择，选择权

wake-up call（旅馆的）早起叫醒服务

The Canadian option is fast becoming apolitical wake-up call，“If our neighbors can buy drugs at reasonable prices，why can’t we？”（2006/6）

orchard［′a：t∫ad］n．果园

orchestra［′a：kistra］n．管弦乐队的全部乐器

organic［a：′gēnik］adj．有机体的；有机的；器官的

The city requires school cafeterias to serve organic meals．（2009/12）

Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor．（2005/6）

organism［′a：ganizam］n．生物体；有机体；微生物

“We would lose terrestrial（陆生的）plants．．．this is an organism that is potentially deadly to the continued survival of human beings，”she told the com-mission．（2005/6）

orient［′a：riant］n．东方；亚洲，远东

orientation［﹒a：rian′tei∫an］n．定位，定向；方针（或态度）的确定；（大学的）迎新情况介绍

Brin，who had met Page at a student orientation a year earlier，joined the project early on．（2007/6）

originate［a′rid3ineit］vi．发源vt．首创

ornament［′a：namant］n．装饰物vt．装修

ornamental［﹒a：na′mental］adj．装饰的n．装饰品

outweigh［aut′wei］vt．比……更重要（或更有价值等）

Wilfried Fritz Maring，54，a data-bank and Internet specialist with German firm FIZ Karlsruhe，feels that the time he spends with his daughter out-weighs any disadvantages．（2007/12）

outcome［′autkam］n．后果，成果

The more a physician does，regardless of quality or outcome，the better he’s reimbursed．（2009/12）

outcry［′autkrai］n．喊叫，呐喊；强烈的抗议（或反对）

This，of course，attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women’s language．（2007/6）

outdated［aut′deitid］adj．旧式的；过时的

More companies are learning the importance of destructive technologies—innovations that hold the potential to make a product line，or even an entire business segment，virtually outdated．（2005/12）

outbreak［′autbreik］n．（战争、愤怒等）爆发

outermost［′autamaust］adj．最外面的，最远的

outlaw［′autla：］n．逃犯，歹徒

outlet［′autlet］n．发泄（感情等）的方法

outline［′autlain］vt．概述，概括

The outline of the changes needed is clear．（2010/12）

outrage［′autreid3］n．恶行，暴行；严重的不道德行为；不法行为vt．激起……的义愤，激怒

It’s an outrage that any American’s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage．（2007/12）

oval［′auval］adj．卵形的n．卵形

overall［′auvara：l］adj．综合的n．工作服

overcome［﹒auva′kam］vt．战胜，克服

Rodney Brooks，professor of robotics at MIT，says the problems of developing artificial intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome（2008/6）

overflow［′auvaflau］vt．从……中溢出

overhang［﹒auva′hēy］vt．悬于……之上vi．悬垂

overhear［﹒auva′hia］vt．偶然听到；偷听

overlap［′auvalēp］vt．与……交搭vi．重叠

overlook［﹒auva′luk］vt．眺望；看漏；放任

One crucial aspect of Einstein’s training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenager—Kant，Schopenhauer and Spinoza，among others．（2010/12）

overpaid［﹒auva′peid］adj．多付的，付钱过多的

Well，there are many undeserving rich—overpaid chief executives，for instance．（2007/6）

overseas［﹒auva′si：z］adv．在海外，（向）国外

overstate［′auva′steit］vt．把……讲得过分；夸张

The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality．（2006/6）

overthrow［′auvaθrau］vt．推翻n．推翻，瓦解

overweight［﹒auva′weit］adj．超重的；过重的；（指人）体重超常的，肥胖的

From data collected，they worked out that people who had quit in the previous decade were much more likely to be overweight than smokers and people who had never smoked．（2008/12）

overwhelmed［﹒auva′welmd］adj．深受感动的，淹没的，倾覆的

This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors．（2009/12）

overwhelmingly［﹒auva′hwelmiyli］adv．压倒性地；不可抵抗地

At this time，well over 1，000studies．．．point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children．（2006/6）

oxide［′aksaid］n．氧化物

oyster［′aista］n．牡蛎；沉默寡言的人

P

pace［peis］vi．（马）溜蹄走n．节奏；步速

pacific［pa′sifik］adj．性情温和的

pamphlet［′pēmflit］n．小册子

panel［′pēnl］n．（选定的）专门小组

pant［pēnt］vi．气喘

parachute［′pēra∫u：t］n．降落伞；风散种子

parade［pa′reid］vt．夸耀（才能等）

paradoxically［﹒pēra′daksikali］adv．似非而是地；悖理地；反常地

But it’s not the only indicator and，paradoxically，its significance is declining．（2008/6）

paralysis［pa′rēlisis］n．麻痹；瘫痪；完全停顿

Ellen Heber Katz，aprofessor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia，fore-sees cures for injuries causing paralysis such as the one that afflicted Super-man star Christopher Reeve．（2008/6）

parameter［pa′rēmita］n．参（变）数；参量

parenthood n．父母身份；双亲立场

Today it’s as important to be“successful”in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business．（2005/12）

participant［pa：′tisipant］n．参加者adj．有份的

When the Obama fever was at its height，however，the black participants performed much better．（2010/6）

participate［pa：′tisipeit］vi．参与vt．分享

Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls，but different relations to life stages，and adolescent girls are participating in new subcultural forms．（2007/6）

particle［′pa：tikl］n．粒子，微粒

Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from“black carbon”—the organic particles from camp fires and charred（烧成炭的）wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming．（2005/6）

partition［pa：′ti∫an］n．分开，分割；融墙

passion［′pē∫an］n．激情，热情；爱好

Miller developed a 7-step process to help potential job seekers assess their current situation and beliefs，identify their real passion，and start on a journey that allows them to pursue their passion through work．（2007/6）

pasture［′pa：st∫a］n．牧场；牲畜饲养

patent［′peitant］adj．专利的n．专利

paternity［pa′ta：niti］n．父亲的身份；父亲的地位；父系

In Denmark most new fathers only take two weeks of paternity leave（父亲的陪产假）—even though they are allowed 34days．（2007/12）

pathetic［pa′θetik］adj．哀婉动人的；可怜的

So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar，cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England．There，the dollar is still treated with a little respect．（2008/6）

patriot［′peitriat］n．爱国者，爱国主义者

patriotic［﹒pētri′atik］adj．爱国的

patrol［pa′traul］n．巡逻v．巡逻，巡查

patron［′peitran］n．庇护人；赞助人

pattern［′pētan］n．花样，图案；（据以制作某物的）模型，样式，说明

This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today．（2006/6）

patch［pēt∫］n．补丁；碎片vt．补缀

Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon，where they are highly prized by farmers．（2005/6）

peak［pi：k］n．（物体的）尖端

peculiarity［pi﹒kju：li′ēriti］n．特性，独特性；怪癖

pedal［′pedal］n．踏脚，踏板，脚蹬

pedestrian［pi′destrian］n．行人，步行者

Parents are worried about crime，and they are worried about kids getting caught in traffic in a city that’s not used to pedestrians．（2009/6）

pedlar［′pedla］n．（挨户兜售的）小贩

peer［pia］n．同龄人，同等地位的人vi．仔细看，费力地看

John Rother points to studies showing that other things being equal，people who remain at work have lower death rates than their retired peers．（2010/12）

penalty［′penlti］n．处罚，刑罚；罚款

While most parents do this out of love，there are public penalties for not providing care．（2010/6）

pendulum［′pendjulam］n．（钟等的）摆

penetration［﹒peni′trei∫an］n．穿入；渗透，侵入

penny［′peni］n．便士

That holds double for the landlord or developer，who won’t actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating system might generate．（2007/12）

pensioner［′pen∫ana］n．养老金领取者

Pensioners，particularly elderly women，make up a large proportion of those living alone．（2005/6）

pension［′pen∫an］n．养老金；退休金；恤养金

Their message was blunt：health-care systems were heading for the rocks，pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners，and soon there would be intergenerational warfare．（2010/12）

perceive［pa′si：v］vt．觉察

perception［pa′sep∫an］n．感觉；概念；理解力

Rather than just another weird episode in the town that brought you protesting environmentalists，this latest drama is a trial for how today’s parents perceive risk．（2009/12）

percentage［pa′sentid3］n．百分比，百分率

At 12．6percent，The percentage of immigrants is now higher than at any point since the mid 1920s．（2008/12）

perch［pa：t∫］n．（禽鸟的）栖木

perform［pa′fa：m］vt．做，执行，履行（某事）；表演（戏剧）；演奏（音乐）；表演（戏法）

Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service．（2009/12）

peril［′peril］n．危机；危险的事物

perimeter［pa′rimita］n．周（边），周长

periodical［﹒piari′adikal］n．期刊，杂志

peripheral［pa′rifaral］adj．周边的；外围的

perish［′peri∫］vi．死亡，夭折；枯萎

permanent［′pa：manant］adj．永久的，持久的

Chris McKay，aplanetary scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center，believes that in 50years we may find evidence of alien life in ancient permanent frost of Mars or on other planets．（2008/6）

perpendicular［﹒pa：pan′dikjula］adj．垂直的n．垂直（线）

perpetual［pa′pet∫ual］adj．永久的；四季开花的

For those of us lucky enough to live that long，2056will be a world of almost perpetual youth，where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions．（2008/6）

perplex［pa′pleks］vt．迷惑，困惑，难住

persecute［′pa：sikju：t］vt．迫害，残害

persevere［﹒pa：si′via］vi．坚持，不屈不挠

persist［pa′sist］vi．持续，存留

persistence［pa（：）sistans］n．坚持；持续，存留

And society expects-and needs—parents to persist in their roles for 18years，or longer if needed．（2010/6）

personality［﹒pa：sa′nēliti］n．人格，个性；人物

The personality ethic suggested it was one’s attitude，not ehavior，that ispired success，and this ethic was founded on a belief of positive mental attitude．（2011/12）

personnel［﹒pa：sa′nel］n．人事部门

perspective［pa′spektiv］n．透视；远景；观点

This is especially true in agriculture，where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives．（2008/12）

pertinent［′pa：tinant］adj．恰当的；有关的

petition［pi′ti∫an］n．请愿vt．向……请愿

The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from“threatened”to“en-dangered”．（2009/6）

petty［′peti］adj．细小的；器量小的

phase out［′feiz aut］v．（使）逐步淘汰

Phasing old bulbs out by 2030would save the output of 650power plants and avoid the release of 700million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year．（2007/12）

physician［fi′zi∫an］n．医生，内科医生

It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system．（2009/12）

physicist［′fizisist］n．物理学家

Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn’t been born yet，or is a baby now．（2010/12）

pierce［pias］vt．穿透，戳穿，洞察

pilgrim［′pilgrim］n．香客，朝圣者

pious［′paias］adj．虔诚的；虔奉宗教的

piston［′pistan］n．活塞

placebo［pla′si：bau］n．安慰剂

Until now，researchers report that light therapy works better than a placebo．（2005/6）

plague［pleig］n．瘟疫，鼠疫；天灾

plain［plein］adj．坦白的；普通的

plateau［′plētau］n．高原；平稳时期

platform［′plētfa：m］n．政纲，党纲，宣言

plausible［′pla：zabl］adj．似乎有道理的，貌似可信的

Earlier this year a review paper by 20obesity experts set out the 7most plausible alternative explanations for the epidemic of obesity．（2008/12）

All that is plausible—and mostly wrong．（2008/6）

plea［pli：］n．请愿，请求，恳求

plead［pli：d］vt．为……辩护vi．抗辩

pledge［pled3］n．誓言vt．使发誓

pluck［plak］vt．鼓起（勇气），振作

plump［plamp］vt．丰满的；鼓起的

plunder［′planda］v．＆n．掠夺，劫掠

polar［′paula］adj．南（北）极的；极性的

polarity［pa′lēriti］n．极性；（思想等）归向

poll［paul］n．投票vi．投票

polymer［′palima］n．聚合物，多聚物

ponder［′panda］vt．考虑vi．沉思

This set me pondering the obvious question：“How can it be so hard for kids to find something to do when there’s never been such a range of stimulating entertainment available to them？”（2006/12）

pop［pap］vi．（意外地）出现

pope［paup］n．（罗马天主教的）教皇

porcelain［′pa：salin］n．瓷adj．瓷的，瓷制的

pore［pa：］n．毛孔，气孔，细孔

portable［′pa：tabal］adj．可移动的

Today，it’s almost impossible to imagine a world without intranets，e-mail，and portable computers．（2005/12）

pose［pauz］vt．（使）摆好姿势

Several researchers write，speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media．（2006/6）

portion［′pa：∫an］n．一部分；一分

Katherine Flegal and colleagues have calculated that people kicking the habit of smoking have been responsible for a small but significant portion of the U．S．epidemic of fatness．（2008/12）

position［pa′zi∫an］n．主张，立场；形势

Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables．（2007/12）

positive［′pazativ］adj．正的；阳性的

possibility［﹒pasa′biliti］n．可能的事

Miller urges job seekers to open their minds to other possibilities beyond what they are currently doing．（2007/6）

post［paust］n．岗位，哨所；职位

Amusa has ongoing conversations with her friends about how the Obama presidency has changed their daily lives and hopes to put some of those ideas，along with her global perspective，into her posts．（2010/6）

postulate［′pastjuleit］vt．要求，假定，假设

poverty［′pavati］n．贫穷，贫困

Obama’s success helps people to forget that a disproportionate number of black Americans still live in poverty and face huge obstacles when trying to overcome these circumstances．（2010/6）

poultry［′paultri］n．家禽

post-后

post-industrial工业化后的

As a consequence，we have truly entered the Post-Industrial economy．（2005/12）

potential［pa′ten∫（a）l］n．潜力；潜在

interest rate利率

It’s also a potential economic problem，since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates．（2008/6）

poverty［′pavati］n．贫穷，贫困

“Poverty was found everywhere in that world．Obviously it is not of ours．”（2007/6）

practicable［′prēktikabal］adj．能实行的；适用的

prairie［′preari］n．大草原，牧场

precede［pri′si：d］vt．先于……vi．领先

precedent［pri′si：dant］n．先例，前例adj．在前的，在先的，前面的

Despite the modesty of the benefit，the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly，describing it as“government-run personnel management”and a“dangerous precedent”．（2010/6）

precipitate［pri′sipiteit］n．沉淀；沉淀物vt．使（某事物）突然或迅速地发生；加速；促成

But the nurses’study suggests that it can work in the other direction too：sleep loss may precipitate weight gain．（2008/12）

predecessor［′pri：disesa］n．前辈，前任者

In 1964，Knight and Bowerman contributed＄500each to form Blue Ribbon Sports，the predecessor of Nike．（2008/12）

predominant［pri′daminant］adj．占优势的；主要的

predominantly［pri′daminantli］adv．占主导地位地；占优势地；显著地

Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed，clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today．（2008/12）

preference［′prefarans］n．偏爱，优先；优先权

There’s a growing appreciation that superficially similar groups of customers may have very different preferences in terms of what they want to buy and how they want to buy it．（2005/12）

prejudice［′pred3adis］n．偏见，成见；损害

If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war—our dependence on oil and religious prejudice．（2008/6）

premium［′primjam］n．保险费；额外费用；津贴，奖金

That shift，in turn，places an unprecedented premium on“knowledge workers”，a new class of wealthy，educated，and mobile people who view them-selves as free agents in a seller’s market．（2005/12）

prescription［pri′skrip∫an］n．药方，处方药

You’re in trouble if you have to buy your own brand-name prescription drugs．（2006/6）

Light boxes for that purpose are available without a doctor’s prescription．（2005/6）

presence［′prezns］n．出席，到场；在

Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery（陶器）confirms the soil’s human origins．（2005/6）

presentation［﹒prezan′tei∫an］n．介绍；赠送；呈现

preserve［pri′za：v］vt．保护；保存；腌渍

preservation［﹒preza′vei∫an］n．保存，储藏；保持

Malena Amusa，a 24-year-old writer and dancer from St．Louis sees the project as a way to preserve history as it happens．（2010/6）

preside［pri′zaid］vi．主持；主奏

prestige［pres′ti：3］n．威望，威信，声望

We have a full-blown prestige panic，we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around．（2008/6）

prestigious［pre′sti：d3as］adj．有名望的

High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in，degrees of prestigious universities didn’t．（2008/6）

presumably［pri′zju：mabli］adv．推测起来，大概

presumption［pri′zamp∫an］n．冒昧，放肆，傲慢；自以为是；推测，推定；假定，假设

We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding people on the presumption of the ethnic/racial inferiority．（2008/12）

prevention［pri′ven∫an］n．预防，阻止，妨碍

preview［′pri：′vju：］n．预测，预观

If movie trailers（预告片）are supposed to cause a reaction，the preview for“United 93”more than succeeds．（2008/6）

previous［′pri：vjas］adj．先的；前的adv．在前

A new study shows that today’s youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations．（2010/6）

Then there’s the whole question of whether modern parents are more watchful and nervous about safety than previous generations．（2009/6）

prey［prei］n．猎物vi．捕获

prick［prik］vt．刺（穿）n．刺孔

prime［praim］adj．首要的n．春，青春

A teacher deserves wide latitude in selecting the method of grading that best promotes learning in her classroom；that is，after all，the prime function ofgrades．（2010/6）

primitive［′primitiv］adj．远古的，未开化的

principal［′prinsap（a）l］adj．主要的n．负责人

principally［′prinsapli］adv．主要，大抵

And so your next step should be to discuss your concerns with your teacher or the principal．（2010/6）

priority［prai′ariti］n．先，前；优先，重点

It no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deserve priority over those of others．（2006/6）

prism［′prizam］n．棱柱（体）；棱镜

privatization［﹒praivati′zei∫n］n．私有化，非国营化（将国营企业转为民营）

Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice，today’s tech-savvy（精通技术的）workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics．（2005/6）

privilege［′privilid3］n．特权，优惠

Far from a kind of charity they once were，senior citizen discounts have become a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them．（2006/6）

probe［praub］n．探针vt．用探针探查

procedure［pra′si：d3a］n．步骤；程序

A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30minutes to discuss a patient’s disease．（2009/12）

proceed［pra′si：d］vi．进行；继续进行

proceeding［pra′si：diy］n．程序，行动，事项

Writer-director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in his depiction of what occurred，proceeding with the film only after securingthe approval of every victim’s family．（2008/6）

process［pra′ses］n．过程；工序vt．加工

But what we have not yet learned is how to make the process of Americanization work for all．（2008/12）

productive［pra′daktiv］adj．生产的；有生产力的；丰饶的

For the small business，there are additional benefits too—staff are more pro-ductive，and happier，enabling firms to keep their headcounts（员工数）and their recruitment costs to a minimum．（2009/12）

productivity［﹒pradak′tiviti］n．生产率；多产

Studies have shown that green workplaces（ones that don’t constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running）have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates．（2007/12）

profile［′praufail］n．侧面图，侧面像；轮廓，外形；传略，人物简介；概况

The surgeon would contact a commercial organ producer，give him the patient’s immunological profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type．（2008/6）

profitable［′prafitabal］adj．有利可图的；有益的

“For us，saving energy has been very，very profitable，”he says．（2007/12）

profitability［﹒prafita′bilati］n．收益性；利益率

But the best argument for efficiency is its cost—or，more precisely，its profitability．（2007/12）

profound［pra′faund］adj．深刻的；渊博的

In just a few short years，globalization has started a variety of trends with profound consequences．（2005/12）

program［′praugrēm］n．程序，编码指令；规划；节目

Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph．D．pro-gram．（2008/6）

prohibit［pra′hibit］vt．禁止，阻止

prohibition［﹒prauhi′bi∫an］n．禁止；禁令，禁律

prohibitively［prau′hibitivli］adv．禁止地；（费用等）过高地，过分地

Now，new technology makes it easier，faster，and cheaper to identify and serve targeted micro-markets in ways that were physically impossible or prohibitively expensive in the past．（2005/12）

project［′prad3ekt］n．方案，工程vi．伸出

By accepting who you are—all your emotions，hopes and dreams，your personality，and your unique way of being—you’ll project more confidence when networking and talking with potential employers．（2007/6）

prolong［pra′lay］vt．延长，拉长，拖延

prominence［′praminans］n．突起，凸出；凸出物；引人注目的事物（或地方）

Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans，too，challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments．（2010/6）

promote［pra′maut］vt．促进，发扬；提升

Last week，Skenazy started her own blog，promoting the idea that modern children need some of the same independence that her generation had．（2009/6）

promotion［pra′mau∫an］n．提升，晋级；（商品等的）促销，推销

Buoyed（支持）by laws and court decisions，more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job—thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers．（2006/6）

promptly［′pramptli］adv．敏捷地，迅速地

pronouncement［pra′naunsmant］n．宣言；公告

This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements，but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as“experts”．（2005/12）

propaganda［﹒prapa′gēnda］n．宣传；宣传机构

propagandist［﹒prapa′gēndist］n．宣传员

propagate［′prapageit］vt．繁殖；传播，普及

propagation［prapa′gei∫an］n．繁殖；传播；蔓延

And the propagandists’trump card（王牌）—“Wreck our brilliant health-care system．”（2006/6）

propel［pra′pel］vt．推进，推动

property［′prapati］n．所有物，财产，资产；房产，地产

A real estate agent，attracted to his current job because her loves fixing up old homes，describes buying properties that need a little tender loving care to make them more saleable．（2007/6）

prophecy［′prafisi］n．预言，预言能力

prophet［′prafit］n．预言家，先知

proportion［pra′pa：∫an］n．比，比率，部分

The proportion of Hispanic-Americans also grew，from under 5%to 12．5% of the population，while the proportion of black Americans increased from 11%to 12．3%．These changes may account in part for the increased prevalence of obesity．（2008/12）

proportioned［pra′pa：∫and］adj．成比例的；相称的

They include writing letters to Mattel，makers of the impossibly proportioned Barbie doll．（2009/6）

proposition［﹒prapa′zi∫an］n．命题，主题；提议

propulsion［pra′pal∫an］n．推进，推进力

prose［prauz］n．散文

prospect［′praspekt］n．展望；前景，前程

But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’t keep plutocrats up at night．（2007/12）

prototype［′prautataip］n．原型；典型，范例

There’s virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved，as prototype“zero-energy homes”in Switzerland and Germany have shown．（2007/12）

proton［′prautan］n．质子，氕核

provoke［pra′vauk］vt．对……挑衅；激发

Even to whisper that thought provokes anger．“Un American！”（2006/6）

proverb［′prava：b］n．谚语，格言，箴言

province［′pravins］n．领域，范围，职权

provision［pra′vi3an］n．规定，条款，条项

prudent［′pru：dant］adj．谨慎的；精明的

purchase［′pa：t∫as］n．买，购买vt．买

And with such purchases，price is only one of many crucial factors to consider．（2009/6）

purity［′pjuariti］n．纯净；纯洁；纯粹；纯正；纯度

There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield：energy use，environmental costs，water purity，carbon footprint and biodiversity．（2008/12）

pursue［pa′sju：］vt．追赶，追逐（某人［某物］）；（尤指）追捕，追杀；追寻，追求

Look at the gifts and talents you have and make a commitment to pursue those things that you love most．（2007/6）

pushiness［′pu∫inis］n．强行推行自己的意图；好胜而爱出风头

America is a competitive society：our kids need to adjust to that，but too much pushiness can be destructive．（2008/6）

Q

qualification［﹒kwalifi′kei∫an］n．资格；限制条件

qualify［′kwali﹒fai］vt．限制，限定，修饰

quantify［′kwantifai］vt．为……定量；以数量表示

quantitative［′kwantitativ］adj．量的；定量的

It’s the dangers parents can’t—and may never—quantify that occur all of sudden．（2009/12）

quarterly［′kwa：tali］adj．季度的adv．季度地

quench［kwent∫］vt．熄灭，扑灭；压制

quest［kwest］vt．寻找vi．追求

That’s because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits．（2010/12）

questionnaire［﹒kwestia′nea］n．（调查情况用的）问卷；（意见）调查表

Terman has developed a questionnaire to help determine whether expert care is needed．（2005/6）

quit［kwit］vt．从（某处）离开；离去；停止（某事物［做某事物］）

Bad news：smokers really do tend to be thinner than the rest of us，and quit-ting really does pack on the pounds，though no one isn’t sure why．（2008/12）

quiver［′kwiva］vi．（轻微地）颤动

R

race［reis］n．比赛，竞赛，竞争；人种，种族，民族

On the other hand，he says，it may just encourage people to talk more honestly about their feelings regarding race issues．（2010/6）

racism［′reisizam］n．种族主义；种族歧视

There is no easy way to measure racism directly；instead psychologists assess what is known as“implicit bias”．（2010/6）

racist［′reisist］n．种族主义者

We now know that these racist views were wrong．（2008/12）

Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans，too，challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments．（2010/6）

radiant［′reidiant］adj．绚丽的；容光焕发的

radical［′rēdikal］adj．基本的；激进的

This will require radical thinking，for example，we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones．（2008/12）

radius［′reidias］n．半径距离；界限

raging［reid3］adj．（怒气等）强烈的；极大的；猛烈的

But I haven’t heard of any raging epidemics among the hundreds of thou-sands of people buying cross-border．（2006/6）

rail［reil］vt．责骂；抱怨

Sure，some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against in-come inequality for years．（2007/12）

rainforest［′reinfarist］n．（热带）雨林

slash and burn刀耕火种法（指把地上的草木烧成灰做肥料，就地挖坑下种的原始耕作方法）

Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest．（2005/6）

raisin［′reizan］n．葡萄干

rally［′rēli］vt．＆vi．（重新）集合；重新振作（精神等）n．（尤指政治上）大会；重整旗鼓

ramble［′rēmbl］vi．闲逛，漫步；聊天

ranch［ra：nt∫］n．（北美洲的）大牧场

rapture［′rēpt∫a］n．狂喜，欢天喜地

rare［rea］adj．稀有的；罕见的；不寻常的

Nationwide，stranger kidnaps are extremely rare；there’s a one-in-a-million chance a child will be taken by a stranger，according to the Justice Department．（2009/6）

rash［rē∫］n．（皮）疹

If you are photosensitive（对光敏感的），you may develop a rash．（2005/6）

rationalize［′rē∫analaiz］vt．使合理化

Up to a point，we can rationalize our pushiness．（2008/6）

reactor［ri′ēkta］n．反应器；反应堆

reaffirm［′ri：a′fa：m］vt．重申（某事物）；再确认

Should we be surprised？Not really．We’ve simply reaffirmed an old truth：the pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness．（2007/6）

realistic［ria′listik］adj．现实的；现实主义的

realization［﹒rialai′zei∫an］n．（理想等的）实现

realm［relm］n．王国，国土；领域

Beyond the realm of information technology，the accelerated pace of technological change in virtually every industry has created entirely new business，wiped out others，and produced a pervasive demand for continuous innovation．（2005/12）

reasonable［′ri：znabl］adj．合情合理的；公道的

One feature of a good grading system is that those measured by it generally regard it as fair and reasonable—not the case here．（2010/6）

rear［ria］vt．饲养，培植；抚养

．．．as if keeping kids under lock and key and cell phone and careful watch is the right way to rear kids．（2009/6）

reason［′ri：zan］vt．辩论，讨论

rebuke［ri′bju：k］vt．指责，非难，斥责

recession［ri′se∫an］n．经济的衰退，衰退期

Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions．（2006/6）

recipe［′resipi］n．菜谱，烹饪法；处方

reciprocal［ri′siprakal］adj．相互的；互利的

And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods，it’s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad．（2007/12）

reckless［′reklas］adj．粗心大意的；鲁莽的

I discovered during my own reckless adolescence that what creates excitement is not going fast，but going faster．（2006/12）

reckon［′rekan］vi．数，算账vt．认为

They ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers had to pay attention and respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned equivalent in difficulty to driving．（2009/12）

The gain is reckoned at 2-4%for every 100-point increase in a school’s aver-age SAT scores．（2008/6）

reclaim［ri′kleim］vt．开垦，开拓；回收

reconcile［′rekansail］vt．使和好；调停；使一致

Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries．（2009/12）

record low n．（股票价格等的）历史最低点，最低值

It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar．（2008/6）

recover［ri′kava］vt．重新获得；挽回

The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have re-covered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for“virgin”forest．（2005/6）

recreation［﹒rekri′ei∫an］n．消遣，娱乐活动

rectify［′rektifai］vt．纠正；调整；精馏

recycle［ri：′saikl］vt．回收利用

At the Ludwigshafen site alone，such recycling of heat and energy saves the company￡200million a year and almost half its CO₂emissions．（2007/12）

reef［ri：f］n．礁，礁石，暗礁

referee［﹒refa′ri：］n．（足球等）裁判员

reference［′refarans］n．参考文献；参照系

refinement［ri′fainmant］n．优雅，高雅；有教养；提炼，精炼，提纯

The highly polite style is a sign not simply of femininity，but of maturity and refinement，and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one’s social relations as well．（2007/6）

refinery［ri′fainari］n．精炼厂，提炼厂

reflect［ri′flekt］vt．反射；反映；思考

The 94Ireceived this term does not reflect the hard work that I put into this course．Because of her“improvement”theory，I got a lower grade than I deserve．（2010/6）

reform［ri′fa：m］vt．＆n．改革，改良

Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could not only solve scientific problems，but also reform politics，government，and business．（2010/12）

refrain［ri′frein］n．老调；重复的老话

You hear the refrain all the time：the U．S．economy looks good statistically，but it doesn’t feel good．（2007/6）

refreshment［ri′fre∫mant］n．（精力的）恢复，爽快

refugee［﹒refju′d3i：］n．难民，流亡者

regard［ri′ga：d］vt．把……看作；尊敬

with regard to关于

Sadly，there is some evidence that it does—at least with regard to heating．（2008/12）

regime［rei′3i：m］n．政体，政权；制度

regiment［′red3imant］n．团，军团；一大群

region［′ri：d3an］n．地区，地带；领域

Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions．（2008/12）

regulate［′regjuleit］vt．管理，控制；调整

regulation［﹒regju′lei∫an］n．规章，规则；调节

The controversy began on 1February，when Ingham testified before New Zealand’s Royal Commission on Genetic Modification，which will determine how to regulate GM organisms．（2005/6）

reign［rein］n．（君主）统治时期；支配

North of the border，where price controls reign，those same brand-name drugs cost 50%to 80%less．（2006/6）

rein［rein］n．缰绳vi．驾驭，控制

To avoid fiscal（财政）meltdown，public pensions and health-care provision will have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go up．（2010/12）

rejuvenate［ri′d3u：vineit］vt．使年轻；使恢复精神vi．变年轻；恢复精神

To tackle the problem of ageing populations at its root，“old”countries would have to rejuvenate（使年轻）themselves by having more of their own children．（2010/12）

relay［′ri：lei，ri：′lei］vt．分程传递；使接替

release［ri′li：s］vt．释放；放松；发表

Universal，which is releasing the film，plans to donate 10%of its opening weekend gross to the Flight 93National Memorial Fund．（2008/6）

relief［ri′li：f］n．减轻；救济；援救

American tourists，however，shouldn’t expect any relief soon．（2008/6）

relieve［ri′li：v］vt．减轻，解除；救济

Being able to check in with a child anytime goes a long way toward relieving pa-rental anxiety and may help parents loosen their control a little sooner．（2009/6）

religion［ri′lid3an］n．信念，信条；宗教

religious［ri′lid3as］adj．宗教的；虔诚的

If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war—our dependence on oil and religious prejudice．（2008/6）

reluctant［ri′laktant］adj．不愿的，勉强的

For example，the shortage of young adults is likely to make countries more reluctant to commit the few they have to military service．（2010/12）

remainder［ri′meinda］n．剩余（物）；余数

remote［ri′maut］adj．相隔很远的；冷淡的

The U．K．network of Business Links confirms that it too has seen a growing interest in remote working solutions from small businesses seeking its advice．（2009/12）

remove［ri′mu：v］vt．移动，搬开；脱掉

The heat pump removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply．In the summer，the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well．（2007/12）

renovation［﹒rena′vei∫an］n．更新；修理；恢复活力

The company will also be able to avoid the expense of having to relocate staff to temporary offices for several weeks when it begins disruptive office renovations soon．（2009/12）

rent［rent］n．租金，租费；租用，租入

Some landlords view security deposits as a free month’s rent，theirs for the taking．（2006/12）

repay［ri：′pei］v．偿还，报答

repeal［ri′pi：l］vt．撤销；放弃n．撤销

replace［ri（：）′pleis］vt．送还，归还，赔还；替换

replacement［ri′pleismant］n．归还；取代；置换

representative［﹒repri′zentativ］adj．代表性的；代议制的n．代表

I soon found out differently，I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name．（2007/12）

reproduce［﹒ri：pra′dju：s］vt．复制；再生产

reproduction［﹒ri：pra′dak∫an］n．再生（产）；繁殖

reptile［′reptail］n．爬行动物；两栖动物

reputable［′repjutabl］adj．声誉好的；有名望的；受尊敬的；值得信赖的

In any event，you should choose a reputable manufacturer．（2005/6）

request［ri′kwest］n．＆v．请求，要求

AB 2330would give a tenant the right to request a walk-through with the landlord and to make the repairs before moving out．（2006/12）

requisite［′rekwizit］adj．需要的n．必需品

resemblance［ri′zemblans］n．相似，相似性

resent［ri′zent］vt．对……不满，怨恨

resentment［ri′zentmant］n．愤慨，愤怒，怨恨

Simmering（难以平息的）resentment is seldom an aid to education．（2010/6）

reservation［﹒reza′vei∫an］n．保留；预定，预订

reserve［ri′za：v］n．缄默，自我克制

reservoir［′rezavwa：］n．水库；蓄水池；储藏所

But the reservoir of women able and willing to take up paid work is running low，and the babyboomers are going grey．（2010/12）

reside［ri′zaid］vi．居住，驻扎；属于

resident［′rezidant］n．常住者

residential［﹒rezi′den∫al］adj．住宅的；适于作住宅的；与居住有关的

Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps．（2007/12）

residual［ri′zidjual］adj．剩余的；残数的

resolute［′rezalu：t］adj．坚决的，果敢的

resource［ri′sa：s］n．资源，物力；办法

Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits，which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old．（2006/6）

respectable［ri′spektabal］adj．可敬的；人格高尚的

respond［ris′pand］vi．作答；响应

response［ri′spans］n．回答，答复

Besides，people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college．（2007/12）

restrain［ri′strein］vt．抑制，制止，遏制

By far the most effective method to restrain pension spending is to give people the opportunity to work longer，because it increases tax revenues and reduces spending on pensions at the same time．（2010/12）

resume［′rezju：mei］n．（谋职者的）个人简历；履历表

We are pushing our kids to get good grades，take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice．（2008/6）

retail［′ri：teil］n．零售adj．零售的

Dawn worked as a manager for a large retail clothing store for several years．（2007/6）

retard［ri′ta：d］vt．延迟，放慢

retirement［ri′taiamant］n．退休，引退；退隐

Buoyed（支持）by laws and court decisions，more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job—thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers．（2006/6）

retort［ri′ta：t］vt．＆vi．反击；反驳

revenue［′revinju：］n．收入；收入数目

Many developing countries have lots of young people in need of jobs，many rich countries need helping hands that will boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth．（2010/12）

reverse［ri′va：s］n．背面，反面

That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it．（2008/12）

revive［ri′vaiv］vt．＆vi．苏醒；复兴

revolution［﹒reva′lu：∫an］n．革命；旋转，绕转

revolve［ri′valv］vt．＆vi．（使）旋转

The communications revolution，the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on（扰乱）Europeans’private lives．（2005/6）

revolutionary［﹒reva′lu：∫anari］adj．革命的n．革命者

He says：“As soon as the first evidence is found，additional discoveries are likely to follow quickly，which are likely to have revolutionary consequences for biology，astronomy and philosophy．”（2008/6）

reward［ri′wa：d］n．报答；报酬vt．报答

The reward for finding，say，a cancer cure is so huge that no one’s going to hang it up．（2006/6）

rewarding［ri′wa：diy］adj．有益的；有报酬的

There aren’t many jobs in science for them，so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical—and rewarding—efforts．（2010/12）

Many people today find themselves in unfulfilling work situations．Their career path may be financially rewarding，but it doesn’t meet their emotional，social or creative needs．（2007/6）

ridicule［′ridikju：l］vi．＆n．嘲弄，挖苦

rigorous［′rigaras］adj．严格的；严厉的；苛刻的；严酷的；严峻的

This is awkward for universities which must spend extra money building separate labs and keeping rigorous records proving no federal funds were involved．（2006/12）

right-wing n．右翼；右派

But increasingly，centrist and right-wing billionaires are starting to worry a-bout income inequality and the fate of the middle class．（2007/12）

rim［rim］n．边；边缘，（眼镜）框

riot［′raiat］n．＆vi．骚乱，暴乱

rip［rip］vi．撕碎，扯破，划破

ripple［′ripal］n．涟漪，细浪，波纹

rival［′raival］n．竞争对手，敌手adj．竞争的，对抗的vt．与……竞争；与……匹敌

After all，more than 200years separated Einstein from his nearest rival，Isaac Newton．（2010/12）

roam［raum］vt．在……漫步，漫游

robot［′raubat］n．机器人；自动控制装置

As a result，“the possibilities for robots working with people will open up immensely”（2008/6）

role model n．偶像，模仿的例子，效法的模式

White’s experience is what many psychologists had expected—that Obama would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans．（2010/6）

rotate［rau′teit］vt．＆vi．（使）旋转

roundabout［′raundabaut］adj．迂回的；转弯抹角的

routine［ru：′ti：n］adj．日常的n．常规

Practically unheard of a generation ago，the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses—as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners．（2006/6）

row［rau］n．吵嚷，吵架，口角

royalty［′raialti］n．皇家，王族，皇族

ruthless［′ru：θlas］adj．无情的，冷酷的

S

sacrifice［′sēkrifais］n．＆vt．牺牲；献祭

You’ll move one step closer to your ideal work life if you identify how much risk you are willing to take and the sacrifices you are willing to make．（2007/6）

safeguard［′seifga：d］n．保护措施；护照

salmon［′sēman］n．鲑，大马哈鱼

salute［sa′lu：t］vt．迎接，欢迎

saturation［sēt∫a′rei∫an］n．饱和（状态）；浸透

saving［′seiviy］n．搭救；节约；存款

That holds double for the landlord or developer，who won’t actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating system might generate．（2007/12）

scan［skēn］n．扫描，扫掠

scandal［′skēndl］n．丑事，丑闻；耻辱

scar［ska：］n．瘢痕

scarcity［′skeasiti］n．缺乏，不足，萧条

scared［skead］adj．惊恐的；恐惧的

Once people discover their passion，many are too scared to do anything about it．（2007/6）

scarlet［′ska：lit］n．猩红色adj．猩红的

scenario［si′na：riau］n．（电影﹑戏剧等的）脚本、剧情概要等；事态；局面

If you say no，even politely，you risk inhibiting further ideas，not just from that reporter，but from others who heard that you turned down the idea．This scenario is common newsrooms that lack a systematic way to filter story suggestions（2011/6）

schedule［′∫edju：l］n．时间表；计划表

Each summer，no matter how pressing my work schedule，I take off one day exclusively for my son．（2006/12）

scholarship［′skala∫ip，′skalar∫ip］n．学问，学识；奖学金

more and more scholarships are based on merit，not need．（2011/6）

scoff［skaf，skaf］vt．＆vi．嘲笑，嘲弄

scorch［ska：t∫］vi．烧焦，枯萎；挖苦

scout［skaut］vt．搜索，侦察，跟踪

scramble［′skrēmbal］vi．＆n．爬行，攀登

scratch［skrēt∫］n．起跑线，起步线

screen［skri：n］n．屏；屏幕vt．掩蔽；筛选

What’s more，grades are not only an educational device but are also part of a screening system to help assign kids to their next class or program．（2010/6）

scripture［′skript∫a］n．《圣经》；圣书

scrub［skrab］n．＆vt．擦洗，擦净

sculpture［′skalpt∫a］n．雕刻（术）；雕刻品

seam［si：m］n．缝口；接缝；骨缝

second［′sekand，si′kand］vt．支持

secure［si′kjua］adj．安心的；安全的；牢固的，稳固的vt．获得；保卫；扣紧

But more than that，it raises awareness．Our ports aren’t secure．Our borders aren’t secure．Our airlines still aren’t secure，and this is what hap-pens when you’re not secure．That’s the message I want people to hear．（2008/6）

segment［′segmant］n．切片，部分；段，节

More companies are learning the importance of destructive technologies—innovations that hold the potential to make a product line，or even an entire business segment，virtually outdated．（2005/12）

selection［si′lek∫an］n．精选的东西；选择

segregation［﹒segri′gei∫an］n．隔离；分离，分开；种族隔离

This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century．（2006/6）

segregate［′segrigeit］vt．分离；在……实行种族隔离vi．分离；离析

Like African-Americans，Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to segregated，substandard schools，and their dropout rate is the highest in the country．（2008/12）

self-esteem［﹒selfi′sti：m］n．自尊；自负

Further，children whose fathers are warm，loving，and accepting toward them have higher self-esteem and lower rates of aggression and behavior problems．（2010/12）

seize［si：z］vt．抓住，逮捕；夺取

India，China，Japan，and other regions seem to be seizing technological leadership．（2010/12）

select［si′lekt］vt．＆vi．选择，挑选

selection［si′lek∫an］n．选择，挑选；精选物

selective［si′lektiv］adj．选择的；选择性的；挑拣的

Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools．（2008/6）

self-assured［﹒selfa′∫uad］adj．自信心强的；自我满足的；有自信的

Self-honoring or self-love may seem like an odd step for job hunters，but being able to accept yourself，without judgment，helps eliminate insecurities and will make you more self-assured．（2007/6）

self-denial［﹒self di′naial］n．自我牺牲，无私；自制（力），克己

In many people’s minds，conservation is still associated with self-denial．Many environmentalists still push that view．（2007/12）

self-educated［﹒self′ed3ukeitid］adj．自我教育的；自学的；自修的

There’s Benjamin Franklin，the very model of the self-educated，self-made man，who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist，philosopher，and statesman．（2005/12）

self-made［﹒self′meid］adj．靠自己的努力而成功、致富等的

There’s Benjamin Franklin，the very model of the self-educated，self-made man，who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist，philosopher，and statesman．（2005/12）

self-sufficient［﹒selfsa′fi∫ant］adj．自给自足的

Richard Gott，professor of astrophysics at Princeton，hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars．（2008/6）

seminar［′semina：］n．（大学的）研究班，研讨会；（某些大学的）教务委员会

Through her book，8Myths of Making a Living，as well as workshops，seminars and personal coaching and consulting，she has helped thousands of dissatisfied workers reassess life and work．（2007/6）

senate［′senit］n．参议院，上院

The other bill，protecting security deposits，faces a vote in the Senate on Monday．（2006/12）

senator［′senata］n．参议员；评议员

senior［′si：nja］adj．年老的；地位较高的

This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare，who’ll have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit that starts in 2006．（2006/6）

sensible［′sensabl］adj．感觉得到的；明智的

Her blog，she says，is dedicated to sensible parenting．（2009/6）

sentiment［′sentimant］n．感情；情操；情绪

Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans，too，challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments．（2010/6）There is considerable sentiment about the“corruption”of women’s language．（2007/6）

sermon［′sa：man］n．布道，讲道，说教

serpent［′sa：pant］n．蛇（尤指大蛇或毒蛇）

servant［′sa：vant］n．仆人，佣人，雇工

Still，it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant．（2007/12）

serve［sa：v］vt．供（某人）饭菜；将（饭菜）摆上桌

Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table，waiting to be served．（2007/12）

set［set］n．集（合）

settlement［′setlmant］n．调停；（新）住宅区

sever［′seva］vt．切断，割断（某物）；vi．断；裂

She says：“We will be able to prescribe drugs that cause severed spinal cords to heal，hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regrow．（2008/6）

shabby［′∫ēbi］adj．褴褛的；破旧的

shade［∫eid］n．（色彩的）浓淡，深浅

shady［′∫eidi］adj．可疑的，靠不住的

sham［∫ēm］n．假冒；赝品vt．假装

shatter［′∫ēta］vt．粉碎，破碎；毁坏

sheer［∫ia］adj．纯粹的；全然的

shelter［′∫elta］n．隐蔽处；掩蔽，庇护

They’re sheltered by employee insurance，owing just a＄20co-pay．（2006/6）

sheriff［′∫erif］n．郡长；警察局长

shipment［′∫ipmant］n．装货；装载的货物

In 1963he received his first shipment of Tiger shoes，200pairs in total．（2008/12）

shipwreck［′∫iprek］n．船舶失事

shortcut［′∫a：tkat］n．近路，捷径

shorthand［′∫a：thēnd］n．速记，速记法

shrill［∫ril］adj．尖声的vt．尖声地叫

shrimp［∫rimp］n．（小）虾，河虾，褐虾

shrine［∫rain］n．神殿，神龛，圣祠

shiver［′∫iva］vi．颤抖，哆嗦n．冷颤

We keep our temperatures constant by altering our metabolic（新陈代新的）rate，shivering or sweating．（2008/12）

shrink［∫riyk］vi．收缩；缩小；退缩

Because America’s population will still be growing when that of most other developed countries is shrinking，America will be the only developed country that still matters geopolitically（地缘政治上）．（2010/12）

shrub［∫rab］n．灌木，灌木丛

shutter［′∫ata］n．百叶窗；（相机）快门

shuttle［′∫atl］n．（织机的）梭

And many middle-class parents have gotten used to managing their children’s time and shuttling them to various enriching activities，so the idea of letting them out on their own can seem like a risk．（2009/6）

shut up v．住口；禁闭；关闭

No sky-high drug price today，no cure for cancer tomorrow．So shut up and pay up．（2006/6）

sidewalk［′saidwa：k］n．人行道

But even with more traffic and fewer sidewalks，modern parents do have one advantage their parents didn’t：the cell phone．（2009/6）

sideways［′saidweiz］adv．斜向一边地

siege［si：d3］n．包围，围攻，围困

sift［sift］vt．筛，过滤vi．通过

sight［sait］n．情景，名胜，风景

significant［sig′nifikant］adj．有效的，有意义的；重要的

Two significant tenant reforms stand a good chance of passage．（2006/12）

silicon［′silikan］n．硅（旧名矽）

simplicity［sim′plisiti］n．单纯，质朴

simultaneous［﹒simal′teinias，﹒sai-］adj．同时的，同时存在的

sincerity［sin′seriti］n．真诚，诚意；真实

single［′siygl］adj．单一的，单身的；个别的；vt．选出，挑出

But then came along the idea of singles．They were young，beautiful，strong！Now，young people want to live alone．（2005/6）

single out［′siygl aut］vt．挑选出

So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation’s schools singled out those in the smugly（体面地，整洁的）green village of Berkeley，Calif．，as being among the worst in the country．（2009/12）

singular［′siygjula］adj．异常的，奇异的

sink［siyk］n．（厨房内的）洗涤槽

siren［′saiaran］n．汽笛，警报器

situated［′sit∫ueitid］adj．位于……的

skeleton［′skelitan］n．骨骼，骷髅；骨架

skeptic［′skeptik］n．持怀疑态度的人；怀疑宗教教义的人

Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing ajoint statement．（2006/6）

skeptical［′skeptikal］adj．怀疑的，多疑的；（对……）怀疑的，不信的

While company managers have known about the benefits for a long time，many have done little about it，sceptical of whether they could trust their employees to work to full capacity without supervision．（2009/12）

skyscraper［′skai﹒skreipa］n．摩天楼

slack［slēk］adj．萧条的；懈怠的

slander［′sla：nda］n．＆vt．诽谤，诋毁

slang［slēy］n．俚语；行话，黑话

slap［slēp］vt．掴，拍n．巴掌，拍

slash［slē∫］v．砍（某物）；用鞭抽（某人/某物）；大幅度裁减或削减

Spending about￡100，000on these and other improvements，he slashed his￡90，000fuel and power bill by￡60，000．（2007/12）

slaughter［′sla：ta］vt．＆n．屠杀，屠宰

slide［slaid］n．滑板，滑座v．滑，滑动

slim［slim］adj．细长的；微小的

slip［slip］vi．滑跤；滑落；溜；把……塞给

They include slipping notes saying“Love your body the way it is”into dieting books at stores like Borders．（2009/6）

How did we let primary care slip so far？（2009/12）

slit［slit］vt．切开n．狭长的切口

slumber［′slamba］n．睡眠；沉睡状态

slump［slamp］vi．（突然或沉重地）倒下，陷落；暴跌；下降；不景气

What if things begin to go wrong for Obama，and his popularity slumps？（2010/6）

When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Ramer to cut costs at his familyowned hotel in Germany，he replaced hundreds of the hotel’s wasteful light bulbs，getting the same light for 80percent less power．（2007/12）

smart［sma：t］adj．聪明的；精明的

Smart governments can help push the market in the right direction．（2007/12）

There’s no question that going to college is a smart economic choice．（2009/6）

smash［smē∫］vt．打碎，打破，粉碎

smuggle［′smag（a）l］vt．私运vi．走私

snack［snēk］n．快餐，小吃

snap［snēp］vt．猛咬，突然折断

sneer［snia］vi．＆n．冷笑；嘲笑

sniff［snif］vi．用鼻子吸vt．嗅

snob［snab］n．势利小人

snobbish［′snabi∫］adj．势利的，谄上欺下的

snore［sna：］vi．打鼾，打呼噜

soar［sa：］vi．飞涨；猛增；猛涨；翱翔

So do exports，which thanks in part to the weak dollar，soared 11percent between May 2006and May 2007．（2008/6）

sober［′sauba］adj．清醒的；适度的

There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum．（2009/6）

sodium［′sadiam］n．钠

soil［sail］n．土；土地；土壤

On the contrary，low-level slash-and-burn farming helps farmers and improves forest soils．（2005/6）

solar［′saula］adj．利用太阳光的

solidarity［﹒sali′dēriti］n．团结；休戚相关

solidify［sa′lidifai］vt．＆vi．团结；凝固

It’s possible that plutocrats（有钱有势的人）are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory（没收性的）tax policies．（2007/12）

solo［′saulau］n．独唱，独奏；独唱曲

sophisticated［sa′fistikeitid］adj．老于世故的；高级的

．．．not necessarily because of the promise of free or reduced price phone calls，but because of the sophisticated voice services that can be exploited by the remote worker．（2009/12）

solvent［′salvant］adj．有偿付能力的；有溶解力；n．溶剂

Yet，millions of Americans above age 60are healthy and solvent（有支付能力的）．（2006/6）

souvenir［﹒su：va′nia］n．纪念品

sovereign［′savrin］n．君主adj．统治的

spacious［′spei∫as］adj．广阔的，广大的

spark［spa：k］n．火花，火星

Super-size drug prices，they claim，fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs．（2006/6）

spatial［′spei∫al］adj．空间的，占据空间的

specialist［′spe∫alist］n．专家

Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries．（2009/12）

specialize［′spe∫alaiz］vt．使专门化，专业化

Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields．（2008/12）

specialized［′spe∫alaizd］adj．专业化的

Moreover，the trend feeds on itself，a business’s ability to serve sub-markets fuels customers’appetites for more and more specialized offerings．（2005/12）

species［′spi：∫i：z］n．种，物种；种类

specification［﹒spesifi′kei∫an］n．载明，详述；规格

specimen［′spesaman］n．抽样，样品

spectacle［′spektakal］n．场面；景象，奇观

spectator［spek′teita］n．参观者，观众

spectrum［′spektram］n．系列，范围；波谱

Non-white females also tend to fall at the fatter end of the spectrum．（2008/12）

speculate［′spekjuleit］vi．思索，沉思；投机

speculative［′spekjulativ］adj．思考的；思索的；有关推断的；推测出的；投机的；投机生意的

But last week the New Zealand Life Sciences Network accused Ingham of“generating speculative doomsday scenarios（世界末日的局面）that are not scientifically supportable”．（2005/6）

spherical［′sferikal］adj．球形的，球面的

spice［spais］n．香料，调味品；香气

spiral［′spaiaral］adj．螺旋（形）的，盘旋的

spite［spait］n．恶意，怨恨

split［split］n．分裂，分化；派系

sponsor［′spansa］n．发起者；赞助者vt．发起

On Wednesday，the sponsor dropped the interest section to increase the chance of passage．（2006/12）

squash［skwa∫］vt．压碎n．鲜果汁

squat［skwat］vi．＆vt．（使）蹲下

squeeze［skwi：z］n．压榨；榨取，佣金

People feel“squeezed”because their rising incomes often don’t satisfy their rising wants—for bigger homes，more health care，more education，faster Internet connections．（2007/6）

stack［stēk］n．堆，垛vt．堆积

They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care．（2009/12）

stage［steid3］n．舞台；戏剧；阶段

For instance，the secretary who longs to be an actress describes a life that allows her to express her love of Shakespeare on stage．（2007/6）

stake［steik］n．桩；赌金；奖品

at stake胜败未定；处于成败（存亡、输赢）关头；在危险中

Another part of the study suggests far more is at stake than the mere expression of views．（2010/6）

standardize［′stēndadaiz］vt．使与标准比较；使标准化

The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies，assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction．（2006/6）

startle［′sta：tl］vt．使大吃一惊n．吃惊

startling［′sta：tliy］adj．令人吃惊的

The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a given year．（2009/12）

statement［′steitmant］n．陈述，声明

But when doing so，they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled，drawing criticism from colleagues．（2006/6）

statistically［sta′tistikli］adv．统计上

statistics［sta′tistiks］n．统计，统计数字

Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney trans-plants or early-stage cancer surgery．（2006/6）

stability［sta′biliti］n．稳定，稳定性，巩固

stable［′steibl］adj．稳定的，不变的

The communications revolution，the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on（扰乱）Europeans’private lives．（2005/6）

stagger［′stēga］vi．蹒跚vt．使摇晃

stainless［′steinlas］adj．纯洁的；不锈的

stake［steik］n．桩；股本，股份；赌注

The second rule is don’t raise the stakes by challenging her authority．（2011/6）

stall［sta：l］n．货摊，书摊；厩

stammer［′stēma］vt．口吃地说n．口吃

standard［′stēndad］n．标准adj．标准的

People regard job stability as part of their standard of living．（2007/6）

statesman［′steitsman］n．政治家（尤指贤明公正的）

There’s Benjamin Franklin，the very model of the self-educated，self-made man，who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist，philosopher，and statesman．（2005/12）

stationery［′stei∫anari］n．文具；信笺

statistical［sta′tistikl］adj．统计的，统计学的

Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes．（2007/6）But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke（偶然）．（2008/6）

status［′steitas］n．地位，身份

They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools．（2008/6）

steady［′stedi］adj．坚定的，扎实的

steel［sti：l］n．钢；钢制武器，（尤指）刀，剑（与枪炮等相对）

From steel mills to paper factories，industry eats up about a third of the world’s energy．（2007/12）

steer［stia］vt．＆vi．驾驶；行进

Many find it difficult to steer away from a career path or make a change，even if it doesn’t feel right．（2007/6）

stem［stem］vi．起源；发生

Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty，the arrival of widespread affluence suggested Utopian possibilities．（2007/6）

stereo［′steriau］n．立体声adj．立体声的

stereotype［′stiariataip］n．模式化观念（或形象）

This should have primed the subjects with“stereotype threat”—an anxiety that their results will confirm negative stereotypes，which has been shown to damage the performance of African Americans．（2010/6）

The fundamental problem of American democracy is“structural racism”，the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference．（2006/6）

stew［stju：］vt．炖vi．炖着n．炖肉

stiff［stif］adj．生硬的

stimulant［′stimjulant］n．兴奋剂；含兴奋剂的饮料

As increasing numbers of friends’children are prescribed medications—stimulants to deal with inattentiveness at school or anti-depressants to help with the loss of interest and joy in their lives，I question the role of kids’boredom in some of the diagnoses．（2006/12）

stimulate［s′timjuleit］vt．刺激，激励，激发

stimulation［﹒stimju′lei∫an］n．刺激；兴奋；激励；鼓舞

Surrounded by ever-greater stimulation，their young faces were looking dis-appointed and bored．（2006/12）

stimulus［′stimjulas］n．刺激物；起鼓舞或激励作用的事物；促进因素

For many firms，they are a stimulus to revenue．（2006/6）

sting［stiy］n．剧痛；刺激vt．刺

Perhaps surprisingly，it is not all good news：there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect．（2010/6）

stock［stak］n．原料；库存品；股本Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car？（2009/6）

stockholder n．股东

But today’s rich capitalists have regressed（倒退）to the“survival of the fittest”ideas and their loyalty extends not to their workers or even to their stockholders but only to themselves．（2006/12）

storage［′sta：rid3］n．贮藏，保管；仓库

stout［staut］adj．矮胖的；坚固的

straightforward［﹒streit′fa：wad］adj．老实的adv．坦率地

strain［strein］n．拉紧；负担，沉重压力；紧张状态v．拉紧；使过劳

Other’s highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on public services，like schools，hospitals，and jails．（2011/6）

strait［streit］n．海峡

stray［strei］vi．迷路adj．迷路的

streamline［′stri：mlain］n．流线；流线型

stress［stres］n．压力；重音vt．着重

First，suppressed emotions can contribute to stress-related disorders．（2010/12）When an employee goes on paternity leave and is with his kids，he gets a new kind of training：in how to keep cool under stress．（2007/12）

strife［straif］n．冲突，竞争

strike［straik］vt．＆vi．打，击n．罢工

Every fall，like clockwork，Linda Krentz of Beaverton，Oregon，felt her brain go on strike．（2005/6）

striking［′straikiy］adj．显著的，惊人的

strip［strip］n．窄条，长带

The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm．（2009/6）

strive［straiv］vi．努力，奋斗，力求

stroll［straul］n．散步，溜达，闲逛

stroke［strauk］n．打，击；鸣声；中风；突然来临

Perhaps their biggest stroke of luck came early on when they tried to sell their technology to other search engines．（2007/6）

stubborn［′staban］adj．顽固的；顽强的

studio［′stju：diau］n．工作室；播音室

stuffy［′stafi］adj．不透气的，闷热的

stunning［′staniy］adj．了不起的；出色的；令人惊奇的；令人震惊的

With stunning speed，the Internet is profoundly changing the way we work，shop，do business，and communicate．（2005/12）

sturdy［′sta：di］adj．坚定的；牢固的

subdue［sab′dju：］vt．使屈服，征服

subject［′sabd3ikt］vt．使隶属

Those who had watched Obama’s acceptance speech as the Democrats’presidential candidate performed just as well，on average，as the white subjects．（2010/6）

submit［sab′mit］vt．使服从vi．服从

submission［sab′mi∫an］n．屈从；归顺；投降；服从；顺从；提交；呈递

There were no footnotes or citations in Einstein’s submission to the prestigious journal．（2010/12）

subordinate［sa′ba：dinat］adj．下级的，辅助的

subscribe［sab′skraib］vi．订购，认购；预订

subscription［sab′skrip∫an］n．预约，用户，订阅费

subsequent［′sabsikwant］adj．尔后的

subsequently［′sabsikwantli］adv．其后，其次，接着

subsidiary［sab′sidiari］adj．辅助的，补充的

substance［′sabstans］n．财产；内容，本旨

That’s why I’ve rid my cupboard of microwave food packed in bags coated with a potential cancer-causing substance．（2009/12）

substantial［sab′stēn∫al］adj．物质的；坚固的

And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U．S．economy—from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami—for which the weak dollar is most excellent news．（2008/6）

substantially［sab′stēn∫ali］adv．可观地；大量地；实质上；大体上；基本上

The most significant breakthrough would be to have an inexhaustible source of safe，green energy that is substantially cheaper than any existing energy source．（2008/6）

subtle［′satl］adj．微妙的；精巧的

But why such subtle shifts make some people depressed and not others is a mystery．（2005/6）

successively［sak′sesivli］adv．连续地，相继地；依次地

Countries like Japan and Germany have successively tightened building codes，requiring an increase in insulation levels but leaving it up to builders to decide how to meet them．（2007/12）

succession［sak′se∫an］n．继承（权），后裔

successor［sak′sesa］n．继承人，继任者

suffice［sa′fais］vi．足够；有能力

suicide［′su：isaid］n．＆vi．＆vt．自杀

sullen［′salan］adj．绷着脸不高兴的

summary［′samari］adj．概括的；速决的

summit［′samit］n．顶点，最高点；极度

It is by making the effort of climbing up the mountain，step by step，that eventually the summit is reached．（2007/6）

Population ageing is on every agenda，from G8economic conferences to NATO summits．（2010/12）

summon［′saman］vt．召唤；鼓起（勇气）

The president is summoned to“fundraising dinners”where fat cats pay a thousand or so dollars a plate to worm their way into government not through service but through donations of vast amounts of money．（2006/12）

superb［sju：′pa：b］adj．壮丽的；超等的

superficial［﹒sju：pa′fi∫al］adj．表面的；肤浅的

superiority［sju：piari′ariti］n．优越（性），优势

superstition［﹒sju：pa′sti∫an］n．迷信，迷信行为

supervise［′su：pavaiz］vt．＆vi．监督，监视

supervision［﹒su：pa′vi3an］n．监督；管理；指导

While company managers have known about the benefits for a long time，many have done little about it，sceptical of whether they could trust their employees to work to full capacity without supervision．（2009/12）

supplement［′saplimant］n．补角；附录；增补（物）

supply［sa′plai］vt．＆n．供给，供应

To defend their profits，the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies（药房）not to sell to Americans by mail，and are cutting back supplies to those who dare．（2006/6）

suppress［sa′pres］vt．镇压；抑制；隐瞒

It seems that men with traditional views of masculinity are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions，supposedly because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure（镇定）．（2010/12）

supreme［sju：′pri：m］adj．最高的；最大的

The attitude questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue．（2005/12）

surge［sa：d3］vi．＆n．（人群等）蜂拥而出；（感情等）洋溢，奔放；（波涛等）汹涌

There’s been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out（or vice versa）．（2007/12）

surgery［′sa：d3ari］n．外科，外科手术

Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney trans-plants or early-stage cancer surgery．（2006/6）

surgical［′sa：d3ikl］adj．外科的；外科手术的；外科用的

Moreover，the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures．（2009/12）

surpass［sa′pa：s］vt．超过，超越，胜过

surplus［′sa：plas］n．过剩，剩余（物资）

suspicious［sa′spi∫as］adj．可疑的；猜疑的

In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest．（2005/12）

sustain［sas′tein］vt．支撑；供养；忍受

sustainable［sa′steinabl］adj．可持续的

This is especially true in agriculture，where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives．（2008/12）

sustainablility［sa﹒steina′biliti］n．持续性；能维持性；永续性

The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustain-ability，which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage．（2008/12）

sweat［swet］n．汗vi．出汗

I could spend months sweating over my own“paintings”，but I’d produce something you wouldn’t want to hang in your living room．（2010/6）

We keep our temperatures constant by altering our metabolic（新陈代新的）rate，shivering or sweating．（2008/12）

swell［swel］vi．＆vt．使膨胀，隆起

switch［swit∫］n．（树木的）软枝条；vt．（使某事物）转变或改变；用开关开启（或关掉）

Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer．（2009/12）

symmetrical［si′metrikal］adj．对称的，匀称的

symmetry［′simitri］n．对称（性），匀称

symphony［′simfani］n．交响乐；交响乐团

symposium［sim′pauziam］n．酒会；座谈会

symptom［′simptam］n．症状，征候，征兆

synonymous［si′nanimas］adj．同义的；同义词性质的

The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that“elderly”and“needy”are synonymous（同义的）．（2006/6）

systematic［sin′θetik］adj．成体系的；分类的

systematically［﹒sisti′mētikali］adv．系统地，有规则地

Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools．（2008/6）

synthesis［′sinθisis］n．合成；综合，综合物

synthetic［sin′θetik］adj．综合的；合成的

And how does it compare with the other，seemingly perpetual health scares we confront，like panic over lead in synthetic athletic fields？（2009/12）

T

tack［tēk］n．平头钉vt．钉住

tackle［′tēkal］vt．解决，对付n．用具

To tackle the problem of ageing populations at its root，“old”countries would have to rejuvenate（使年轻）themselves by having more of their own children．（2010/12）

tact［tēkt］n．机敏，圆滑，得体

tactics［′tēktiks］n．策略；战术，兵法

tag［tēg］n．附加语；标签

Most of us tend to look at today’s price tag more than tomorrow’s potential saving．（2007/12）

tangle［′tēygal］vt．使缠结，使纠缠

target［′ta：git］n．靶，标的；目标

Yet while broadband has come down in price too，those service providers targeting the business market warn against consumer services masquerading（伪装）as business-friendly broadband．（2009/12）

tease［ti：z］vt．逗乐，戏弄；强求

telecom［′telakam］n．电传视讯，电磁通信，远距离通信

Internet-based telecoms，or VoIP（Voice over IP）to give it its technical title，is an interesting tool to any business supporting remote working．（2009/12）

temporary［′temparari］adj．暂时的，临时的

The company will also be able to avoid the expense of having to relocate staff to temporary offices for several weeks when it begins disruptive office renovations soon．（2009/12）

tempt［tempt］vt．引诱，诱惑，劝诱

tempted［′temptid］adj．有兴趣的；很想要做的

With private financial support，the state will be less likely to lose talented scientists who would be tempted to leave the field or even leave the country as research dependent on federal money slows to a glacial（极其缓慢的）pace．（2006/12）

tenant［′tenant］n．房客；租户；佃户；（建筑物或土地的）占用者，占有者

This looks like the year that hard-pressed tenants in California will get relief．（2006/12）

tensile［′tensail］adj．张力的；能伸长的

terminal［′ta：minal］n．计算机终端；线接头

terminology［﹒ta：mi′nalad3i］n．术语学，术语

terrace［′teras］n．平台，阳台，露台

terrify［′terifai］vt．使恐怖，使惊吓

terrorist［′terarist］n．恐怖分子

The real United 93crashed in a Pennsylvania field after 40passengers and crew fought back against the terrorists．（2008/6）

testify［′testifai］v．证明，证实，作证

The controversy began on 1February，when Ingham testified before New

Zealand’s Royal Commission on Genetic Modification，which will determine how to regulate GM organisms．（2005/6）

theme［θi：m］n．题目；主旋律

thermal［′θa：mal］adj．热的；温泉的

therapy［′θerapi］n．治疗；疗法；物理疗法

After all，it’s hard to do a double-blind test when the subjects can see for themselves whether or not the light is on．that’s why nobody has ever separated the real effects of light therapy from placebo（安慰剂）effects．（2005/6）

thesis［′θi：sis］n．论题，论点；论文

Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford University；his MBA the-sis was on marketing athletic shoes．（2008/12）

thorough［′θara］adj．精心的；详尽的

thrash［θrē∫］vt．痛打，鞭打vi．打

threshold［′θre∫hauld］n．门槛；入门，开端

threaten［′θretn］vt．＆vi．威胁，恐吓

For most of history，“hunger，sickness，and cold”threatened nearly every-one，Galbraith wrote．（2007/6）

threatening［′θretaniy］adj．胁迫的；凶兆的；险恶的

How we try to keep our kids safe—whether it’s possible to keep them safe—in what feels like an increasingly threatening world．（2009/12）

thrifty［′θrifti］adj．节俭的；兴旺的

thrill［θril］n．一阵激动

thriller［′θrila］n．惊险小说，惊险电影

Throughout the season，I noticed similar events all around me．Parentsseemed hard-pressed to find new thrills for indifferent kids．（2006/12）

thrive［θraiv］vi．兴旺，繁荣，旺盛

Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar．（2008/6）

ticket［′tikit］n．（交通违章）罚款传票

tickle［′tikal］vt．挠胳肢；逗乐

tight［tait］adj．紧的；紧身的

tightly［′taitli］adv．紧地，牢固地

Even 60days in a tight housing market won’t be long enough for some families to find an apartment near where their kids go to school．（2006/12）

tile［tail］n．瓦片，瓷砖；贴砖

tilt［tilt］vt．＆vi．（使）倾斜

timely［′taimli］adj．及时的；适时的

tip［tip］vt．轻击vi．给小费

It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables，and fortunately，much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips．（2007/12）

titanic［tai′tēnik］adj．巨大的；极大的

The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound．（2008/6）

token［′taukan］n．象征；辅币；纪念品

tolerate［′talareit］vt．容忍，宽容

Reporters can tolerate rejection of their ideas if the believe they were given a fair hearing．（2011/6）

tone［taun］n．色调，光度；风气；语气；口气

From my first day，I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me．（2007/12）

tone down vt．降低，柔和，缓和

Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more．（2006/6）

torment［′ta：ment，ta：′ment］n．痛苦vt．折磨

toss［tas］vi．翻来覆去

tow［tau］vt．＆n．拖引，牵引

tower［′taua］vi．高耸，屹立；翱翔

track［trēk］n．行踪；路径；轨道

But most parents are more than happy to use cell phones to keep track of their kids．（2009/6）

track meet田径运动会

In fact，Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets．（2008/12）

tragedy［′trēd3idi］n．悲剧；惨事，惨案

That hasn’t stopped criticism that the studio is exploiting a national tragedy．（2008/6）

train［trein］vt．培养，训练（某人或某动物）training n．训练，锻炼，培养

It is the teacher who has the training and experience to make this decision．（2010/6）

trait［treit］n．特征，显著的特点，特性

A similar test can also measure how quickly subjects associate stereotypical traits—such as athletic skills or mental ability—with a particular group．（2010/6）

tramp［trēmp］vt．＆vi．＆n．步行，跋涉

trample［′trēmpal］vt．＆vi．＆n．践踏，蹂躏

tranquil［′trēykwil］adj．平静的；稳定的

transaction［trēn′zēk∫an］n．处理；交易；和解

transfer［trēns′fa：］vt．转移；调动vi．转移

Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits，which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old．（2006/6）

transform［trēns′fa：m］vt．变压；变换

When viewed at the national level，the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of U．K．universities．（2011/12）

transient［′trēnziant］adj．短暂的，片刻的；转瞬即逝的

In many cases the money seemed to do little more than buy transient relief from the terrible moans of their bored children．（2006/12）

transition［trēn′zi∫an］n．转变，变迁；过渡

translate［trēns′leit］vt．翻译（某言语，尤指文字）；用简易的语言表达（某事）

translation n．翻译；译文，译本

One emotion males are allowed to express is anger．Sometimes this anger translates into physical aggression or violence．（2010/12）

transplant［trēns′pla：nt，trēns′plēnt］vt．＆vi．移植，移种

transport［trēns′pa：t］vt．运输n．运输

transportation［﹒trēnspa：′tei∫an］n．运输，运送，客运

Would you let your fourth-grader ride public transportation without an adult？

Probably not．（2009/6）

transverse［trēnz′va：s］adj．横切的n．横轴

traverse［′trēva：s］vt．横越，横切，横断

tread［tred］vi．＆vt．踩，踏，践踏

tremendous［tri′mendas］adj．极大的，非常的

But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’lives．（2006/6）

trench［trent∫］n．深沟；壕沟，战壕

trend［trend］vi．伸向；倾向n．倾向

Should the trend continue，the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000peak．（2008/6）

trendy［′trendi］adj．时髦的；赶时髦的

The very rich are just as trendy as you and I，and can be so when it comes to politics and policy．（2007/12）

tribute［′tribju：t］n．贡物；献礼，贡献

trifle［′traifal］vi．玩忽；闲混；嬉耍

triumphant［trai′amfant］adj．得胜的；得意洋洋的

trolley［′trali］n．手推车；无轨电车

tropic［′trapik］n．热带地区；回归线

tropical［′trapikal］adj．热带的；炎热的

trot［trat］vi．＆n．（马）小跑，慢跑

toll［taul］n．过路费，过桥费；伤亡人数，损失

take a heavy toll on使遭受重创

Trawlers（which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor）and longline fishers（which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles）take a heavy toll on turtles．（2009/6）

toxic［′taksik］adj．有毒的

Great，I thought，organic lunch，toxic campus．（2009/12）

tuberculosis［tju：﹒ba：kju′lausis］n．结核病，肺结核

tug［tag］vi．用力拖n．猛拉，拖

tuition［tju：′i∫n］n．教，教诲；学费

There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum．（2009/6）

twilight［′twailait］n．黎明，黄昏；曙光

twist［twist］v．歪曲，曲解

tyranny［′tirani］n．暴政，专制；残暴

tyrant［′taiarant］n．暴君；专制君主

U

ultimate［′altimit］adj．基本的，首要的；最终的

This might seem like the ultimate defeat for racism，but ignoring the race of certain select individuals—aphenomenon that psychologists call subtyping—also has an insidious（隐伏的）side．（2010/6）

ultimately［′altimitli］adv．最终，最后

As a wise man once said，we are all ultimately alone．（2005/6）

ultrasonic［﹒altra′sanik］adj．超声的n．超声波

ultraviolet［﹒altra′vaialit］adj．紫外的n．紫外线辐射

Whatever product you use should emit only visible light，because ultraviolet light damages the eyes．（2005/6）

unanimous［ju：′nēnimas］adj．（全体）一致的

unavoidable［﹒ana′vaidabl］adj．不可免除的

A coffee at Starbucks，just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States，runs about＄8．（2008/6）

unconstrained［﹒ankan′streind］adj．不受拘束的，自由的，不受强制的

Starting breakthroughs in information technology have irreversibly altered the ability to conduct business unconstrained by the traditional limitations of time or space．（2005/12）

underachievement［﹒andara′t∫i：vmant］n．学习成绩不良；未发挥学习潜能

Tells fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks—that large parts of the community may become mired in a seemingly state of poverty and underachievement．（2008/12）

undercurrent［′anda﹒karant］n．潜流；暗流；潜在的感情、影响或倾向（尤指与其表象相反的）

Will there ever be another Einstein？This is the undercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year．（2010/12）

underestimate［﹒andar′estimeit］vt．低估，看轻

underlie［﹒anda′lai］v．位于或存在于（某物）之下；构成（某人行动、理论等）的基础；作（某事物）的说明或解释

underlying the hysteria（歇斯底里）is the belief that scarce elite degrees mustbe highly valuable．（2008/6）

underline［﹒anda′lain，′andarlain］vt．着重；预告

undertake［﹒anda′teik］vt．约定，保证；从事

undertaking［﹒anda′teikiy］n．任务，事业；承担

undesirable［﹒andi′zaiarabal］adj．不合需要的；讨厌的

undoubtedly［an′dautidli］adv．毋庸置疑，肯定地

Undoubtedly American education should train more scientists and engineers．（2010/12）

uneasy［an′i：zi］adj．不安的；拘束的

unemployment［﹒anim′plaimant］n．失业；失业人数

In the 1930sunemployment had averaged 18．2percent；in the 1950sit was 4．5percent．（2007/6）

unevenly［′an′i：vanli］adv．不平衡地；不均匀地；不平坦地

But nowadays income is being distributed more and more unevenly and corporate loyalty is a thing of the past．（2006/12）

unfit［an′fit］adj．不合适的；无能力的

unfold［′an′fauld］vt．展开vi．呈现

ungrateful［an′greitfal］adj．不感激的；不领情的；忘恩负义的

They threaten the creation of a new myth，that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other age groups．（2006/6）

uniformly［′ju：nifa：mli］adv．相同地；一贯

universal［﹒ju：ni′va：sal］adj．全体的；影响全体的；全体做的；共同的

universally［﹒ju：ni′va：sali］adv．普遍地，一般地

Given the recent change of control in Congress，popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage，and efforts by California’governor to offer universal health care，these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows．（2007/12）

unlimited［an′limitid］adj．无限的；不定的

unorthodox［′an′a：θadaks］adj．非正统的；非正规的；非传统的

This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon，dating back more than 1，000years，helped create patches of rich，fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today．（2005/6）

unpaid［an′peid］adj．未付的；不支薪水的

unprecedented［an′presidentid］adj．无前例的；前所未有的；空前的

What is happening now is historically unprecedented．（2010/12）

unreasonable［an′ri：zanabl］adj．不讲道理的；过度的

unrestrained［′anris′treind］adj．不受抑制的；无拘束的；不受控制的；未加制止的

In Letters from an American Farmer（1782）he wrote．“We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered（无拘无束的）and unrestrained，because each person works for himself．”（2005/12）

unsustainable［﹒ansa′steinabl］adj．无法支撑的；无法维持的

In a report entitled“Averting the Old Age Crisis”，the World Bank argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable．（2010/12）

unsympathetic［′an﹒simpa′θetik］adj．不表同情的，不共鸣的，无情的

There，men are still expected to be breadwinners climbing the corporate ladder；traditionally-minded bosses are often unsympathetic to family needs．（2007/12）

untie［an′tai］vt．解开，松开；解放

unveil［an′veil］vt．除去面纱；揭去某物（某人）的面纱或遮盖物；除去（某物）的幕布等；（尤指）为（某事物）揭幕

On Jan．10，the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20percent by 2020．（2007/12）

update［ap′deit］vt．更新（某事物）；使现代化；向某人提供最新信息

Although the firm was updating its systems anyway，the company spent 10-15%more per user to equip them with a laptop rather than a PC，and about the same to upgrade to a server that would enable remote staff to connect to the company networks and access all their usual resources．（2009/12）

upgrade［ap′greid］vt．提高某人（某事物）的级别或等级

The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from“threatened”to“en-dangered”．（2009/6）

uphold［﹒ap′hauld］vt．举起；支撑；赞成

uproar［′apra：］n．骚动，扰乱；喧嚣

uranium［jua′reinjam］n．铀

urban［′a：ban］adj．城市的

Modern urban life in rich countries is not well adapted to large families．（2010/12）

urge［a：d3］vt．＆vi．强烈希望

Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever．（2008/6）

urgent［′a：d3ant］adj．紧急的；强求的

What parents do，in other words，is of deep concern to the state，for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society．（2010/6）

utensil［ju：′tensal］n．器皿，用具

utility［ju：′tiliti］n．效用，有用，实用

If you add enough you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment，lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills．（2007/12）

utilization［﹒ju：tilai′zei∫an］n．利用，效用

V

vacation［vei′kei∫an］n．假期，休假

Many Europeans now apparently view the U．S．the way many Americans view Mexico—as a cheap place to vacation，shop and party，all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking．（2008/6）

vaccinate［′vēksineit］vt．给……种牛痘

validation［vēli′dei∫an］vt．证实；批准；确认

As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama，she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders．“In that one second，it was a validation for my whole race，”she recalls．（2010/6）

validity［va′liditi］n．有效，效力；正确

Since December，when the report came out，the mayor，neighborhood activists（活跃分子）and various parent-teacher associations have engaged in a fierce battle over its validity．（2009/12）

value［′vēlju：］vt．尊重，重视，评价

But try to imagine our world as well without the remarkable works that have defined our culture and values．（2010/12）

variation［﹒veari′ei∫an］n．变化，变动；变异

But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesn’t come down merely to dollars and cents．（2009/6）

vault［va：lt］n．拱顶；地下室，地窖

vegetation［﹒ved3i′tei∫an］n．植被；植物（总称）；草木

Unburnt vegetation rots quickly，but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries．（2005/6）

veil［veil］vt．以面纱遮掩vi．遮盖

vein［vein］n．静脉，血管，矿脉

velocity［vi′lasiti］n．迅速，快速；速度

velvet［′velvit］adj．丝绒制的；柔软的

vengeance［′vend3ans］n．报复，报仇，复仇

A 2008study by two Harvard economists notes that the“labor-market premium to skill”—or the amount college graduates earned that’s greater than what high-school graduate earned—decreased for much of the 20th century，but has come back with a vengeance since the 1980s．（2009/6）

ventilate［′ventileit］vt．使通风，使换气

verge［va：d3］n．边缘，边界，界限

versatile［′va：satail］adj．多方面的；通用的

verse［va：s］n．诗，韵文；诗行

versus［′va：sas］prep．（比赛等中）对

venture［′vent∫a］n．＆vi．冒险vt．敢于

venture capitalist风险资本家

They raised money from prescient（有先见之明的）professors and venturecapitalists，and moved off campus to turn Google into business．（2007/6）

veto［′vi：tau］n．否决，否决权，禁止

vicinity［vi′siniti］n．邻近；附近地区

vicious［′vi∫as］adj．邪恶的；恶性的

villa［′vila］n．别墅；城郊小屋

vigour［′viga］n．活力，精力；元气

vigorous［′vigaras］adj．有力的；精力充沛的

Turning on the same protective systems in people should，by 2056，create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as today’s people in their 60s．（2008/6）

vine［vain］n．蔓，藤，藤本植物

violate［′vaialeit］vt．违犯，违背；侵犯

violation［﹒vaia′lei∫an］n．违犯；侵犯，妨碍

This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century．（2006/6）

virtual［′va：t∫ual］adj．实际上的，实质上的

These“thought experiments”were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown．（2010/12）

virtually［′va：tjuali］adv．在各重要方面；事实上；实际上；几乎

Beyond the realm of information technology，the accelerated pace of techno-logical change in virtually every industry has created entirely new business，wiped out others，and produced a pervasive demand for continuous innovation．（2005/12）

visa［′vi：za］n．签证

viscous［′viskas］adj．粘滞的，粘性的

vision［′vi3an］n．视力；眼光，想象力

To achieve a desired vision for your business，it is vital that you have a personal vision of where you are headed and what you value．（2011/12）

vitamin［′vitamin，vaitamin］n．维生素，维他命

void［vaid］adj．空的；无效的

volunteer［﹒valan′tia］n．志愿者vt．志愿

The plan can include researching industries and occupations，talking to people who are in your desired area of work，taking classes，or accepting volunteer work in your targeted field．（2007/6）

vow［vau］n．誓言，誓约，许愿

If you love the social aspects of your job，but are stuck inside an office or“chained to your desk”most of the time，vow to follow your instinct and investigate alternative careers and work that allow you more time to interact with others．（2007/6）

vulgar［′valga］adj．粗俗的，庸俗的

vulnerable［′valnarabl］adj．容易受伤害的；暴露于危险面前的；易受攻击的；无防御的

Thus，young boys learn early to hide vulnerable emotions such as love，joy，and sadness because they believe that such feelings are feminine and imply weakness．（2010/12）

W

wade［′weid］vt．趟（河），跋涉

wag［wēg］vt．摇，摇摆，摆动

Wall Street华尔街

Main Street平民百姓

We have experienced both the benefits and risks of a truly global economy，with both Wall Street and Main Street feeling the pains of economic disorder half a world away．（2005/12）

walnut［′wa：lnat，′wa：lnat］n．胡桃，核桃树

wander［′wanda］vi．漫游；迷路；离题

Are Modern parents needlessly overprotective，or is the world a more complicated and dangerous place than it was when previous generations were allowed to wander about unsupervised？（2009/6）

warfare［′wa：fea］n．战争，战争状态

Their message was blunt：health-care systems were heading for the rocks，pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners，and soon there would be intergenerational warfare．（2010/12）

warily［′wearili］adv．留心地；警惕地；小心地

Men often find themselves excluded from mothers’support networks，and are eyed warily on the playground．（2007/12）

ward［wa：d］n．病房，病室；监房

warehouse［′wεahaus，′wεahauz］n．仓库，货栈

warrant［′warant，′wa：rant］n．许可证，委任状

watchful［′wat∫ful］adj．注意的，警惕的

warning［′wa：niy］n．警告，告诫，鉴诫

Of course，all these predictions come with a scientific health warning．（2008/6）

watertight［′wa：tatait］adj．不漏水的，防水的

wave［weiv］n．波；波涛vi．波动

The new wave of immigrants cannot，and indeed do not want to，fit in as previous generations did．（2008/12）

waver［′weiva］vi．摇摆；犹豫不决

weak dollar美元疲软

But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U．S．than a weak dollar．（2008/6）

weapon［′wepan］n．武器，兵器

Their main weapon against super skinny（role）models：a brand of civil disobedience dubbed“body activism．”（2009/6）

weaver［wi：va］n．织布工，编织者

wedge［wed3］n．揳vt．揳入；挤入

weed out［′wi：daut］vt．淘汰；剔除

And when he weeded out“the most doubtful measures of aggression”，only 28%supported a connection．（2006/6）

welfare［′welfea］n．幸福，福利

The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children’welfare，yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes．（2010/6）

wharf［hwa：f］n．码头，停泊所

whisker［hwisk］n．髯，连鬓胡子

whitewash［′hwaitwa∫］n．石灰水vt．粉饰

wholesale［′haulseil］n．批发；整批出卖adj＆adv．批发的；大批的；用批发方式

The president’s decision a year ago to allow research on already existing stem cell lines was portrayed as a reasonable compromise between scientists’needs for cells to work with，and concerns that this kind of research could lead to wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos（胚胎）．（2006/12）

wholesome［′haulsam］adj．有益的；有益健康的

widow［′widau］n．寡妇

Once upon a time，people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage—twentysomething professionals or widowed senior citizens．（2005/6）

wield［wi：ld］vt．挥（剑）；行使

willing［wiliy］adj．愿意的，心甘情愿的

willingness［′wiliynis］n．自愿；乐意

And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars，college students often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products．（2009/6）

willow［′wilau］n．柳树，柳木

wind up［′waindap］vi．结束；歇业；vt．使紧张；使兴奋；振作；上发条

She wound up defending herself on CNN and on popular blogs like the Buffington Post，where her follow-up piece was ironically headlined“More From America’s Worst Mom．”（2009/6）

windmill［′windmil］n．风车

wink［wiyk］vi．眨眼；使眼色

wither［′wiσa］vi．枯萎vt．使衰弱

whereas［hwεa′ēz］conj．而，却，反之

witness［′witnis］n．证据；证人vt．目击

This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy．（2006/6）

withdraw［wiσ′dra：］vt．收回；撤回vi．撤退

This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background，sub-ordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head．（2007/6）

woe［wau］n．悲哀，悲痛，苦恼

wonder drug n．仙药，灵药，特效药

Super-size drug prices，they claim，fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs．（2006/6）

workforce［′wa：kfa：s］n．劳动力

The U．K．network of Business Links claims that as many as 60-70%of the businesses offer some form of remote working support to their workforces．（2009/12）

worship［′wa：∫ip］vt．崇拜vi．做礼拜

wrath［raθ，rēθ］n．暴怒，狂怒，愤慨

wreck［rek］n．失事；残骸vt．破坏

And the propagandists’trump card（王牌）—“Wreck our brilliant health-care system．”（2006/6）

wrench［rent∫］vt．拧，扭伤n．拧

wrestle［′resl］n．摔跤；斗争，搏斗

wretched［′ret∫id］adj．不幸的；卑鄙的

wring［riy］vt．拧，挤，扭，榨

wrinkle［′riykl］n．皱纹vt．使起皱纹

X

xerox［′ziaraks］vt．＆vi．用静电复印

Y

yacht［jat］n．游艇，快艇

yearn［ja：n］vi．想念，怀念，向往

yield［ji：ld］vt．＆vi．出产n．产量

Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields．（2008/12）

yoke［jauk］n．轭，牛轭；枷锁

yolk［jauk，jaulk］n．蛋黄，卵黄

Z

Zen［zen］n．禅，禅宗（日本佛教宗派，注重静坐沉思而并非诵读经文）

Like the way of Zen，which includes understanding of oneself as one really is，Miller encourages job seekers and those dissatisfied with work or life to examine their beliefs about work．（2007/6）

zinc［ziyk］n．锌vt．在……上镀锌