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时态的翻译练习

时间:2022-04-04 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:10.3 比较结构的翻译英语中,比较结构复杂多样,可以通过词汇手段形成比较,特别是利用介词、动词和形容词。英语中更常见的是通过句型达到比较的目的。这里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法,而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。比较级+ than to do...句型由比较级与than to do sth.结合在一起的句型,通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。

10.3 比较结构的翻译

英语中,比较结构复杂多样,可以通过词汇手段形成比较,特别是利用介词、动词和形容词。如:

例49.A soldier should value honor above life.(利用介词表示比较)

译文 军人应视荣誉重于生命。

例50.His idea surpasses mine in originality.(利用动词表示比较)

译文 它的构想比我更有创意。

例51.He is junior to me in years but superior in knowledge.(利用形容词表示比较)

译文 他年龄比我小,知识却比我丰富。

英语中更常见的是通过句型达到比较的目的。常见的比较结构的意义很容易理解,所以也比较容易翻译,如:I am taller than he.(我比他高)。这里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法,而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。在翻译的时候,需要仔细分析,在准确理解的基础上,才能进行贴切的表达。

10.3.1 同级比较

同级比较指从某个角度来看,两个相比较的对象处于相似或相等的情况。

(1)as...as...句型

as...as...句型表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候,通常翻译为“……和……一样”。

例52.Cloning may be as much a part of our future as space probes and antibiotics are parts of our present.

译文 克隆技术可能会成为人类未来不可缺少的一部分,就如同空间探索和抗菌素是我们目前生活的一部分一样。

原级可用来表达两种不同的概念的比较,意思为 “既……又……”,“不仅B也同样A”。

例53.This machine is as simple as practical.

译文 这台机器既简单又实用。

例54.It is as much your responsibility as mine.

译文 这不仅是我的责任,同样也是你的责任。

(2)not as (so)...as...句型

跟as...as...句型相反的结构not as (so)...as...表示两者的程度不一样,前者不如后者,所以,通常翻译为“……不如……”。

例55.People are not so honest as they once were.

译文 人们现在不如过去那样诚实了。

(3)not/without so much...as...句型

表示一个主体两个属性之间的比较的结构,和more…than或less…than意义相同,应译成“与其说……不如说……”或“不是……而是……”。

例56.He was not so much angry as disappointed.

译文 他与其说是生气,还不如说是失望了。

例57.The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.

译文 海洋与其说是把世界分割开来,还不如说是把世界连接在一起。

例58.Bad writing is caused not so much by mistakes in grammar as by weakness in style.

译文 拙劣的写作,与其说是语法上的错误,还不如说是由于文体上的弱点。

(4)not so much as...句型

not so much as...这个结构相当于“not even...”,所以通常翻译为“甚至不……,甚至没有……”。

例59.He didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.

译文 他甚至没有请我坐下。

例60.He went off without so much as saying he was sorry.

译文 他连一声对不起也没说就走了。

(5)what表示两种相似关系的比较

连接词what可以用来表示两种事物相同或相似的比较关系,起比喻作用。常见的结构为A is to B what C is to D。这里的what相当于连接词as,有“正如、恰似、好比”的意思。这种结构,汉语可以译为:A之于B就像C之于D(一样)。

例61.The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.

译文 作家的笔犹如战士的枪一样(可以进行战斗)。

10.3.2 差级比较

差级比较指在比较中表示差距或差异,最常用的结构是“比较级+than”,一般译为“比……更”。有些句子在形式上是差级比较,在意义上却是同级比较或者终极比较,为了行文方便也放在此处讨论。

(1)比较级+ than to do...句型

由比较级与than to do sth.结合在一起的句型,通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。

例62.You ought to know better than to go swimming on such a cold day.

译文 你不至于这么冷的天气去游泳吧。

例63.I have more sense than to tell him about our plan.

译文 我不至于傻到会把我们的计划告诉他。

(2)more A than B句型

more A than B通常用于同一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或者特征上面的比较。翻译为“与其说B,不如说A”。类似的结构还有less A than B,翻译为“与其说A,不如说B”,请注意这两个结构中“与其是说”与“还不如说”的对象,即A与B两者的在翻译中的位置。

例64.He is less a teacher than an expert.

    =He is more an expert than a teacher.

    =He is not so much a teacher as an expert.

译文 与其说他是老师,不如说他是专家。

(3)more than...句型

在英语中,如果more than...句型后面所跟的词性不相同,意义也不尽相同,所以应该用不同的汉语词来翻译。

① more than后面接数词,表示“多于……,……以上”的意思。

例65.I have known him for more than twenty years.

译文 我已经认识她二十多年了。

② more than后面接名词或者动词,表示“不只是……”的意思。

例66.He more than smiled but laughed.

译文 他不只是微笑,而是放声大笑。

③ more than后面接形容词、副词或者分词,表示“极其,非常”的意思。

例67.He was more than upset by the accident.

译文 这个意外事故让他非常心烦。

④ more than... can...则表示“难以……,完全不能……”的意思。

例68.His attitude to me is more than I can stand.

译文 我无法忍受他对我的态度。

例69.It is more than I can tell what kind of a man he is.

译文 我难以说出他是怎么样的一个人。

(4)no more...than...句型

no +形容词(副词)比较级+ than句型在意义上属于同级比较,和“not...any more than”一样表示对两者都否定。如:no better than = as bad as,no faster than = as slow as,no taller than = as short as等。可以翻译为“一样+形容词(副词)的反义词(原级)”,“……和……一样不”,“不……正如……”,“……和……两者都不”。这一结构中,no more/less后面也可以是名词。

例70.This material is no more elastic than stone.

译文 这种材料跟石头一样没弹性。

例71.He is no less a writer than a painter.

译文 他既是画家也是作家。

例72.I am no more a poet than he is a scholar.

译文 我不是诗人,正如他不是学者一样。

(5)no more than和not more than

两者均可表示数量,no more than表示“仅仅”、“只有”(= only/as few as),强调一样少。not more than表示“不多于”、“至多”(= at most)。反义词组no less than表示 “多达”;not less than表示“至少”。

例73.It is no more than five miles to the station.

译文 去车站只有5英里。

例74.It is not more than five miles to the station.

译文 去车站最多5英里。

例75.He has no less than 10,000 dollars.

译文 他的钱多达10 000 美元。

例76.He has not less than 10,000 dollars.

译文 他的钱至少有10 000美元。

(6)表示最高级意义的比较结构

这种结构一般见于否定句中,意思是“没有比这更……的”,“这是最……的”。

例77.They couldn’t’ have come at a better time.

译文 他们来得正是时候。

(7)含有倍数关系的比较结构

英语比较结构中倍数表示法通常有三种:

A is N times as + 形容词原级 + as B;

A is N times the + 性质名词 + of B;

A is N times + 形容词比较级 + than B。

前两种结构一般不会产生误解,表示:A是B的N倍。如:

例78.The sun’s radius (the distance from its centre to its surface) is 695,508 km(432,169 mi), 109 times as large as Earth’s radius.

译文 太阳的半径为695 508公里(432 169英里),是地球半径的109倍。

例79.Florida’s population in 1990 was 12,937,926, more than 13 times the size of its 1920 population of 968,470.

译文 1990年佛罗里达州的人口为12 937 926,是1920年人口968 470的13倍。

第三种结构表示的倍数概念与前两个结构相同,意为:A是B的N倍。如:

例80.The atomic weight of helium is four times heavier than that of hydrogen.

氦的原子量是4.002 60,而氢的原子量是1.007 90。

译文 氦原子量是氢原子量的四倍。

例81.These blue super giants may have surface temperatures in excess of 30,000℃—more than five times hotter than the surface of the sun.

而在另一处有一句子:A star’s color depends on its temperature. Our Sun is an average yellowish star with a temperature of 5 500℃.

由此可知30 000是5 500的五倍多,所以上例应译为:

译文 这些超巨星的表面温度可达到30 000摄氏度以上,是太阳表面温度的五倍多。

A is N times + 形容词比较级 + than B这一结构有一个变体:A is +形容词比较级 + than B by N times,表示的同样也是:A是B的N倍。如:

例82.Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times.

汞的比重是13.59,水的比重是1。

译文 汞的比重大约是水的14倍。

A is N times + 形容词比较级 + than B结构中,形容词比较级如果是表示“减少”的意义,翻译时也需留心。因为汉语中多说少了几分之几。汉译时应将句中的倍数宜转换成分数或百分数,翻译成:A是B的1/N,A比B少N−1/N。

例83.Hydrogen is seven times lighter than air.

译文 氢气的重量是空气重量的七分之一。

例84.The kind of film is 3 times thinner than ordinary paper.

译文 这种薄膜的厚度是普通纸的三分之一。

10.3.3 终级比较

终极比较旨在比较中表示某人或某物在特定范围内显得最突出,或某一动作在一定情况下达到最高程度,通常用形容词或副词的最高级来表示。翻译时通常译为“最”等。除了这一结构,还有一些表达方法需要注意。

(1)the last +名词+定语

这里的last意味the least likely,是否定地加以推论的说法,可以译作“最不可能,最不合适”等。

例85.He is the last man to accept a bribe.

译文 他决不可能接受贿赂。

(2)of all things/ others结构

这一结构提供了一个范围,即使不与最高级连用,也使句子有了最高级的意义。

例86.Disregard of public interest is of all things to be condemned.

译文 不顾公众利益,最应受到谴责。

例87.He is the man of all others for the job.

译文 他最适合担任这一工作。

(3)the least

the least 往往表示“最少的”,但在实际的翻译中还是会有特别的处理。

例88.I don’t have the least objection to your opinion.

译文 我完全同意你的观点。

例89.If you had only the least thought you would not have spoken out in that way.

译文 你哪怕稍微替别人着想一下,就不会那样说话了。

(4)least of all

在一些表示否定的句子中,Least of all 不是表达“所有当中最少的”的意思,而是指“尤其,特别”。

例90.Nobody is supposed to have a poor performance in the exam, you least of all.

译文 什么人都不应该在这次考试中考得这么差,尤其是你。

本章探讨英语被动句、否定句和比较结构在翻译成汉语时的注意要点。被动句的翻译更多的是在遣词造句时使译文更符合汉语习惯,而否定句和比较结构在很大层面上更要注意在理解上要正确,不出偏差。

练习

一、翻译下列被动句:

1.Candidates are required to present themselves fifteen minutes before the examination.

2.I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.

3.Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.

4.Some plastics have been discovered by accident.

5.All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a theory.

6.New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time.

7.Additional international standards may be added to the series in the future.

8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at anytime, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in 30 years or so at the present rate of use.

9.His suggestion was opposed by most of the present company.

10.Economic development is obtained by scientific advance.

二、翻译下列否定句:

1.She didn’t know when he will come back.

2.The aim of our work is not to educate them, but to learn from them.

3.I do not think the United Nations Security Council can or should be indifferent to these most serious violations of human rights.

4.The mountain is not valued because it is high.

5.The engine did not stop because the fuel was finished.

6.He can’t speak English without making mistakes.

7.Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.

8.Opportunities come to all, but all are not ready for them when they do come.

9.All metals are found not to conduct electricity equally well.

10.This kind of trees cannot be seen everywhere.

三、翻译下列句子,注意比较结构的翻译:

1.Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill.

2.I am sure conditions over there will more than satisfy your requirements.

3.It was a curious exchange, less a debate than a quarrel between two aggressive men.

4.A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.

5.He is more good than bad.

6.Man is limited not so much by his tools as by his vision.

7.Susan can not so much as write her own name.

8.The beauty of the city is more than words can describe.

9.There is nothing he likes so much as playing chess.

10.He had traveled no further than seven miles across the channel when his engine failed.

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