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我如何学写作文

时间:2022-02-27 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:哦,我妈妈真的在衰老中。

我早年在美国明尼苏达大学大众传播研究所读书时,指导教授Dr.Edwin Emery曾谆谆教诲:“journalistic English(新闻英语)的阅读对象是普通大众,因此称职的记者写出来的文章在用词及句子结构上一定要简单,而第一段导语就是全篇新闻的主干,其余各段都是按第一段发展,结尾部分总结。我们要使一般读者看完标题和第一段就能知道整篇新闻的内容,这就是——倒三角形新闻写作手法。”

然而,很多中国人习惯用华丽的辞藻及含蓄间接的方式表达文章内容,现在的中国考生在写英语作文时,大都以“正三角形”的方式写作,先用中文构思出用词优雅的引句,然后间接含蓄地表达文章主题内容,末尾才点出主题句。

现在以作文题目“我的母亲”为例,典型的中国学生会这样写:

清晨一大早,我就被鸡啼声吵醒。我往窗外探看,这时天边刚露出了一层“鱼肚白”。不久,厨房内传来了妈妈在磨豆浆的声音。自从爸爸过世后,妈妈就靠着一大早在市场辛苦卖豆浆,挣点小钱养活我们母子俩。妈妈真辛苦!

想到这里,我不禁热泪盈眶,喃喃自语道:“妈妈,感谢您为这个家多年来无怨无悔地奉献。对我而言,您是世界上最伟大的妈妈。请您放心,我会努力用功,将来成大器,以此来报答您!”

这个学生经过一番深思熟虑,深信自己一定会写出一篇动人的文章,便开始把心中构思好的中文句子翻译成英语:

Early in the morning, I was woken up by the ...

这时,他突然停下笔,不知如何翻译“鸡啼声”,只好用the noise of cocks来取代,形成下面的句子:

Early in the morning, I was woken up by the noise of cocks.

批改作文的老师如果是英国人或美国人,看到这句话的最后一个单词cocks时一定会忍不住大笑,因为cock一词在英语俚语里的意思是“男性生殖器”,因此提到公鸡,外国人大都会用rooster一词。接着这个学生又继续把心中想的第二个句子翻译成英语如下:

I looked out the window, a layer of the fish-belly-white color rose from the horizon.(×)

看到这里,阅卷老师索性在文章上画了一个大“×”,然后在试卷空白处写下这句话:

This is not English; this is Chinglish.

(这不是英文;这是中式英语。)

英语造诣好的高手会这样翻译:

One early morning, I woke up to the crowing of roosters. As I looked out the window, the day was just dawning.

即使上面的中文作文译成了通顺的英语,也不是典型英语作文应有的风格。我们应先列出主题句,再按主题的发展内容写出文章主体,最后再写结论句,也就是“倒三角形”写作模式:

Topic Sentence(主题句):文章最重要的句子。

Development(发展句):按主题句有条理、有系统地将全文展开来。

Conclusion(结论句):用不同的字词重复主题句的意思。

不过一般学生仍然不会写主题句,想了老半天就随意写了一个英语句子,如:

My mother is fifty years old.(我母亲五十岁了。)

接着他不知道如何继续将文章写下去,只好坐在考场内发呆。我在这里告诉大家一个写主题句的秘诀,那就是我们必须从发展句来推想主题句。发展句由why(你为何这么说)及how(陈述具体事实以支持你的主题句)构成。

如果以上述一般学生所写的My mother is fifty years old做主题句,那接下来的发展句(why及how)只得用事实证明为何“My mother is fifty years old”,这样一来,只会形成下列句子通顺但语意逻辑奇怪的文章:

My mother is fifty years old. To begin with, her hair is turning gray. Some of her teeth are loosening, too. When she walks, she tends to hunch her back. I'm sure pretty soon she can't do without a walking stick wherever she goes. Oh, my mom is really getting old.

我妈妈五十岁了。首先说吧,她的头发开始变灰白了。她的一些牙齿也开始松动了。她走路时容易弯腰驼背。我确定再过不久她走到哪里都得带根拐杖才行。哦,我妈妈真的在衰老中。

但如果将上述的主题句稍做改变,就容易发挥(发展)多了:

My mother is fifty years old, but she looks young for her age.

(我妈妈五十岁了,不过她看起来比实际年纪年轻。)

在接下来的发展句中,你可以陈述“她为何那么年轻”,并辅以事实证明。结论句中,你可以称颂妈妈的伟大,将文章收尾。以下是我写的作文范例:

My mother is fifty years old, but she looks young for her age. The secret all lies in the fact that there is no such word as "worry"in her dictionary. It is true that life is full of ups and downs. Many people feel worried and discouraged in the face of difficulties or setbacks. This, however, is not the case with my mom. The more adverse the situation (is), the more courageous she is.

Mom used to be a typical housewife, doing all the housework without any complaints. She kept the family bond tight by taking the best care of my father and me. Unfortunately, Dad died of liver cancer five years ago. Mom felt very sad, of course. However, she pulled herself together soon afterwards, assuming the burden of raising the family by selling fruits in the market. Her smiling face and pleasant personality drew many customers who later became her good friends. Now we have our own fruit store, and life is getting a lot better than before. I know this wouldn't be possible if it were not for my mother's optimism and hard work. Deep in my heart, I truly know she is the greatest woman in the world.

我妈妈现年五十岁,不过她看起来比实际年龄年轻。这个秘密全在于她的字典里没有“忧虑”这两个字。说句实在话,人生充满了起伏。许多人面临困难顿挫时便忧心忡忡或打退堂鼓。不过我妈妈却不会这样。情势越艰难,她就越勇敢。

妈妈以前是典型的家庭主妇,一手包办所有的家务却不曾有过怨言。她妥善照顾我们父子俩,让家人紧密团结在一起。不幸的是,爸爸五年前因肝癌过世。妈妈当然感到难过万分,然而,没多久后她就打起精神,到市场卖水果,挑起养家的重担。她脸上的笑容及开朗的性格吸引了许多顾客,这些人后来都成了她的好朋友。如今我们拥有了自己的水果店,生活也变得比以往好得多了。我知道要不是妈妈的乐观和努力,我们不可能会有现在的一切。在我内心深处,我真心明白她是世上最伟大的女人。

在上列范文中,大家可以看到在整篇文章中我没有故意卖弄big words(难懂的单词)或俚语,所使用的短语如lie in(在于……)、be full of(充满……)、 in the face of(面对……)、be not the case with sb(不是某人的写照)、pull oneself together(振作起来)等都是常见的基本短语或习语。在语法上,我特地用了与现在事实相反的虚拟语气句型... this wouldn't be possible if it were not for ...,这种句型一般在高中或大学就学过的。全文用“倒三角形”的陈述方式:

主题句→发展句→结论句

为了方便记忆这种写作方式,我把它称为the TDC Writing Style:

T → Topic Sentence:主题句

D → Development:发展句,由why(为何)及how(如何)构成

C → Conclusion:结论句,用不同的词句重复主题句,作为全文的结语

下面我特地再列出两篇我用TDC方式写的作文供读者参考,以加深读者对这种写作方式的印象:

第一篇示范作文

A Misunderstanding I Will Never Forget(我永远忘不了的一次误会)

下笔方式:

本篇为记叙文,采用TDC的写作方式。

主题句:被朋友误会是个痛苦的经历,而我就有过这样的经历。

发展句:why(为什么有此经验)及how(交代经过)

1.与朋友约好去钓鱼,我却忘了这件事。

2.朋友等不到我,所以非常生气,不再跟我说话,令我非常难过。

结论句:从此以后如果跟朋友有约,我全都会记在笔记本上,避免旧事重演。

It can be a very painful experience to be misunderstood by your friends. Unfortunately, such an experience is not new to me.It happened about half a year ago. My friend John and I decided one Saturday to go fishing together. He wanted me to pick him up at the train station that particular morning, but somehow I forgot. Not until noontime did I remember our appointment. Of course, you can guess how angry John was. Ever since then, he has never been on speaking terms with me, thinking that I deliberately stood him up.I tried several times to explain and beg his forgiveness, but he just wouldn't listen.

I know I may forever lose a good friend because of my forgetfulness, but what really worries me is John's misunderstanding about me will never go away. I feel sad, but I have thus learned a lesson — from now on, I will always keep a notebook with me and jot down what I promise my other friends I will do lest I should forget it and cause misunderstandings again.

*本文句首及句尾画底线的部分分别为主题句和结论句。

被朋友误解会是个很痛苦的经验。不幸的是,我就曾有过这样的经验。这件事就发生在半年前。我的朋友约翰和我决定在某个星期六一起去钓鱼。他要我在那天早上到火车站接他,不过不知怎么的我却忘了。直到中午,我才想起我们有约。当然,你可以猜得出约翰有多生气。从那时起,他就不再跟我说话了,他认为是我故意放他鸽子。我曾几度尝试要解释,并恳求他的原谅,可是他就是不听。

我知道因为我的健忘可能会永远失去一位好友,但是真正令我担心的是约翰对我的误会永远都会存在。我很难过,不过我也因此得到了一个教训——从现在起,我随时都会携带一本记事本,记下我对其他朋友承诺要做的事,以免我忘记而又造成误会。

第二篇示范作文

Imagine Living in a World without Electricity(想象生活在一个没有电的世界里)

下笔方式:

本篇为描述文,也采用TDC的写作方式。

主题句:世上没有电,就无法过现代生活。

发展句:why(为何如此说)及how(举例说明);先谈没有电的缺点,再谈没有电的好处。

结论句:两者相较,我宁愿选择生活在现在的世界中。

Modern life in the world would definitely be impossible without electricity. For one thing, all the electric appliances would be useless. I doubt if you could stand staying in a stuffy room without air conditioning. Besides, the food in your refrigerator would soon go bad. Eating spoiled food could make you very ill, and you would probably end up in the hospital, where doctors and nurses could hardly do anything without electricity. Your life would certainly be in danger!

Some hold that not everything is bad about a world without electricity. For example, the world would be far cleaner because we wouldn't need a power plant, which is one of the main sources of pollution. They also believe that since we couldn't watch TV anymore, we would be back to the good old days when life was much simpler and people were closer to each other. But thinking of the conveniences and comforts electricity has brought us, I would rather choose to live in the world today.

*本文句首与句尾画底线的部分分别为主题句和结论句。

如果没有电,我们肯定无法在这个世界过着现代的生活。举例来说,所有的电器都不管用了。待在通风不良又没有冷气的房间里,我怀疑你是否可以受得了。而且,你冰箱里的食物很快就会坏掉。吃馊掉的食物会让你生重病,最后你可能会住院,而医院也会因为没有电的关系,医生和护士几乎束手无策。你的生命肯定有危险!

有些人认为没有电的世界并非样样都不好。例如,世界会变得更加干净,因为我们不需要发电厂,而发电厂是重大污染源之一。他们也相信由于我们无法再看电视,因此就会回到过去的美好时光,以前的生活单纯许多,大家彼此的关系也更加密切。不过想到电带给我们的方便与舒适,我还是宁可选择生活在有电的现代世界。

注意:因为现在的事实是我们的世界有电,所以在写这篇作文时,凡表示与现在事实相反的句子都应使用过去式助动词或动词,以表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。

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