《美国统一商法典》中的预期违约

第一节　《美国统一商法典》中的预期违约

预期违约指合同一方在合同规定的履行时间到来之前，明确表示将不履行自己承担的合同义务，或情况显示他将不可能履行合同义务。根据预期违约制度，如果合同的任何一方在合同规定的履行合同的时间到来之前明确表示将不履行自己承担的合同义务，或情况显示他将不可能履行合同义务，另一方通常可以立即解除合同，同时请求获得损害赔偿的救济。根据统一商法典2－610 “When either party repudiates the contract with respect to a performance not yet due the loss of which will substantially impair the value of the contract to the other，the aggrieved party may

(a)for a commercially reasonable time await performance by the repudiating party;or

(b)resort to any remedy for breach(Section 2－703 or Section 2－711)，even though he has notified the repudiating party that he would await the latter's performance and has urged retraction;and

(c)in either case suspend his own performance or proceed in accordance with the provisions of this Article on the seller's right to identify goods to the contract notwithstanding breach or to salvage unfinished goods(Section 2－704)．”。

同时根据§ 2－611，预期违约的一方也可以通过补救使合同继续履行:

“(1)Until the repudiating party's next performance is due he can retract his repudiation unless the aggrieved party has since the repudiation cancelled or materially changed his position or otherwise indicated that he considers the repudiation final.

(2)Retraction may be by any method which clearly indicates to the aggrieved party that the repudiating party intends to perform，but must include any assurance justifiably demanded under the provisions of this Article(Section 2－609)．

(3)Retraction reinstates the repudiating party's rights under the contract with due excuse and allowance to the aggrieved party for any delay occasioned by the repudiation.”。

案例39

Oloffson v.Clarence Coomer

ALLOY，Presiding Justice:

Richard Oloffson， d/b/a Rich's Ag Service appeals from a judgment of the circuit court of Bureau County in favor of appellant against Clarence Coomer in the amount of $ 1 500 plus costs.The case was tried by the court without a jury.

Oloffson was a grain dealer.Coomer was a farmer.Oloffson was in the business of merchandising grain.Consequently，he was a “merchant”within the meaning of section 2－104of the Uniform Commercial Code.(Ill.Rev.Stat.1969，ch.26 s 2－104)．Coomer，however，was simply in the business of growing rather than merchandising grain.He，therefore，was not a “merchant”with respect to the merchandising of grain.

On April 16，1970，Coomer agreed to sell to Oloffson，for delivery in October and December of 1970，40 000 bushels of corn.Oloffson testified at the trial that the entire agreement was embodied in two separate contracts，each covering 20 000 bushels and that the first 20 000 bushels were to be delivered on or before October 30 at a price of $ 1.12 3/4 per bushel and the second 20 000 bushels were to be delivered on or before December 15，at a price of $ 1.12 1/4 per bushel.Coomer，in his testimony，agreed that the 40 000 bushels were to be delivered but stated that he was to deliver all he could by October 30 and the balance by December 15.

On June 3， 1970， Coomer informed Oloffson that he was not going to plant corn because the season had been too wet.He told Oloffson to arrange elsewhere to obtain the corn if Oloffson had obligated himself to deliver to any third party.The price for a bushel of corn on June 3，1970，for future delivery，was $ 1.16.In September of 1970，Oloffson asked Coomer about delivery of the corn and Coomer repeated that he would not be able to deliver.Oloffson，however，persisted.He mailed Coomer confirmations of the April 16 agreement.Coomer ignored these.Oloffson's attorney then requested that Coomer perform.Coomer ignored this request likewise.The scheduled delivery dates referred to passed with no corn delivered.Oloffson then covered his obligation to his own vendee by purchasing 20 000 bushels at $ 1.35 per bushel and 20 000 bushels at $ 1.49 per bushel.The judgment from which Oloffson appeals awarded Oloffson as damages，the difference between the contract and the market prices on June 3，1970，the day upon which Coomer first advised Oloffson he would not deliver.

Oloffson argues on this appeal that the proper measure of his damages was the difference between the contract price and the market price on the dates the corn should have been delivered in accordance with the April 16 agreement.Plaintiff does not seek any other damages.The trial court prior to entry of judgment，in an opinion finding the facts and reviewing the law，found that plaintiff was entitled to recover judgment only for the sum of $1 500 plus costs as we have indicated which is equal to the amount of the difference between the minimum contract price and the price on June 3，1970，of $ 1.16 per bushel(taking the greatest differential from $ 1.12 1/4 per bushel multiplied by 40 000 bushels)．We believe the findings and the judgment of the trial court were proper and should be affirmed.

It is clear that on June 3，1970，Coomer repudiated the contract “with respect to performance not yet due.”Under the terms of the Uniform Commercial Code the loss would impair the value of the contract to the remaining party in the amount as indicated.(Ill.Rev.Stat.1969，ch.26，s 2－610.)As a consequence， on June 3，1970， Oloffson， as the “aggrieved party”，could then:

“(a)for a commercially reasonable time await performance by the repudiating party;or

(b)resort to any remedy for breach(Section 2－703 or Section 2－711)，even though he has notified the repudiating party that he would await the latter's performance and has urged retraction;”

If Oloffson chose to proceed under subparagraph(a)referred to，he could have awaited Coomer's performance for a“commercially reasonable time.”As we indicate in the course of this opinion，that“commercially reasonable time”expired on June 3，1970.The Uniform Commercial Code made a change in existing Illinois law in this respect，in that，prior to the “commercially reasonable time”is less than as Oloffson was privileged to await a seller's performance until the date that，according to the agreement，such performance was scheduled.To the extent that a“commercial reasonable time”is less than such date of performance，the Code now conditions the buyer's right to await performance.［See Ill.Rev.Stat.Ann.1969，ch.26，s 2－610，Illinois Code Comment，Paragraph(a)］．

If，alternatively，Oloffson had proceeded under subparagraph(b)by treating the repudiation as a breach，the remedies to which he would have been entitled were set forth in section 2－711(Ill.Rev.Stat.1969，ch.26，s 2－711)，which is the only applicable section to which section 2－610(b)refers，according to the relevant portion of 2－711:

“(1)Where the seller fails to make delivery or repudiates or the buyer right-fully rejects or justifiably revokes acceptance then with respect to any goods involved，and with respect to the whole if the breach goes to the whole contract(Section 2－612)，the buyer may cancel and whether or not he has done so may in addition to recovering so much of the price as has been paid

* 922(a )‘cover’and have damages under the next section as to all the goods affected whether or not they have been identified to the contract;or

(b)recover damages for non-delivery as provided in this Article(Section 2－713)．”

Plaintiff，therefore，was privileged under Section 2－610 of the Uniform Commercial Code to proceed either under subparagraph(a )or under subparagraph(b)．At the expiration of the “commercially reasonable time”specified in subparagraph(a)， he in effect would have a duty to proceed under subparagraph(b)since subparagraph(b)directs reference to remedies generally available to a buyer upon a seller's breach.

Oloffson's right to await Coomer's performance under section 2－610(a)was conditioned upon his:

(i)waiting no longer than a“commercially reasonable time”;and

(ii)dealing with Coomer in good faith.

Since Coomer's statement to Oloffson on June 3，1970，was unequivocal and since ‘cover’easily and immediately was available to Oloffson in the well-organized and easily accessible market for purchases of grain to be delivered in the future，it would be unreasonable for Oloffson on June 3，1970，to have awaited Coomer's performance rather than to have proceeded under Section 2－610(b)and，thereunder，to elect then to treat the repudiation as a breach.Therefore，if Oloffson were relying on his right to effect cover under section 2－711(1)(a)，June 3，1970，might for the foregoing reason alone have been the day on which he acquired cover.

Additionally，however，the record and the finding of the trial court indicates * 875 that Oloffson adhered to a usage of trade that permitted his customers to cancel the contract for a future delivery of grain by making known to him a desire to cancel and paying to him the difference between the contract and market price on the day of cancellation.There is no indication whatever that Coomer was aware of this usage of trade.The trial court specifically found，as a fact，that，in the context in which Oloffson's failure to disclose this information occurred，Oloffson failed to act in good faith.According to Oloffson，he didn't ask for this information:

“I'm no information sender.If he had asked I would have told him exactly what to do. I didn't feel my responsibility.I thought it his to ask，in which case I would tell him exactly what to do.”

We feel that the words“for a commercially reasonable time”as set forth in Section 2－610(a)must be read relatively to the obligation of good faith that is defined in Section 2－103(1)(b)and imposed expressly * 923 in Section 1－203.［Ill.Rev.Stat.1969，ch.26，s 2－103(1)(b)and s 1－203.］

The Uniform Commercial Code imposes upon the parties the obligation to deal with each other in good faith regardless of whether they are merchants.The Sales Article of the Code specifically defines good faith ，“in the case of a merchant ＊＊＊(as)honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade.”For the foregoing reasons and likewise because Oloffson's failure to disclose in good faith might itself have been responsible for Coomer's failure to comply with the usage of trade which we must assume was known only to Oloffson，we conclude that a commercially reasonable time under the facts before us expired on June 3， 1970.

Imputing to Oloffson the consequences of Coomer's having acted upon the information that Oloffson in good faith should have transmitted to him，Oloffson knew or should have known on June 3， 1970，the limit of damages he probably could recover.If he were obligated to deliver grain to a third party，he knew or should have known that unless he covered on June 3，1970，his own capital would be at risk with respect to his obligation to his own vendee.Therefore，on June 3， 1970，Oloffson，in effect，had a duty to proceed under subparagraph(b)of Section 2－610 and under subparagraphs(a)and(b)of subparagraph 1 of Section 2－711.If Oloffson had so proceeded under subparagraph(a)of Section 2－711，he should have effected cover and would have been entitled to recover damages all as provided in section 2－712，which requires that he would have had to cover in good faith without unreasonable delay.Since he would have had to effect cover on June 3，1970，according to section 2－712(2)，he would have been entitled to exactly the damages which the trial court awarded him in this cause.

Assuming that Oloffson had proceeded under subparagraph(b)of Section 2－711，he would have been entitled to recover from Coomer under Section 2－713 and Section 2－723 of the Commercial Code，the difference between the contract price and the market price on June 3，1970，which is the date upon which he learned of the breach.This would produce precisely the same amount of damages which the trial court awarded him.［See:Ill.Rev.Stat.1969，ch.26 s 2－723(1)］．

Since the trial court properly awarded the damages to which plaintiff was entitled in this cause，the judgment of the circuit court of Bureau County is， therefore，affirmed.

Affirmed.

STOUDER and SCOTT，JJ.，concur.

思考题

1.简述本案基本事实。

2.1970年6月3日被告通知的法律后果是什么?

3.1970年9月原告询问被告交付货物的情况导致的法律后果是什么?

4.原告的损害赔偿应当如何计算?