鲁道夫（T.J.Rudolph）、冈尔（Amy Gangl）与斯蒂文森（Dan Stevens）引入了政治效能理论对情智理论进行修正。政治内在效能是指个人能够理解政治和有充分的能力参与各种政治活动，譬如投票的自我知觉。他们提出，内在效能通过与个人焦虑的互动，会对竞选活动的参与发挥间接和积极的影响：高效能感的焦虑者更少恐惧，很少受限于焦虑，反而会更加积极地迎接挑战，促进竞选的参与，而低效能感的焦虑者则没有此影响。[24]
【注释】
[1]参见林嘉诚：《政治心理形成与政治参与行为》，台湾商务印书馆，1988年，第164页。
[2]George E.Marcus，W.Russell Neuman，Michael Mackuen，Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment，The University of Chicago Press，2000，pp.14-20.
[3]Kathleen M.McGraw，Contributions of the Cognitive Approach to Political Psychology，Political Psychology，Vol.21，No.4，2000，pp.805-832.
[4]George E.Marcus，Emotion and Politics：Hot Cognitions and the Rediscovery of Passion，Social Science Information，Vol.30，No.2，1991，pp.195-232.
[5]George E.Marcus，W.Russell Neuman，Michael Mackuen，Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment，The University of Chicago Press，2000，pp.1-2.
[6]GeorgeE.Marcus，TheStructureofEmotionalResponse：1984PresidentialCandidates，TheAmerican Political Science Review，Vol.82，No.3，1988，pp.737-761.
[7]George E.Marcus，W.Russell Neuman，Michael Mackuen，Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment，The University of Chicago Press，2000，pp.34-35.
[8]George E.Marcus，W.Russell Neuman，Michael Mackuen，Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment，The University of Chicago Press，2000，p.41.
[9]George E.Marcus，Michael B.Mackuen，Anxiety，Enthusiasm，and the Vote：The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns，The American Political Science Review，Vol.87，No.3，1993，pp.672-685.
[10]George E.Marcus，et al.，The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition：The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments，Political Psychology，Vol.26，No.6，2005，pp.949-963.
[11]Michael Mackuen，et al.，The Third Way：The Theory of Affective Intelligence and American Democracy.In W.Russell Neuman，George E.Marcus，Ann N.Crigler，and Michael Mackuen eds.，The Affect Effect：Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior，The University of Chicago Press，2007，p.128.
[12]P.E.Lazarsfeld，B.Berelson and H.Gaudet，The People’s Choice，Columbia University Press，1948，p.6.
[13]Angus Campbell，et al.，The American Voter，John Wiley&Sons，Inc.，1964，pp.269-274.
[14]Anthony Downs，An Economic Theory of Democracy，Harber&Row，1957，p.42.
[15]Michael Mackuen，et al.，The Third Way：The Theory of Affective Intelligence and American Democracy.In W.Russell Neuman，George E.Marcus，Ann N.Crigler，and Michael Mackuen eds，The Affect Effect：Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior，The University of Chicago Press，2007，pp.129-132.
[16]Ibid.，pp.143-145.
[17]Ibid.，p.149.
[18]George E.Marcus，W.Russell Neuman，Michael Mackuen，Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment，The University of Chicago Press，2000，pp.126-127.
[19]Francis Neely，Party Identification in Emotional and Political Context：A Replication，Political Psychology，Vol.28，No.6，2007，pp.667-688.
[20]Nicholas A.Valentino，Vincent L.Hutchings，Antoine J.Banks，Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen?Emotions Political Information Seeking，and Learning via the Internet，Political Psychology，Vol.29，No.2，2008，pp.247-273.
[21]Huddy，L.，Feldman，S.，Tabler，C.&Lhav，G.，Threat，Anxiety，and Support of Antiterrorism Politics，American Journal of Political Science，Vol.49，2005，pp.593-608；Huddy，L.，Feldman，S.&Cassese，E.，On the Distinct Political Effects of Anxiety and Anger.In W.R.Neuman，G.E.Marcus&A.N.Crigler eds.，The Affect Effect：Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior，The University of Chicago Press，2007，pp.202-230.
[22]LeonieHuddy，etal.，Threat，Anxiety，andSupportofAntiterrorismPolicies，AmericanJournal of Political Science，Vol.49，No.3，2005，pp.593–608.
[23]Jonathan McDonald Ladd.Gabriel S.Lenz，Reassessing the Role of Anxiety in Vote Choice，Political Psychology，Vol.29，No.2，2008，pp.275-296.
[24]Thomas J.Rudolph，Amy Gangl，Dan Stevens，The Effects of Efficacy and Emotions on Campaign Involvement，The Journal of Politics，Vol.62，No.4，2000，pp.1189-1197.
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