2．复合式听写
A
accomplish［a′kampli∫］vt．达到（目的）；完成
Having hope means believing you have both the will and the way to_______your goals whatever they may be．（2010/12）
accuracy［′ēkjurasi］n．准确（性）；准确度
There were no convenient devices for taking notes，and early Greek orators（演说家）delivered long speeches with great_____because they learned the speeches using mnemonic systems．（2009/12）
accurate［′ēkjurit］adj．准确的，正确无误的
For example，in research with 3，920college students，Dr．Snyder and his colleagues found that the level of hope among freshmen at the beginning of their first semester was a more_______predictor of their college grades than were their S．A．T．scores or their grade point averages in high school，the two measures most commonly used to predict college performance．（2010/12）
acquisition［﹒ēkwi′zi∫an］n．取得，获得；获得物
acquire［a′kwaia］vt．取得；获得；学到
What’s more，the study of language_____offers direct insight into how humans learn．（2006/12）
addition［a′di∫an］n．加，加法；附加物
additional［a′di∫anl］adj．附加的，追加的
Adults are getting smarter about how smart babies are．Not long ago，researchers learned that 4-day-olds could understand_____and subtrac-tion．（2006/12）
administration［adminis′trei∫an］n．管理；管理部门
Some nations use English as their official language，performing the function of______．（2009/6）
afford［a′fa：d］vt．担负得起……；提供
If the p arents can_____it，each child will have his or her own bedroom，even as an infant．（2005/6）
aloof［a′lu：f］adj．冷淡；疏远；淡漠
When those boundaries are crossed，an American’s body will visibly stiffen and his manner will become cool and_______．（2005/6）
alternative［a：l′ta：nativ］adj．两者（或若干）中择一的；非此即彼的n．选择，二择一
The_____to capital punishment is longer sentences，but they would certainly cost the tax payers’much money．（2008/6）
apparent［a′pērant］adj．显然的
In recent decades，our love affair with the car is being exported directly to the developing world and it is increasingly______that this transfer is leading to disaster．（2008/12）
appearance［a′piarans］n．出现；外貌；外形，外表
Since their first_____on American roadways，automobiles have become a symbol of progress，a source of thousands of jobs and almost an inalienable right for citizens’personal freedom of movement．（2008/12）
assess［a′ses］vt．对（财产等）估价
We provide health teaching，_______physical as well as emotional problems，coordinate patient-related services，and make all of our nursing decisions based upon what is best or suitable for the patient．（2007/6）
assign［a′sain］vt．指派；分配；指定
assignment［a′sainmant］n．任务，指定的作业
Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans_______to privacy．（2005/6）
association［a﹒sau∫i′ei∫an］n．协会，团体；联想
The______do not have to be logical．They just have to make a good link．（2009/12）
You made an association with something already known，the shape of a boot，and Italy’s shape could not be forgotten once y ou had made the______．（2009/12）
assume［a′sju：m］vt．假定；承担；呈现
Americans______that people will have their private thoughts that might never be shared with anyone．（2005/6）
attain［a′tein］vt．达到，获得，完成
“Students with high hope set themselves higher goals and know how to work to______them．”Doctor Snider said．（2010/12）
automatically［﹒ata′mētikli］adv．自动地；无意识地，机械地，不自觉地
For some people，the habit is so deeply rooted that they______start daydreaming when a speaker begins talking on something complex or uninteresting．（2007/12）
B
betray［bi′trei］vt．背叛；辜负；泄漏
Your blank expression，and the faraway look in your ey es are the cues that______you inattentiveness．（2007/12）
boot［bu：t］n．靴子，长统靴
If you remember the shape of Italy，it is because you have been told sometime that Italy is shap ed like a_____．（2009/12）
boundary［′baundari］n．分界线，边界
American’s houses，yards，and even their offices can seem open and inviting．Yet，in the minds of Americans，there are______that other people are simply not supposed to cross．（2005/6）
C
challenge［′t∫ēlind3］vt．挑战
He found that 9-month-old infants could be taught，through repeated show-and-tell，to recognize the names of objects that were foreign to them，a result that_______in some ways the received wisdom．（2006/12）
choke［t∫auk］vt．使窒息；塞满
Pollution-control measures are either not strict or non-existent，leading to choking clouds of smog．Gasoline still contains lead，which is extremely poisonous to humans．（2008/12）
circumstance［′sa：kamstans］n．情况，条件；境遇
If，in any______，we feel that a physician’s order is inappropriate or unsafe，we have a legal responsibility to question that order or refuse to carry it out．（2007/6）
colleague［′kali：g］n．同事，同僚
For example，in research with 3，920college students，Dr．Sny der and his______found that the level of hope among freshmen at the beginning of their first semester was a more accurate predictor of their college grades than were their S．A．T．scores or their grade point averages in high school．（2010/12）
combination［﹒kambi′nei∫an］n．结合（体）；联合（体）
A______of public policy decisions and corporate scheming saw to it that countless convenient and efficient urban streetcar and intra-city rail systems were dismantled．（2008/12）
commerce［′kama：s］n．商业，贸易；社交
Some nations use English as their official language，performing the function of administration，in others it’s used as an international language for business，_______and industry．（2009/6）
commit［ka′mit］vt．犯（错误）；干（坏事）
It’s sad，of course，that a person may have to spend the rest of his life，or a large part of it in p rison for acts that he______while not in full control of his mind．（2008/6）
And，by contrast，the loss of hope is turning out to be a stronger sign that a person may_______suicide than other factors long thought to be more likely risks．（2010/12）
community［ka′mju：niti］n．社区；社会；公社
Why do some non-native speakers of English claim that it’s a difficult language to learn while infants born into English speaking______acquire their language before they learn to use forks and knives？（2009/6）
competence［′kampitans］n．能力，胜任，称职
competent［′kampatant］adj．有能力的；能胜任的
Why is English now considered to be so prestigious that，across the globe，individuals and societies feel disadvantaged if they do not have_______in this language？（2009/6）
complicated［′kamplikeitid］adj．复杂的；难懂的；结构复杂的
complication［﹒kampli′kei∫an］n．复杂，混乱；并发症
I certainly don’t know what the answers to our problems are．Things certainly get_______in a hurry when you get into them．（2008/6）
confidentiality［﹒kanfiden∫i′ēliti］n．保密性；机密性
Doctors，lawyers，psychologists，and others have rules governing confidentiality that are intended to prevent information about their clients’personal situations form becoming known to others．（2005/6）
convenient［kan′vi：njant］adj．合宜的；方便的；便利的；近且方便的
convenience［kan′vi：njans］n．方便；合宜
There were no_______devices for taking notes，and early Greek orators（演说家）delivered long speeches with great accuracy because they learned the speeches using mnemonic systems．（2009/12）
concrete［′kankri：t］adj．有形的，实在的；具体的；具体的n．混凝土；具体物
Our lives have been planned along a road grid—homes far from work，shopping far from everything，with ugly stretches of concrete and blacktop in between．（2008/12）
construction［kan′strak∫an］n．结构；建造
Besides，the instructor’s talking about road______in ancient Rome，and nothing could be more boring．（2007/12）
coordinate［kau′a：dineit］vt．使协调
We provide health teaching，assess physical as well as emotional problems，_______patient-related services，and make all of our nursing decisions based upon what is best or suitable for the patient．（2007/6）
critical［′kritikal］adj．决定性的；批评的
But if trends continue as predicted，they will find that most_______hospital care will be provided by new，inexperienced and sometimes inadequately-trained nurses．（2007/6）
D
decade［′dekeid］n．十年，十年期
In recent________，our love affair with the car is being exported directly to the developing world and it is increasingly apparent that this transfer is leading to disaster．（2008/12）
debt［det］n．债，债务，欠债
That does not mean that the person isn’t guilty of the crime，or that he shouldn’t pay society the_______he owes．（2008/6）
demonstration［﹒deman′strei∫an］n．证明；论证
This is the first______that we can choose what words the children will learn and that they can respond to them with an unfamiliar voice giving in structions in an unfamiliar setting．（2006/12）
deprive［di′praiv］vt．夺去；使（人）失去
The profound connection between identity and communication is dramatically evident in children who are______of human contact．（2010/6）
derive［di′raiv］vt．取得vi．起源
The ancient Greeks developed basic memory systems called mnemonics．The name is_______from their Goddess of memory“Mnemosyne”．（2009/12）
difficulty［′difikalti］n．困难；艰难；困难性；难度
Americans have great________understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person who dislike being alone．（2005/6）
disadvantaged［﹒disad′va：ntid3d］adj．下层社会的；贫困的
Why is English now considered to be so prestigious that，across the globe，individuals and societies feel_______if they do not have competence in this language？（2009/6）
disrupt［dis′rapt］vt．将（某事物）弄乱；扰乱（某事物）
That disturbs our personal lives，disrupts our sleeping and eating habits，and isolates us from everything except job-related friends and activities．（2007/6）
diverse［dai′va：s］adj．不一样的，多种多样的
Psychologists are finding that hope plays a surprisingly vital role in giving people a measurable advantage in realms as_______as academic achievement，bearing up in tough jobs and coping with tragic illness．（2010/12）
dramatically［dra′mētikli］adv．戏剧性地；引人注目地
The profound connection between identity and communication is ______evident in children who are deprived of human contact．（2010/6）
dutifully［′dju：tifuli］adv．尽责地；顺从地
Occasionally you come back to earth：the instructor writes an important term on the chalkboard，and you______copy it in your notebook．（2007/12）
E
emit［i′mit］vt．散发；发射；发表
Our air quality now suffers from the effects of the p ollutants______directly from our cars．（2008/12）
entitle［in′taitl］vt．给……权利（或资格）
She’s_______to a place of her own where she can be by herself，and keep her possessions．（2005/6）
expose［iks′pauz］vt．使暴露；揭露
In recent decades，our love affair with the car is being______directly to the developing world and it is increasingly apparent that this transfer is leading to disaster．（2008/12）
F
floating［′flautiy］adj．漂浮的；移动的；浮动的
But your mind is far away，______in the clouds of pleasant daydreams．（2007/12）
foundation［faun′dei∫an］n．基础；地基；基金
We first see ourselves through the eyes of others．So their messages form imp ortant______of ourselves’concepts．（2010/6）
G
graduate［′grēdjueit］n．有学位（尤指学士学位）的人；大学毕业生
Most hospitals are now staffed by new_______as experienced nurses finally give up trying to change the system．（2007/6）
guilt［gilt］n．有罪，犯罪；内疚
You have a vag ue sense of______that you aren’t paying close attention，but you tell yourself that any material you miss can be picked up from a friend’s notes．（2007/12）
guilty［′gilti］adj．犯罪的，有罪的，心虚的
That does not mean that the person isn’t_____of the crime，or that he shouldn’t pay society the debt he owes．（2008/6）
H
hindered［′hindad］adj．受到阻碍的
Case studies of children who are isolated from others reveal that they’re lack of firm self-concept，and their mental and psychological development isseverely_______by lack of language．（2010/6）
humourous［′hju：maras］adj．滑稽的；幽默的
Every once in a while the instructor makes a witty remark，causing others in the class to laugh．You smile politely，pretending that you’ve heard the remark and found it mildly_____．（2007/12）
I
identify［ai′dentifai］vt．辨认；标识；识别
Apart from learning to______things common to their daily lives，children don’t begin to build vocabulary until well into their second year．（2006/12）
immense［i′mens］adj．巨大的；极好的
In the ancient world，a trained memory was an_____asset，particularly in public life．（2010/6）
inadequately［in′ēdikwitli］adv．不充分地；不适当地；不够格地；不能胜任地
But if trends continue as predicted，they will find that most critical hospital care will be provided by new，inexp erienced and sometimes _________trained nurses．（2007/6）
inappropriate［﹒ina′praupriit］adj．（对某人/某事物）不恰当的，不适合的
If，in any circumstance，we feel that the physician’s order is______or unsafe，we have a legal responsibility to question that order or refuse to carry it out．（2007/6）
incur［in′ka：］vt．遭受；蒙受；招致；引起；带来
Why not work out some system whereby they can pay back the debts they owe society instead of______another debt by going to prison，and of course，coming under the influence of hardened criminals？（2008/6）
indulge［in′dald3］vt．放纵（感情）vi．纵情
If you’re like most people，you’ve indulged in fake listening many times．（2007/12）
infant［′infant］n．婴儿；幼儿
If the parents can afford it，each child will have his or her own bedroom，even as an______．（2005/6）
Even without being taught new words a control group caught up with the other______within a few months．（2006/12）
instant［′instant］n．顷刻，刹那
For example，think of an app le．The______your brain registers the word“apple”，it recalls the shape，color，taste，smell and texture of that fruit．（2009/12）
intelligent［in′telid3ant］adj．聪明的；有才智的
George Herbert Mead said that humans are talked into humanity．He meant we gain personal identity as we communicate with others．In the earliest years of our lives，our parents tell us who we are，“You are_____”，“You are so strong”．（2010/6）
interaction［﹒inta′rēk∫an］n．交互作用，互相影响
A group of researchers reviewed scores of studies that traced the relationship between health and______ with others．（2010/6）
investigate［in′vestigeit］vt．＆vi．调查
How has English changed through 1，500Years？These are some of the questions that you______when you study English．（2009/6）
isolation［﹒aisa′lei∫an］n．隔离；孤立；脱离
isolate［′aisaleit］vt．使隔离，使孤立
Research shows that communicating with others promotes health，whereas social_____is linked to stress，disease，and early death．（2010/6）
L
largely［′la：d3li］adv．（无比较级、最高级）大部分；主要地；大量地，广泛地
The Greeks discovered that human memory is_____ an associative process—that it works by linking things together．（2009/12）
license［′laisans］n．许可；执照vt．准许
As nurses，we are_______to provide nursing care only．（2007/6）
lie［lai］vi．倒向；躺
Certain phrases one commonly hears among Americans capture their devotion to individualism：“Do you own thing．”“I did it my way．”“You’ll have to decided that for yourself．”“You made your bed，now_____in it．”“if you don’t look out for yourself，no one else will．”“Look out for number one．”（2005/6）
M
magnify［′mēgnifai］vt．放大，扩大
The problems caused by motorized vehicles in the West are often_______in developing nations．（2008/12）
material［ma′tiarial］n．材料；素材adj．物质的
You have a vague sense of guilt that you aren’t paying close attention，but you tell yourself that any______you miss can be picked up from a friend’s notes．（2007/12）
N
notion［′nau∫an］n．概念，观念；意图，想法
Doctor Snider went beyond the simple_____that hope is merely the sense that everything will turn out all right．（2010/12）
O
occasionally［a′kei3anali］adv．（无比较级、最高级）偶尔，有时
______you come back to earth：the instructor writes an important term on the chalkboard，and you dutifully copy it in your notebook．（2007/12）
obligation［﹒abli′gei∫an］n．义务
oblige［a′blaid3］vt．使感激；施恩惠于
We do not have any leg al or moral_____to any physician．（2007/6）
offender［a′fenda］n．（法律上的）犯罪者，犯规者；冒犯者，惹人生气的人
offence［a′fens］n．犯罪，犯规；冒犯
offensive［a′fensiv］adj．冒犯的；进攻的
One thing I’m concerned about is our practice of putting______in jail who haven’t harmed anyone．（2008/6）
official［a′fi∫al］adj．官方的；法定；法定的；正式的
Some nations use Eng lish as their_______language，performing the function of administration．（2009/6）
outcome［′autkam］n．结果，后果，成果
“Hope has proven a powerful p redictor of_______in every study we’ve done so far，”said Dr．Charles R．Snyder．（2010/12）
overwhelm［﹒auva′welm］vt．战胜，征服；使不知所措，使非常激动
Students are graduating with a variety of skills and interests，but often find themselves______when it comes to choosing an ultimate career goal．（2011/6）
P
pedestrian［pi′destrian］n．行人，步行者
Movement in some cities comes to a virtual standstill，as motorized traffic competes with bicy cles and_______．（2008/12）
percentage［pa′sentid3］n．百分比；百分率；百分数
America’s almost complete dependence on automobiles has been a terrible mistake．As late as the 1950s，a large________of the American public used mass transit．（2008/12）
prime［praim］adj．首要的n．春，青春
The emotional and physical stress，however，that occurs due to odd working hours is a_______reason for a lot of the career dissatisfaction．（2007/6）
profound［pra′faund］adj．深刻的；渊博的
The______connection between identity and communication is dramatically evident in children who are deprived of human contact．（2010/6）
psychologist［sai′kalad3ist］n．心理学家
psychology［sai′kalad3i］n．心理学；心理
Now，British research_______Graham Schafer has discovered that infants can learn words for uncommon things long before they can speak．（2006/12）
R
recall［ri′ka：l］vt．回想，回忆；叫回，召回；使想起；收回
For example，think of an apple．The instant your brain registers the word“apple”，it______the shape，color，taste，smell and texture of that fruit．All these things are associated in your memory with the word“apple”．（2009/12）
recognize［′rekagnaiz］vt．认清；分辨；辨认；重视
recognition［﹒rekag′ni∫an］n．认出，识别；重视
He found that 9-month-old infants could be taught，through repeated show-and-tell，to______the names of objects that were foreign to them．（2006/12）
reflect［ri′flekt］vt．反光；反射；反映；映射
reflection［ri′flek∫an］n．反射；映象；反映
Thus how we see ourselves_______the views of us that others communicate．（2010/6）
responsibility［ris﹒pansa′biliti］n．责任；负责；职责；义务
If，in any circumstance，we feel that a physician’s order is inappropriate or unsafe，we have a legal______to question that order or refuse to carry it out．（2007/6）
restore［ris′ta：］vt．恢复；归还；修补
Of course，one alternative to this is to______capital punishment，but I’m not sure I would be for that．I’m not sure it’s right to take an eye for eye．（2008/6）
romantic［rau′mēntik］adj．好幻想的；浪漫的
Later we interact with teachers，friends，_______partners and co-workers，who communicate their views of us．（2010/6）
S
scale［skeil］n．天平，磅秤，秤；标度；比例；大小
“Hope has proven a powerful predictor of outcome in every study we’ve done so far，”said Dr．Charles R．Snyder，apsycholog ist who has devised a_______to assess how much hope a person has．（2010/12）
secret［′si：krit］adj．秘密的；保密的；机密的
“It’s no_______that children learn words，but the words they tend to know are words linked to specific situations in the home，”explains Schafer．（2006/12）
senior［′sinja］adj．年长的；地位较高的，资深的n．年长者；资深者；大学四年级学生
In a study，Schwartz observed decision-making among college students during their_____years．（2011/6）
sensitive［′sensitiv］adj．易受伤害的；易损坏的；易生气的；感情容易冲动的
Fake listening may be easily exposed，since many speakers are sensitive to fa-cial cues and can tell if you’re merely pretending to listen．（2007/12）
sequence［′si：kwans］n．序列
Grammer involves the study of sound structures，the formation of words，the sequencing words and the construction of meaning，as well as examination of the theories explaining the aspects of English usage．（2009/6）
serve［sa：v］v．供职，服役（如在军队里）
I’m also concerned about the short prison sentences peop le are_______for serious crimes．（2008/6）
shift［∫ift］vt．替换，转移n．转换
It is sometimes required that we work overtime and that we change_______four or five times a month．（2007/6）
specific［spi′sifik］adj．详细而精确的；确切的；特定的；具体的
“It’s no secret that children learn words，but the words they tend to know are words linked to______situations in the home，”explains Schafer．（2006/12）
squarely［′skweali：］adj．成直角；处于正中央位置；公平地；公正地；诚实地；正当地
You go to history class，sit in the third row，and look_____at the instructor as she speaks．（2007/12）
spread［spred］vt．伸开；传播n．传播
What factors and forces have led to the_______of English？（2009/6）
subject［′sabd3ikt］n．题目；议题
This means that any thoug ht about a certain_______will often bring up more memories that are related to it．（2009/12）
subtraction［sab′trēk∫an］n．减法；减去
Not long ago，researches learned that four-day olds could understand addition and subtraction．（2006/12）
survive［sa′vaiv］vi．继续生存或存在vt．经历（某事物）幸存
survival［sa′vaival］n．幸存，残存；幸存者
I’m interested in the criminal justice system of our country．It seems to me that something has to be done if we are to_______as a country．（2008/6）
symbol［′simbal］n．符号；象征
Since their first appearance on American roadways，automobiles have become a_______of progress，a source of thousands of jobs and almost an inalienable right for citizens’personal freedom of movement．（2008/12）
T
texture［′tekst∫a］n．（一物体表面﹑物质或织物的）质地，外观，手感（如厚薄﹑软硬﹑粗细等）
For example，think of an apple．The instant your brain registers the word“apple”，it recalls the shape，color，taste，smell and_____of that fruit．All these things are associated in your memory with the word“apple”．（2009/12）
theoretical［θia′retikal］adj．理论的；理论上的
You are encouraged to develop your own individual responses to various practical and_______issues．（2009/6）
tongue［tay］n．舌，舌头；语言
English is the leading international language．In different countries around the globe，English is acq uired as the mother______，in others it’s used as a second language．（2009/6）
tragic［′trēd3ik］adj．悲剧性的，悲惨的
Psychologists are finding that hope plays a surprisingly vital role in giving people a measurable advantage in realms as diverse as academic achievement，bearing up in tough jobs and coping with_______illness．（2010/12）
transportation［﹒trēnspa：′tei∫an］n．运输，交通业，输送
Developing countries are copying Western-style transportation systems down to the last detail．（2008/12）
trigger［′triga］n．扳机vt．触发，引起
An example could be when you think about a lecture you have had．This could trigger a memory about what you’re talking about through that lec-ture，which can then trigger another memory．（2009/12）
V
variability［﹒vearia′biliti］n．变化性；变化的倾向；易变
You also examine the immense_______of English and come to understand how it’s used as a symbol of individual identity and social connection．（2009/6）
vulnerable［′valnarabl］adj．暴露于危险面前的；易受攻击的；无防御的
Loneliness harms the immune system，making us more_____to a range of miner and major illnesses．（2010/6）
W
whereby［hwεa′bai］adv．靠什么；靠那个
Why not work out some system_______they can pay back the debts they owe society instead of incurring another debt by going to prison，and of course，coming under the influence of hardened criminals？（2008/6）
wisdom［′wizdam］n．智慧；看法
He found that 9-month-old infants could be taught，through repeated show-and-tell，to recognize the names of objects that were foreign to them，a result that challenges in some way s the received______．
witty［′witi］adj．机智的；风趣的
Every once in a while the instructor makes a_______remark，causing others in the class to laugh．You smile politely，pretending that you’ve heard the remark and found it mildly humorous．（2007/12）
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