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动词的时态()

时间:2022-04-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:时态是英语语句中谓语动词的一种形式,用以表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。冠军属于了19岁的哈利·乔伊斯。所谓的“正在进行中”,指在句子中谈及这件事的时刻或时间段,这个动作还在进行。现在进行时的句子中“正在进行时”的事件,可能发生几年之久,也可能只发生在几分钟内。理解仍在进行中的状态是理解“正在进行时”的关键。现在进行时的句型结构是:助动词be +动词的现在分词。

时态(Tense)是英语语句中谓语动词的一种形式,用以表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语中的时态是通过动词形式的变化来实现的。英语约有16种时态,但最常见的时态有10种,它们是:一般现在时一般过去时,一般将来时;现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时;现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时;过去将来时。其他的时态变化,谓语动词变化形式上可以理解为以上10种时态上的加法,例如:一般过去将来时谓语动词would work,变为过去将来进行时为would be working,即在过去将来时的动词形式上加上be+doing的进行时变化要素,即would be working;以此类推。现将16种时态中谓语动词的变化举例列表如下:

1. 动词的现在时

1)一般现在时The present tense

一般现在时的谓语动词为动词原形例如:work;当句子主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词采用第三人称单数形式,例如:works(动词的单三人称变化在第8章第2节动词的分类中已讲过,不再累述)。一般现在时主要在以下六种情况使用:

⑴一般现在时表示经常性的动作或者状态

一般现在时在表示经常性的动作或者状态时,常常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用,例如:

This shop opens at half past nine every day.

这家商店每天九点半开门营业。

He always has bread and milk for breakfast.

他早点总是吃面包牛奶。

It is usually hot and wet in summer here.

这儿的夏天一般又湿又热。

Sometimes,the theatre has the Chinese opera.

有时,那家剧院会演出京剧。

Jogging is good for your health.

慢跑有益健康。

It seldom snows here.

这儿很少下雪。

⑵一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理

Sun rises in the east everyday.

太阳每天从东方升起。

The earth moves around the sun.

地球绕着太阳转。

Light travels faster than sound.

光速比声速快。

Women are easily get hurt.

女人容易受伤。

Food easily goes bad in hot weather.

天气热时食物容易坏。

Spring brings bright and hopeful view.

春天会带来明亮和充满希望的景色。

Football is always the favorite sports of boy’s.

足球一直以来是男孩子们的最爱。

⑶一般现在时表示主语的特征或者状态

The picture looks very beautiful.

这幅画看起来很美。

My dog has lovely ears.

我的狗长着可爱的耳朵。

Mrs. Green is tall and thin.

格林夫人高高瘦瘦的。

Air contains oxygen and nitrogen.

空气含有氧和氮。

This chair is made of plastic.

这椅子是塑料做的。

⑷一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或者状态

I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.

我一见到她就会告诉她这件事。

I will write to Mary when I have time.

我有空会给玛丽写信。

Turn off the lights before leave.

走前关灯。

If we hurry, we may catch the bus.

我们走快点的话可能赶得上公共汽车。

Tell us in case you get into difficulty.

遇到困难请告诉我们。

⑸用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明

INSIDE THE SHELTER: Johnson slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.

防空洞中:约翰逊慢慢转过身,面对他的妻子。那群人正离去,而他们那愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。

⑹电视节目直播解说

It's Joyce to serve- she needs just one more point. She serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve! So the championship goes to 19-year-old Harry Joyce.

该乔伊斯发球了,她只需再得一分就赢了。她发球了,史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球!冠军属于了19岁的哈利·乔伊斯。

2)现在进行时The present continuous tense

现在进行时用以表示现在发生的动作,动作当前的状态是“正在进行中的”。所谓的“正在进行中”,指在句子中谈及这件事的时刻或时间段,这个动作还在进行。现在进行时的句子,强调其正在进行的状态,至于该动作是在什么时候开始,又将在什么时候停下,不是必须表明的。现在进行时的句子中“正在进行时”的事件,可能发生几年之久,也可能只发生在几分钟内。理解仍在进行中的状态是理解“正在进行时”的关键。

现在进行时的句型结构是:助动词be +动词的现在分词(ing形式)。例如:I am working.我正在工作。在现在时中,助动词be 要根据人称代词和名词的单复数不同,而分别使用am/is/are,即:I am/he/she/it 包括单数名词和不可数名词用is, you/we/they 包括复数名词用are.而现在分词则是在动词后加上ing 构成。例如:starting, working, coming, sitting 等都是现在分词,具体动词对应现在分词的变化方式请参照第8章“现在分词”。

现在进行时的用法:

⑴现在进行时可用以表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作,句子中通常会有表示现阶段的时间状语,例如:today, this week, this month, this year, this term, now等。例如:

She is writing a novel now.

她当前正在写一部小说。

I'm reading a book.

我正在读书

We are watering the garden.

我们在浇花园。

We are looking forward to hearing from you.

我们期待你的消息。

How are you feeling today?

今天你感觉怎样?

We are planting trees this week.

我们这周都在种树。

My Father usually reads newspaper when Mother is doing some cooking.

爸爸常在妈妈正做饭的时候读报纸。

⑵现在进行时可表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作,必须与always, merely, only, simply, all the time, really, fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, repeatedly, constantly, continually等频度副词连用。例如:

He is always complaining.

他总是在抱怨。

Boys always leaving their clothes on the floor!

男孩们总把衣服扔在地上!

Tommy merely interrupting me!

汤米很少打断我的话!

My mother is always losing her keys!

我妈妈爱丢钥匙。

She’s constantly helping people these years!

这些年,她坚持帮助别人。

I can’t work with somebody constantly changing their mind!

我不能和老是改变主意的人合作。

He is constantly reminding me of my grief!

他老提起我的伤心事。

Toney is forever complaining about her life!

托尼总是对她的生活抱怨。

I don’t want my parents perpetually interfering in my affairs!

我不想让父母老是干预我的事。

Lei Feng is always thinking of helping people!

雷锋总是想着帮助别人。

The duck in the fairytales always boasting!

童话故事里那只鸭子老爱说大话。

⑶现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事,这一用法只适用于某些动词,例如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。例如:

They are leaving by train tonight.

他们今晚坐火车走。

He is going to college next month.

他下个月去上大学。

My good friend is coming this weekend.

我好朋友这周末来。

The show is starting at 9:00.

节目九点开始。

Daddy said he is returning at the end of this season.

爸爸说他会在这个季节末回来。

I am spending some money in sound.

我计划在音响设备上花些钱。

The plan is flying at 8 o’clock.

飞机八点整起飞。

The boy is meeting the girl at the gate of South Lake Park at 10:00am.

早上十点,男孩将在南湖公园门口见那女孩。

They are sailing in ten days.

他们将在十日内起航。

⑷需补充的几点问题:

在汉语表达中,很多表示正在进行动作的汉语句语句,并没有“正在、打算”等这样的字眼,但在译为英语时要翻译准确其含义,必须用进行时态。例如:

外面下大雪了。 It's snowing heavily outside.

事情进展得怎样了?How is everything going?

快躲起来,坏人来了!Hide fast! The bad guys are coming!

有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有:

感官动词,即表示感觉或者感情的词,例如:see, hear, feel, smell, taste, seem, notice, hate, like, love, wish, want, prefer, refuse, forgive等。

还有表示存在或者所属的词,例如:remain, exist, stay, obtain, own, have, form, contain等。

以及表示认识或理解的词,例如:know, understand, believe, think, forget, remember, doubt等。

3)现在完成时 The present perfect tense

现在完成时态表示到语句所表达的说话时间为止(或者到现在为止)已经发生或完成了的动作或状态(但不一定结束)。现在完成时的基本结构是:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)。例如:

I have washed my skirt.

我已经把裙子洗了。

I have seen the movie.

我看过那个电影了。

I have cut my hair.

我剪了我的头发。

Uncle Tom has watered the garden.

汤姆叔叔把花园交过了。

He has finished his homework.

他已经写完作业了。

She has fed the baby.

她喂过孩子了。

Mr. Zhang has gone to Shenzhen for businesses.

张先生为生意的事去了深圳。

现在完成时的句子句式有肯定句式、否定句式、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。句式特点及变化方式如下:

现在完成时的肯定句句式是have/has+过去分词(done)...;例如:

I have closed the door.

我把门已经关了。

He has closed the door.

他把门已经关了。

现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词(done)...”;例如:

I have not seen the movie yet.

我还没看这部电影。

I have not seen the show.

我还没看那场秀。

He has not seen the show.

我他还没看那场秀。

现在完成时的一般疑问句句式是:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词(done)...?例如:

—Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗?

—Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。)

现在完成时的特殊疑问句句式是:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?例如:

How many times have you been to the Terracotta Warriors?

你去过秦始皇兵马俑几次?

肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。例如:

I have already finished my homework.

我已经完成了我的家庭作业

I haven't finished my homework yet.

(否定句)我还没有完成我的家庭作业。

Have you finished your homework yet?

(一般疑问句)你有没有完成你的家庭作业?

现在完成时的常见句型有: ①for短语 ②It is + 一段时间 + since从句 ③一段时间 + has passed + since从句 ④主语+have / has been+since短语;例如:

He has been in the Party for three years.或It is three years since he joined the Party.

他入党已经三年了。

现在完成时经常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰,强调句子中所提到的动作与现在的关系。现在完成时常用于表达:从过去一直持续到现在的动作或者状态;表示过去发生的但对现在有影响的动作;现在完成时在时间或条件状语从句中用以表示将来完成的动作,等等。现分别举例说明如下:

⑴现在完成时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或者状态

现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。例如:

The old woman has lived here for more than thirty years.

老妇人已在此住了30多年了。

I have sent for a dozen copies of this cartoon book.

这本卡通书我订购了12本。

About 50 persons have applied for the appointment.

约有50人来应征这一职务。

The outdoor swimming pool has closed for the winter.

室外游泳馆冬天已经停止使用。

Four years have elapsed since she went to USA.

她去美国已经四年了。

The number of students has increased since last term.

上学期以来学生的人数在增加。

Three weeks have elapsed since he joined the army.

他参军至今已过了三周。

Things have bettered since she comes back.

自从她回来后,形势有所好转。

⑵现在完成时用以表示过去发生的但对现在有影响的动作,这种用法有时不带时间状语,有时可以和before, already, ever, never, just, lately, once, recently, yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。例如:

He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)

Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?

(找的动作结束于过去,但问的是现在的结果—是否找到钢笔?)

Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗?

(问过去是否去过?现在有无此种经历)

Has he already gone to England? 他已经去英国了吗?

(动作结束于过去,问的是现在的他的所在?)

He has turned off the light yet.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去,说明的是现在的结果)

Have you finished your homework? 你作业做完了吗?

(作的动作在过去,但问的是现在的结果—是否完成?)

I have never been Bei Jing before.之前我从来没有去过北京。

(去的动作在于过去,说否定句,说明现在的结果是没有到北京的经历)

He has told me he loves me once.他曾经对我说过一次他爱我。

(说的动作结束于过去,现在的结果是“他表达过一次对我的爱”)

有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。例如:

I haven’t seen Mrs. Wang today.

我今天没见过王老师。

I have seen my little cousin only once this year.

我今年只见过我表弟一次。

Have you had your breakfast this morning.

你早上吃过早点了吗?

He has finished his novel this year.

他今年完成了他的小说。

⑶现在完成时在时间或条件状语从句中用以表示将来完成的动作

I'll go to the party as soon as(or when)I have finished my homework.

我完成作业后就去参加聚会。

⑷现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用;例如:

I have not heard from her so far.

到目前为止,我没有收到过她的信。

We have learned five hundred words up to the present.

到目前为止,我们已学了五百个生词。

但要注意:当意义明确时,适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。例如:

He has done a lot of work.

他干了许多工作。

She has told me about her story.

她跟我讲过她的故事。

需补充的几点问题:

现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。 例如:

I haven't seen him for two years.

我已经两年没见过他了。

但是,像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词虽然不能直接与表示“一段时间”的状语连用,但变化以后,则可以转化为延续动词,将其用“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。以下为非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换实例:

arrive→be here      begin(start)→be on    finish →be over

die→be dead          leave →be away          get up→be up

come back→be back   go out →be out       begin to study→study

close →be closed      open →be open          put on→wear 或be on

buy→have        come to work→work     go to school→be a student

join→be in或be a member of…            get to know →know

borrow→keep catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)

fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)

例句:

He has been a soldier for three years.

他参军三年了。

We have studied English for three years.

我们(开始)学英语已三年了。

The film has been on for ten minutes.

电影已开始十分钟了。

His father has been dead for two years.

他父亲去世二年了。

4)现在完成进行时the present perfect continuous tense

现在完成进行时,是英语中动词的一种时态,时态的构成为:主语+助动词(have/has)+been+动词的现在分词+其他成分。现在完成进行时主要用以表达以下两种含义:表示从过去某时间开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且该动作还将持续下去或刚刚结束;或表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。

⑴现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作。例如:

I've been writing thesis all this morning.

我写了一上午论文。(动作刚刚结束,不再继续)

Tom has been waiting for you this whole noon.

今天,汤姆整整等了你一个中午。(动作刚刚结束,不再继续)

Marshall is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.

马歇尔病了,他已经已卧床3个星期了。(动作会继续下去)

As we all know, the Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.

众所周知,中国有2000年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)

I have been learning English since 6 years old.

我自从6岁开始一直在学英语。(动作还将继续下去)

I study for English since 10 years ago.

十年前我开始学英语。(动作还将继续下去)

⑵现在完成进行时表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作,或从过去到现在的重复性动作。例如:

What have you been doing all this year?

这一年你都在干什么来着?(动作可能继续下去)

That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.

这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。(断断续续地反复发生的动作)

We have been waiting for you for an hour.

我们已经等你一个小时了。(强调等的过程:可用在人还没到,电话里面所说,还会继续等;也可以用在人刚刚到,动作刚刚结束。)

注意:

①表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时,例如:know认识,love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌等等。

I have known him for years.

我认识他已经好几年了。

不能表达为: I have been knowing...

②有少量现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子,例如:

They have been living in this city for ten years.

They have lived in this city for ten years.

他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。

I have been working here for five years.

I have worked here for five years.

我在这里已经工作五年了。

但是,大多数现在完成进行时的句子与现在完成时的句子意义区别鲜明,例如:

They have been building a building.

他们一直在造一栋楼房。(动作还将继续下去)

They have built a building.

他们造了一栋楼房。(动作已经完成)

I have been writing a novel.

我一直在写一本小说。(动作还将继续下去)

I have written a novel.

我已经写了一本小说。(动作已经完成)

2. 动词的过去时

1)一般过去时the past tense

一般过去时用以表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去的习惯性、经常性动作、行为;在过去主语所具备的能力及性格等。一般过去时基本结构为:主语+动词过去式+其他。例如:

Daddy watered our garden this morning.

爸爸今天早上把花园浇了。

Tom repaired his bike on Monday.

汤姆周一把他的自行车修了。

Wang Xin cooked a good meal for his parents that day.

那天,王鑫为他的父母做了一顿美味的饭。

I had a dream last night.

我昨晚做了个梦。

I had a bath this noon.

中午我洗了个澡。

Aunt Lee had her hair curled last week.

李阿姨上周把头发烫了。

⑴一般过去式的用法:

一般过去时用以表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如:yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years)ago等,上下文时间明确时可以不带时间状语,例如:

Mary turned off all the lights before she went out.

玛丽出门前关了所有的灯。

I worked in that factory last year.

去年我在那一家工厂工作。

We went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday.

昨天我们去了天龙山。

一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month, year)等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语应指过去。例如:

Did you see him today?

你今天见他了吗?(today指今天已过去的某一时刻)

Was he ill this week?

这周他病了?(this week指这周已过去的时间段)

He left Shanghai this month.

他这个月离开的上海。(this month指这月已过去的时间段)

She had the baby this year.

她这一年生的小孩。(this year指这年已过去的时间段)

一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。例如:

I stayed there for two months.

我在那里呆了两个月。

Nothing happened since then.

打那以后什么事都没有发生。

有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中。例如:

Who was that?

那人是谁?(过去时间中的某人)

I saw Ker in town.

我在城里看见了克尔。(过去某时间见到的)

一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。例如:

Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.

汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。

以下几种情况,一般都使用过去式表达:

①有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式,例如:

We had a good time last week.

我们上周过得很愉快。

I ran across Li Ling in the public library yesterday.

我昨天在公共图书馆碰巧遇见了李玲。

He went to the hospital for an X - ray yesterday.

他昨天去医院作了 X 光检查。

The traffic accidents in this city decreased last year.

这个城市去年交通事故减少了。

That accident happened the day before yesterday.

意外事故发生在前天。

②表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去式,例如:

The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.

男孩关上门、关上窗,然后去睡觉了。

We said good - bye, then he turned ,waved and walked off without another word.

我们说了声“再见”, 他便转身、挥手、离去,没再说一句话。

③表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作,要用过去式。例如:

She often came to help me at that time.

他经常一到那个时候就来给我帮忙。

⑵一般过去式的否定形式为:

①主语+ be动词的过去式was/were + not+ 动词原形+其他。例如:

He was not ill yesterday.

昨天他没有生病。

Wang Li was not the right person for me at that time.

在当时,王丽对我来讲不是合适的人选。

She was not nine two years ago.

两年前,她不是九岁。

They were not my students long ago.

他们很久以前不是我的学生。

The weather was not good last week.

上周天气不好。

Last summer was a happy one.

去年夏天是个快乐的夏天。

②实义动词的过去式是在行为动词前加did not(didn’t),同时还原行为动词。例如:He did not play football last week.

他上周没有踢足球。

She didn’t watch TV last night.

她昨晚没有电视。

Jim didn’t beat the little boy that day.

那天,吉姆没有打那个男孩。

Lei didn’t attend the meeting last year.

雷去年没有参加会议。

He didn’t close the door.

他没有关门。

Mum didn’t back biscuit for me this morning.

上午妈妈没有给我烤饼干。

⑶一般过去式的疑问句形式及其回答:

①当否定句为:主语+ be动词的过去式(was,were)+ not,一般疑问句则直接把be动词提到句首。例如:

Was he ill yesterday?

他昨天病了吗?

肯定回答:Yes,he was. 是的,他病了。

否定回答:No,he wasn't. 不是,他没病。

Was she nine two years ago?

两年前她九岁吗?

Yes,she was. / No,she wasn't. 是的,她九岁。/不是,她不是。

Were they your students long long ago?

他们很久以前是您的学生吗?

Yes,they were. / No,they weren't. 是的,他们是。/不,他们不是。

Was the weather good last week?

上周天气好吗?

Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.是的,天气好。/不,天气不好。

Was last summer a happy one?

去年夏天很开心吗?

Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.是的,开心。/不,不开心。

②否定句为:主语+ did not +动词原形,一般疑问句:Did +主语+动词原形。例如:

Did he play football last week?

他上周踢足球了吗?

肯定回答:Yes,he did. 是的,他踢了。

否定回答:No,he didn't. 不,他没踢。

Did she watch TV last night?

她昨晚看电视了吗?

Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 是的,她看了。/不,她没看。

Did Jim beat the little boy that day?

吉姆那天打那个小男孩了吗?

Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.是的,他打了。/不,他没打。

Did Lei attend the meeting last year?

雷去年参加会议了吗?

Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.是的,他参加了。/不,他没有参加。

Did he close the door?

他把门关了吗?

Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.是的,他关了。/不,他没有。

Did Mum back biscuit for you this morning?

今天早上妈妈给你烤饼干了吗?

Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.是的,她烤了。/不,她没烤。

2)过去进行时the past continuous tense

过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。过去进行时的构成:主语+ was/were + 现在分词。例如:

I was having bath when the phone rang.

我正在洗澡时电话响了。

John was washing his hair when I came to see him.

我去看约翰那天,他正在洗头。

I was leaving for Beijing that day.

那天我正要去北京。

My parents were watching TV at 8:00 last night.

昨晚八点钟时我的父母亲都在看电视。

When Miss Gao came in, we were talking.

当高老师进来时,我们正在讲话。

They were swimming in the swimming pool this time last week.

上个星期的这个时候他们正在游泳池游泳。

过去进行时常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:last night, last Saturday等;或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。例如:

⑴过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作

① 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用,例如:

We were having dinner when she came.

她来的时候,我们正在吃饭。

She was reading when the little boy broken the window.

当小男孩打破玻璃的时候,她正在读书。

②过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。例如:

Carlos was staying at home all last month.

上个月整整一月卡洛斯都在家待着。

They were building a dam last summer.

去年夏天他们一直在修一个水坝。

I was writing a book last year.

我去年一直在写一本书。

Tom was practicing his oral English for the competition last week.

上周,汤姆一直在练习英语口语为比赛做准备。

③过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。例如:

I was reading while she was listening music.

我在读书,她在听音乐

She was dancing while he was playing piano.

她在跳舞,他在弹琴。

The teacher was reading while the students were sleeping.

老师们在读,而学生在睡觉。

④有时过去进行时用于主句,位于其后的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况。例如:

I was walking in the street when it began to rain.

我正在街上走着,突然下起了雨。

I was playing the ball when a dog rushed to it.

我正在打球,突然一只狗向球冲了过去。

We were having picnic when he came.

他来的时候我们正在吃野餐。

⑵过去进行时表示过去将来的动作的这种用法多用于表示过去的打算,通常仅限于depart, start, come, go, leave等一些表示移动的动词。例如:

He didn't know whether she was coming.

他不知道她是否会来。

The delegation was departing three days later.

代表团打算三天后动身。

⑶过去进行时的否定式及疑问式

①否定式:主语+ was/were not +现在分词。例如:

This time yesterday Mike was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike.

昨天这个时候,迈克不是在看电视,而是在修理自行车。

This time yesterday Tom was not watching TV.

昨天这个时候汤姆不是在看电视。

He was not watering his garden when you give him the call. He is sleeping.

你给他打那个电话的时候,他不是在浇自己的花园,他是在睡觉。

Were you playing basketball at eight yesterday morning?

昨天上午8点你们在打篮球吗?

I was not having my breakfast when you call me. In fact, I hadn’t got up yet.

你打电话给我的时候我不是在吃早点,实际上我还没有起床。

I was not feeling well when you asked me to go out to eat that day.

那天你叫我出去吃饭的时候我感觉身体很不舒服。

②过去进行时的疑问式:was/were+主语+现在分词。例如:

Was he playing guitar last night?

昨晚是他在弹吉他吗?

Were they dancing all night at your birthday party?

你生日那一天,他们跳了一整晚的舞吗?

Was July doing her homework when you went into her room?

你走进朱莉房间的时候,她是不是正在写作业?

Was your father listening music when I shouted to him not far away that morning?

那天早上,我从不远处喊你爸爸(他没听见),他是不是在听音乐?

Were you playing ping pang at four yesterday afternoon?

昨天下午四点你们在打乒乓球吗?

3)过去完成时the past perfect tense

过去完成时表示在过去的某时间段或点之前业已发生的事,动作发生在过去的过去。可以用于表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的某种影响或结果,用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的一个事件。亦可以表示过去某动作一直持续到现在将来可能还要延续下去。句中的动作即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。例如:

He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他已经去过北京两次。

分析:因为“说”said就是过去式,而去北京的动作发生在“说”said的过去,所以用过去完成时态而不用现在完成时态表示。

⑴过去完成时的基本结构为主语+had+过去分词(done),基本句型如下:

①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词,例如:

I had finished my homework when you saw me.

你见我的时候我已经写完作业了。(见我在过去,完成作业在见我之前,过去的过去)

Kate had cut her hair when she came here.

凯特在来这里之前把头发剪了。

(来这里的动过发生在过去,剪头发发生在来这里之前,过去的过去)

Father had fed the cows when I came home.

我回到家之前,爸爸已经把牛喂完了。

He had finished his speech when we got there.

当我们赶到那里时,他已经完成了他的演讲。

I found the right address and dropped on Marry, but she had left a month ago.

我找到了正确的地址并去拜访了玛丽,但是她一个月以前已经搬走了。

②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词,例如:

I had not cleaned my bedroom when my mother came home.

我还没有打扫卧室,妈妈已经回来了。

He had not rushed out when the police came.

他还没有冲出去,警察已经来了。

③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词;肯定回答:Yes,主语+had;否定回答:No,主语+hadn't.例如:

Had you finished your work at 8:00 last night?

昨天晚上八点你是否已经完成工作?

Yes, I had. / No, I had not.

是,我已经完成。/不,我没有完成。

Had you done anything for the children last year?

去年,你们为孩子们已经做了些事情了吗?

Yes, we had. / No, we had not.

是,我们做了。/不,我们没做。

④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词),例如:

Why had so many women run away from here in last two years?

在过去两年里,为什么那么多妇女从这里逃跑?

How had Uncle Tom tolerated such a heavy pain in the past?

过去,汤姆叔叔是如何忍受这莫大的痛苦的。

⑤被动语态:主语+had(hadn't)+been+过去分词,例如:

The dog had been sold that day.

那天,狗被卖了。

The glass had been broken yesterday.

玻璃昨天被打碎了。

The truck hadn’t been repaired last week.

上周,卡车没被修好。

The letter hadn’t been sent to the right place last week.

上周,信没有被送对地方。

⑵过去完成时的基本用法如下:

①过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态,强调对现在的影响,例如:

When he got there, the train had already left.

他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。

Tina realized she had made a mistake.

缇娜意识到她犯了个错误。

By nine o’clock last night, they had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

到昨晚9点钟,他们已经收到200张从飞船发来的图片。

②过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态,表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如:

He had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday.

昨晚九点前他已完成了工作。

The company had completed the project by the end of 2000.

到2000年底公司已完成了那个项目。

I had been at the bus stop for half an hour when a bus finally came.

当车来的时候,我在车站已经等了半小时。

He said he had worked in that firm since 1982.

他说自从1982年以来他就在那家企业工作。

③叙述过去发生的事情:在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时来表达。例如:

Mr. Zhang died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

张先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。

④在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时表达。例如:

She returned the book that she had borrowed.

她已归还了她借的书。

I found the key that you had lost.

你丢失的钥匙我找到了。

⑤过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如:

He said that he had known her well.

他说他对她很熟悉。

He thought I had sent the letter a week before.

他认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

⑥引导过去完成时的时间状语及状语从句。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在前,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。过去完成时句子中常用的时间状语及结构有:before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as,till/until,by the end of last …(year,term etc.),by the time sb. +动词过去式 etc.例如:

When I woke up, it had already stopped snowing.

我醒来时雪已停了。

He didn’t go to bed until he had finished his homework.

他直到把作业做完之后才睡觉。

She said that she had learned some English before.

她说她之前学过一点英语。

By the time he was thirteen, Lincoln had began to make a living by himself.

林肯在他十三岁的时候就开始自力更生。

Michel was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

迈克很失望,当他到达晚会现场,很多客人已经走了。

By the end of last term, I had learned 5000 new words.

上个学期末,我已经学了五千个单词。

The bus had already left by the time I got there.

我赶到的时候,公交车已经开走了。

注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如:

After he arrived in England, Sara worked hard to improve her English.

萨拉到达英格兰之后,努力提高她的英语水平。

I was awake before my mother came in.

妈妈进来之前我醒了。

⑦过去完成时表示未实现的愿望。过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等的用法仅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think, want等动词,过去时间往往由一般过去时表达。例如:

Lee had intended to speak, but time did not permit.

李本想发言,可是时间不允许。

I had hoped to be able to come and see you.

我本来希望能来看看你。

Mary had hoped you might know.

玛丽本希望你会知道的。

Those gays had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

那帮人本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。

⑧过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that),had +just / barely / hardly / scarcely +done...when..., 是表示“刚……就……”或“不等……就……”的固定句型。例如:

Hardly had he begun to speak when the students interrupted him.

他刚开始讲,学生就打断了他。

No sooner had you arrived than you went away again.

你刚到就又走了。

I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.

我没有走多远就赶上他们了。

It was the second time that he had been away from his home that year.

这是他那一年第二次离家出走了。

No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.

我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。

4)过去完成进行时the past perfect progressive tenses

过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近,都是讲过去时刻之前的动作,只是过去完成进行时,强调某个过去正在进行的动作或到过去某个时刻动作处于某种持续的状态。例如:

She had been waiting for two weeks.She was still waiting.

她已经等了两周了。她一直在等。(过去的两周,持续在等。)

⑴过去完成进行时的构成:由had been + ing 分词构成,例如:

I had been looking for him for days.

我已经找了他好几天了。(强调找的动作一直在几天里持续)

Up to that time she had been translating those books.

直到那时,她一直在翻译那些书。(强调过去的那时及之前,动作一直在持续)

Tom had been writing the letter till two o'clock.

直到两点整,汤姆还在写信。(强调过去时刻之前动作的持续)

Tide was now thirty years old.He had been gambling since he was nineteen.

泰德现在三十岁了,他从十九岁就开始赌博。(强调“赌博”在过去的持续)

Catherine had been standing there in the sun.

凯瑟琳一直在那站在太阳底下。(过去某段时间里)

Brae had been thinking about his marriage.

布里过去一直在考虑她的婚姻。

⑵过去完成进行时的用法:

①过去完成进行时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作,过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。例如:

I had been looking for you for days before I met you.

见到你之前,我找了你好久了。

The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.

电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。

Mother was tired. She'd been working all day.

妈妈累了,他工作了一整天。

After he'd been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Ma had a drink of water.

马教授讲了半小时课之后,喝了一点水。

The Greens’ had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.

格林一家只等了一会儿车就来了。

②过去完成进行时可以用于表示到过去某时之前的动作反复进行,例如:

She had been mentioning your name to me.

她过去多次向我提到过你的名字。

Mother had been giving me everything.

妈妈对我真是有求必应。

③过去完成进行时可以用于间接引语中,例如:

The doctor asked what she had been eating.

医生问她吃了什么。

Daddy asked where we had been staying all those days.

爸爸问我们那些天是待在哪儿的。

④过去完成进行时之后也可以跟具有“突然”之意的when分句,例如:

I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.

我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。

I'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when my little brother interrupted me.

我刚温习功课才一会儿,弟弟就打断了我。

He had been sleeping when his friend telephone me.

他正在睡觉时,他的朋友给他打电话。

5)注意:现在完成进行时态不一定表示在过去时刻之前持续的动作将持续下去,例如:

I came back at seven,I had been waiting her for two hours.

我七点回来的,我一直等了她两个小时。(七点及以后不再等了)

He stopped swimming.He had been swimming for the last three hours.

他停止了游泳,过去的三个小时他一直在游。

⑴现在完成进行时,可以用于表示:

①尚未完成,可能继续,例如:

Susan had been writing the novel.

苏珊一直在写小说。(she had not finished it yet.)

②企图:

I had been studying the meaning of this proverb.

我一直在研究这个谚语的意思。(He was trying to study it.)

③还未得出结果:

We had been studying what our enemy had said.

我们一直在研究我们的敌人说的话。(But we were not able to understand it.)

④最近的情况:

He had been quarrelling with his wife.

(最近一段时间)他和他妻子一直在吵架。

⑤反复的动作:

Tina had been asking me the same question.

缇娜一直在问我同一个问题。(Many times)

⑥表示情绪:

What had you been doing?

你都做了些什么?(不耐烦)

这种时态很少用在否定句中,而多用过去完成时代替,例如:

汉语:他好多年不说英语了。

英语普通说法:He had not practiced English for many years.

很少说:He had not been practicing English for many years.

⑦过去完成进行时态还可用在said,supposed等引起的间接引语中,代替现在完成进行时:

间接引语:

He said,“I have been speaking to Lily.”

他说:“我给丽丽说过。”

He thought,“She was watching me when I passed.”

他心想:“我经过的时候她在看我。”

过去完成进行时态:

He said that he had been speaking to Lily.

他说他给丽丽说过。

He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed.

他心想在他经过的时候她在看他。

⑧过去完成进行时经常与现在完成进行时混淆。

现在完成进行时:由 have/has been +‘-ing’分词构成; 过去完成进行时:由 had been+‘-ing’ 分词构成。

3.动词的将来时

1)一般将来时the future tense

一般将来时用以表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如:tomorrow , tomorrow morning / afternoon …, the day after tomorrow , next year , next month, next term … , from now on (从现在开始),in an hour (一小时后),in two days / weeks …等。

⑴一般将来时的基本结构:shall/will+动词原形;be going to+动词原形,例如:

Helena will be twenty next year.

海伦娜明年就二十岁了。

I am going to find you now.

现在我就要去找你。

⑵一般将来时的基本用法:

①shall/will+动词原形结构的用法:

will可用于所有的人称,shall 仅表示单纯将来时,用于第一人称I和we,作为will的一种替代形式(You and I为主语时通常避免用shall)。 例如:

Michal will be back soon.

迈克尔很快就会回来。

I shall/will be free on Sunday.

星期天我有空。

You and I will work in the same firm.

你和我将在同一企业工作。

will,shall可用来表示预测、预言将来发生的事。如说出我们设想会发生的事,或者请对方预言将要发生什么事。例如:

It will rain tomorrow.

明天将要下雨。

If no measures are taken, this animal will become extinct.

如果不采取措施,这种动物就会灭绝。

will,shall除可表示单纯的将来时以外,还可以带有意愿的色彩,仍指的是将来。例如:

I'll buy you a computer for your birthday.

你过生日时,我给你买一台电脑。(表示允诺)

Will you open the window for me please?

请你帮我开窗好吗?(表示请求)

Shall I get your bag for you?

我可以为你拿包吗?(表示提议)

一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况,例如:

I'll tell you as soon as he comes to see me.

他一来看我我就告诉你。

用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿,例如:

If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon.

如果你愿意等我,我马上就回来。

一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。例如:

The restaurant won't open until nine.

这家饭店九点才会开门。

Children will be children.

孩子就是孩子。

②be going to +动词原形结构的用法:

表示说话人根据现在已有的情况,判断、推测将要或即将发生某种情况。这类句子的主语可以是人,也可是物。例如:

There is going to be a basketball match in our school tomorrow morning.

明天上午我们学校将有一场篮球赛。(已有比赛告示)

I feel terrible .I think I'm going to die.

我感到难受极了,我想我快死了。

Look at those black clouds!It's going to rain.

看那些乌云!天快要下雨了。

表示主语现在的意图或现在已经作出的决定,即打算在最近或将来做某事。这种意图或决定往往是事先经过考虑的。例如:

What are you going to do during the summer holiday?

你暑假打算做什么?

He isn't going to see his grandpa tomorrow.

他明天不准备去看他爷爷。

Li Na is going to be a doctor when she grows up.

李娜决定长大了当一名医生。

仅是单纯地预测未来的事,此时种情况下可与will互换。例如:

I think it is going to/will rain this afternoon.

我认为今天下午要下雨。

I think Tom is going to/will arrive at 10.

我预计汤姆十点就到了。

③现在进行时(be+现在分词)表示将来:有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作,表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。例如:

Annie is coming to supper this evening.

安妮今晚要来吃饭。

The wolf is coming.

狼就要来了。

My sister is leaving this evening.

我姐姐今晚就走。

Don’t leave now; the show is starting in minutes.

现在别走,在有几分钟节目就开演了。

The Greens’ are arriving in Beijing this week.

格林一家这周将到达北京。

④be to+动词原形表示将来:这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。例如:

I am to see you tomorrow afternoon.

我会如约明天下午见你。

When are they to come?

他们什么时候来?

He is to give out smoke in one year.

他要在一年内戒掉烟。

We are to meet at the school gate.

我们约好在校门口见。

They are to climb over the mountain within two days.

他们将在两天之内翻越那座山。

⑤be about to +动词原形表示将来:这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。

例如:

I am about to leave.

我马上就要动身。

The water is about to boil.

水马上就要开了。

The vacation is about to start.

假期即将开始。

The bus is about to leave.

公车就要出发了。

2)将来进行时the future continuous tense

⑴将来进行时用以表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。例如:

What will you are doing this time next week?

下周这个时候你将做什么?

The bus will be leaving in a second.

公共车马上就开。

⑵将来进行时的结构及用法

由“助动词will / shall + be + 现在分词”构成,具体用法如下:

①表示将来某时刻或某段时间里正在进行的动作,常与this evening, by this time, in two

days, soon, tomorrow, on Sunday, tomorrow evening等表示将来的时间状语连用。例如:

I will be having an Math class at 8 tomorrow.

我明天八点钟应正在上数学课。

We shall be climbing the mountain this Sunday noon.

这个周天中午我们就在爬山了。

Karl will be working in the factory in the next two months.

下两个月卡尔将在这个厂里工作。

You will be swimming in the poor this time tomorrow afternoon.

明天中午这时候你就在池子里游泳了。

②在口语中常用来表示按计划或安排即要发生的动作,给人一种期待感,例如:

I shall be playing ping pang with you at your home this Thursday.

这周六我就在你家和你打着乒乓球了。

This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Shanghai.

明天这个时候我正飞往上海。

At 7:00 this evening I will be watching the news programs on TV.

今晚七时,我将正在收看电视上的新闻节目。

Tomorrow morning we will be having meeting in the hall.

明天上午我们将在大厅开着会。

③表示预料不久将要发生或必然要发生的事情或将来的某种可能性,说话人往往有“我料想”或“我估计”的含义,例如:

I think you will be wasting your money.

我认为你会浪费你的钱。

We believe that peasants’ life will be getting better and better.

我们相信农民的生活会越来越好。

They will be fighting with us if we just say ‘don’t agree’ .

一旦我们说不同意,他们将和我们作战。

If we do so, we shall be making a serious mistake.

如果我们那样做,我们就会犯严重的错误。

④表示语气亲切或委婉,如:

When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面?

注意:在时间、条件等状语从句中,一般用现在进行时代替将来进行时态,例如:

Be careful when you are crossing the street.

过马路时要当心。

When you come back, if Tom is doing his homework, don’t disturb him, please.

你回来时如果汤姆正在做作业,请不要打扰他。

3)将来完成时the future perfect tense

⑴将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。例如:

By the winter, Elizabeth will have worked here for eight years.

到冬天的时候,伊丽莎白就在这里工作整八年了。

I hope you will have gotten the data ready before I come tomorrow.

我希望明天我来之前你能够把数据准备好。

By the time Jim gets home, his aunt will have left for Paris.

吉姆到家的时候,他婶婶已经离开去了巴黎。

The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.

会议将持续整整一周才会结束。

⑵将来完成时的构成:will/shall+ have+完成式,用于第一人称;will+ have+完成式,用于其他人称。例如:

Before long she will have forgotten all about the matter.

不久她就会全然忘记这件事的。

He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old colleges.

他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同事了。

Will you have known Kate for 5 years next month?

到下个月你认识凯特该有5年了吧?

将来完成时的用法:

①将来完成时用以表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,例如:

We shall have learned 10 units by the end of this term.

到这个学期末,我们将学完10个单元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

你到家的时候,我就已经把房子彻底打扫一遍了。

I shall have finished writing the book by the end of this week.

我将在本周末前写完这本书。

Before long, she will have forgotten all about the bad things.

过不久,她很快就会把不好的事情忘记。

②将来完成时用以表示推测,相当于“must have done”结构,例如:

You will have heard of this, I guess.

我想,你已经听说过这件事了。

I am sure he will have got the information.

我相信他一定得到了这个信息。

③将来完成时用以表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间,例如:

We will have been married a year on September 6th.

到9月6日我们俩结婚就满1年了。

By the time he graduates, he will have studied Japanese for four years.

到他毕业的时候,他学日语就满四年了。

By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours.

到皮尔斯开会回来的时候,我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。

④将来完成时经常与by+将来时间或before+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。例如:

They will have been married for 18 years by then.

到那时,他们结婚就有18年了。

You will have reached Tianjin by this time tomorrow.

明天这个时候你就已经到天津啦。

He will have retired by the time of 2020.

到2020年,他就已经退休了。

4)将来完成进行时the future perfect continuous tense

将来完成进行时,用以表示某种情况下动作一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。其构成为:主语+shall/will+助动词have+ been+动词的现在分词+其他成分(sb.+ shall/will have been doing),例如:

I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.

到今年年底,我将在这个工厂工作满20年了。

If we don't hurry up,the store will have been closing before we get there.

如果咱们不快一点儿,等到了那儿,店门就会关了。

The play is coming off in July. By then the play will have been running for four months.

这个剧将于7月停演。到那时为止,这个剧将连演4个月了。

By Friday midday, they will have been working on it for 10 days.

到星期五中午,他们就在这个工程上干了10天了。

注意:在下列句子中,will是情态助动词,有“大概”或“我想”的含义。例如:

You’ll have been wondering all this time how my invention works.

我想你这些时候一直想知道我的发明是怎样工作的吧。

They will have been having a class yesterday.

他们昨天大概是在上课来着。

4. 动词的过去将来时the past future tense

如下表所示,过去将来可以衍生4种时态,也是在一般过去将来的结构上“做加法”,构成过去将来进行时,过去将来完成时,以及过去将来完成进行时,用于更生动的表达,但是最常用的,还是一般过去将来时态,本节,重点讲解一般过去将来时态的用法及结构。

动词的一般过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去将来时的出发点是过去,即从过去某一时刻看以后将要发生的动作或状态。例如:

I didn't know if he was going to come at that time.

当时,我并不知道他是否会来。

She told us that she would not go with us,if it snowed.

她告诉我们,如果下雪,她就不和我们一起去了。

She was sixty-six. In five years,she would be seventy-one.

她66岁了。5年后,她是71岁。

I didn't know what would be their ideas?

我不知他们会有什么想法?

1)过去将来时的构成如下:

肯定句:主语+be(was,were)going to+动词原形+其他

否定句:主语+be(was,were)not going to+动词原形+其他

疑问句:Be(Was,Were)+主语+going to+动词原形+其他

肯定句:主语+would(should,would)+动词原形+其他

否定句:主语+would(should, would)not+动词原形 +其他

疑问句:Would(Should,would)+主语+动词原形+其他

注意:

⑴过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,一律用would。

⑵“was/were going to + 动词原形”或“was/were +动词不定式完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。

⑶“was/were about to do”表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。

⑷was/were on the point of doing一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用,但后面可以接when引导的分句。

例句:

He said he would come to see me.

他说他要来看我。

He told me he would go to Beijing.

他告诉我他将去北京。

He knew you would agree.

他知道你会同意的。

He said he would arrange everything.

他说他来安排一切。

I didn't know if he would come.

我不知道他是否会来。

2)过去将来时的用法:

⑴过去将来时“would+动词原形”结构常表示

①表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事,例如:

Joyce said she would come on time.

乔伊斯说她会按时来的。

Mickey mouse would play with the children on Monday.

周一,米老鼠会和孩子们玩。

②过去某时之后将出现的情况,例如:

I thought he would come.

我以为他会来。

Tina never imagined that she would become a doctor.

缇娜从没想到自己会当医生。

③表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情,例如:

The old man was fifty-eight then. In two years he would be sixty.

老头当时五十八岁,再过两年就六十了。

I didn’t think they would have any objection to it.

我不认为他们会有什么反对意见。

④表示过去习惯性动作(不管什么人称都用would)。例如:

Whenever he had time, Hake would go to see his grandmother.

哈克一有时间就去看他奶奶。

Joanna would go for a walk after she had supper.

乔娜吃完晚饭后会去散步。

⑵“was /were+going to+动词原形”表示过去将来时 ,也可表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事,例如:

She said she was going to start at once.

她说她将立即出发。

I was told that he was going to return home.

有人告诉我他准备回家。

“was /were+going to+动词原形”还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事,例如:

It seemed as if it was going to rain.

看来好像要下雨。

⑶某些动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时,leave, come, arrive, go, start等严格按照时间表发生的表起止的动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时,例如:

He said the plane was leaving at six the next morning.

他说飞机第二天早晨6:00出发。

She told me she was coming to see me.

她告诉我她要来看我。

⑷特定场合的一般过去时可表示过去将来时,条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时,例如:

I didn't know when the beauty would come, but when she came I would let you know.

我不知道那美女什么时候来,但她来了我会告诉你。第一个when引导宾语从句,可使用将来时,第二个when引导时间状语从句,只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时。

5. 容易混淆的时态

1)一般过去时与现在完成时

⑴两种时态,都从现在着眼,过去时表示相对现在过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为相对现在过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。现在完成时强调过去与现在的联系,语句译成汉语后常常带有“已经……了”或“……了”的含义。 例如:

He found her.

他找到她了。(强调找到的动作发生在过去。)

He has found her for two days.

他已经找到她两天了。(强调对现在的影响,到现在为止找到她已经2天。)

She returned yesterday.

她昨天回来了。(强调回来的动作)

She has returned from Paris.

她已从巴黎回来了。(强调回来的结果)

Why did you get up so early?

你为什么起床起得这么早?(强调起床的动作已发生过了)

Who hasn't handed in his paper?

谁没有交卷子?(强调有卷子没有交的影响,可能为不公平竞争)

⑵过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,为具体的时间状语;现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always 等,为不确定的时间状语;共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately 等。例如:

I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。

强调看的动作发生过了。

I have seen this film. 我看过这部电影。

强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。

句子中如有过去时的时间(如 yesterday, last week/night…, in 1960…)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时,例如:鲍勃昨晚给他的父母写了信。

Bob has written a letter to his parents last night. (错)

Bob wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对)

⑶现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如:live, learn, work, teach, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

过去时常用的非持续性动词有leave, open, start, die, close, get married,begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, arrive, become,等。例如:

I have been in the League for three years.

我在团内3年了。(在团内的状态可延续)

I have been a League member for three years.

我成为团员3年了。(是团员的状态可持续)

I joined the League three years ago.

我三年前入了团。(joined为短暂行为,加入。)

⑷现在完成时与for或since引起的短语连用时,表达从过去开始的动作或状态延续至今,而一般过去时与“for+ 一段时间”连用时,只指过去的动作或状态在过去延续了多长时间。例如:

We have stay here for three weeks. I think we are going to stay another two weeks.

我们已经在这里待了三周了,我想我们还要再待两周。(我们仍然在这里)

Tim stayed here for three weeks last year.

提姆去年在这里待了两周。(表明待过,现在提姆不一定在这里)

2)一般过去时与过去完成时的区别:

⑴过去时以现在为着眼点,表示相对现在过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情;过去完成时以过去时间为着眼点,表示过去某一动作或时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时与现在相比,强调“过去”,而过去完成时则与过去相比,强调“过去的过去”。

我们来比较下列句子:

The meeting started (start) at six o'clock.

会议是六点整开始的。

start的动作发生在过去at six o'clock。

The meeting had started (start) when we arrived at the hall.

我们到大厅后会议开始的。

start的动作发生在过去的动作arrived之前,过去的过去。

⑵过去完成时可表示过去某个时间之前开始的动作或状态的延续,与since或for引导的时间状语连用。

He had worked in the firm for ten years before he came to our school.

到他来我们学校之前,他已经在公司工作了10年。(来到我们学校的动作已经是过去,在来到学校之前已经在公司工作并持续了10年,表示过去的过去,用过去完成时态表示动作在过去之前的持续。)

She had been ill for weeks when he asked for sick leave.

她请假之前已经病了几周了。

She told me she had been work in the countryside since she graduated from a college.

她告诉我她一毕业就在乡村工作。本句中 work in the countryside的工作状态自graduated from a college开始,一直延续至she told me的时候还未停止。

⑶在连贯的文章中,先发生的事放在后面叙述时,要用过去完成时。例如:

Scarlett felt helpless, not knowing what to do. Her husband had been died and left her little money.

斯嘉丽觉得孤立无援,不知所措,她丈夫去世了,只留给她一点点财产。(在本句中,she felt helpless…发生在过去,而 die 则发生在felt helpless之前。)

⑷表示过去未实现的希望、计划、打算或原本的想法(think, suppose, hope, want, expect, plan, etc.)时用过去完成时。例如:

I thought he had died.

我原以为他已死了。

We have been wanted to catch the first bus, but we didn't get up early enough.

我们本想赶头班车,但起得不够早。

⑸在宾语从句中,所叙述的事虽发生于主动词之前,但从句中有一个确定的表示过去的时间状语时或叙述的是历史事实时,从句中的时态一般选过去时。例如:

Miss Li said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

李老师说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。句中的discovered发生在said之前,但因是历史事实,不用过去完成时had discovered。

⑹叙述过去发生的一连串的动作或事件用and或but连接时,用一般过去时。例如:

He got up, dressed himself and then went downstairs to have breakfast.

他起身穿好衣服,然后就下楼吃早饭。

He brought volleyball but later lost it.

他刚买了排球就丢了。

⑺当主动词与宾语从句中谓语动词同时发生时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。例如:

He said he knew several languages.

他说他懂好几门外语。

He was not sure what they were doing (did) at that time.

他不确定他们那时候在干什么。

3)现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别:

⑴两个时态都是以现在为着眼点,强调动作相对于现在已经完成,并对现在产生影响,但是现在完成进行时表示直接的结果,现在完成时表示的则是最后的结果。例如:

They have been cleaning the classroom.(a)他们打扫教室来着。

They have cleaned the classroom.(b)他们把教室打扫过了。

分析:(a)其直接结果可能是:他们身上都是灰。(b)其结果是:现在教室很清洁,可以用了。又,(a)句表示教室刚刚打扫过,(b)句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。

Be careful! Daddy has been painting the door.(a) 小心,爸爸刚油漆过那门。

Daddy has painted the door.(b) 爸爸油漆过那门了。

分析:(a)句表示现在油漆还未干,所以要小心。(b)句则无此含义,油漆可能已干了。

⑵现在完成进行时有时有延续性,现在完成时一般没有。例如:

They have been widening the road.(a)他们在加宽马路。

They have widened the road.(b)他们加宽了马路。

分析:(a)句的意思是尚未完工。(b)句的意思则是已完工了。

Mr. Green has been living in London since 1978.(a)史密斯先生1978年就住在伦敦了。

Mr. Green has lived in London since 1978.(b)史密斯先生1978年开始住在伦敦。

分析:(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有。

⑶现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则一般不带重复性。例如:

Have you been meeting Susan lately?(a) 你最近常见苏珊吗?

Have you met Susan lately?(b) 你最近见过苏珊吗?

分析:(a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有。(b)句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,也表示动作在重复,但必须借助这些频度副词。

⑷现在完成进行时比较生动,常常含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果。例如:

What have you been doing?(a)你都在干些什么?

What have you done?(b) 你做了什么?

分析:(a)句表示惊异。(b)句只是一个问题。

Have you been waiting long?(a)

Have you waited long?(b)

分析:都可以翻译为“你等了很长时间吗?”但(a)句较口语化,且(a)句较(b)句生动。

I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a)

I have long wanted to meet you.(b)

分析:都可以翻译为“我为见到你等了好久了。”但(a)句比(b)句更亲切,更有礼貌。

Recently Li Mei has been doing her work regularly.(a)

Recently Li Mei has done her work regularly.(b)

分析:都可以翻译为:“最近李美能够按时做作业”(a)句显然是在表扬李梅。(b)只说明一个事实。

Who's been eating my apples?(a) 谁在偷吃我的苹果?

Who's eaten my apples?(b) 谁偷吃了我的苹果?

分析:(a)句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,苹果未被全部吃光。(b)句只是希望回答的一个问题。而表达的现在的结果也明显不同,苹果一个不剩了。

4)将来完成进行时和将来完成时的区别:

两个时态都是对将来动作的表述,将来完成进行时强调动作过程在另一动词之前所延续的时间长度,而将来完成时更强调一个动作在另一动词之前的完成。例如:

By the time Joyce retires,James will have been practicing for 20 years.

到乔伊斯退休的时候,詹姆斯已经在从事工作20年了。(将来完成进行时,强调到乔伊斯退休时,詹姆斯的工作时间将已延续了20年之久)

When you come back,I will have finished my home work.

到你回来时,我就会把作业做完了。(将来完成时,强调动作的完成:在你回来之前会完成作业。)

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