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教学后反思

时间:2022-03-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:教学反思可能在不同的时间进行,反思可以在教学过程中发生,如在教学中根据学生的学习情况调整教学难度、改变教学方法等,称之为教学中的反思,教学中的反思需要对实践情境不断诠释,在此基础上进行决策。所以,迅速的行动中并不存在教师对教学的反思。虽然教学中反思和教学后反思的水平不同,但二者对于改善实践来说都是重要的。教学中反思的作用是对教学进行及时的修正,教学后反思包括对教学的回顾、研究和理论化。

四、教学反思的类型:教学后反思

教学反思可能在不同的时间进行,反思可以在教学过程中发生,如在教学中根据学生的学习情况调整教学难度、改变教学方法等,称之为教学中的反思,教学中的反思需要对实践情境不断诠释,在此基础上进行决策。反思也可能在教学后进行,如教学之后反思教学效果;也可能在下一次教学前进行,如根据过去的经验计划未来的教学活动。这两类反思都不是在教学之中进行的,属于教学后的反思。葛瑞菲斯(M. Griffiths)与谭(S. Tann)对反思水平的分类可以用来解释教学中反思和教学后反思的特征。(99)

第一类教学中反思是“迅速的行动”(rapid action),表现为教师对某一现象自动化的反应,是“行动-反应”的过程。例如当学生有好的表现时,有的教师会自然地表扬,这种反应是即时的、自动化的。不过,我们认为迅速的行动只是教师按照自己行动中知识行事罢了,教师的教学已经完全自动化了,当遇到一定的情境,就会自然而然的以常规化的方式进行相应的行动,教师在教学中并没有思考应该如何进行下一步行动。所以,迅速的行动中并不存在教师对教学的反思。

对教学的“修正”(repair)属于第二类教学中的反思,教师在教学中有短暂的停留时间来进行迅速的“点式思考”,是一个“反应-监控-反应-计划-行动”的过程。例如当教师看到学生有意外的表现时调整教学以适应学生的学习需求。

教学后反思有三类。一是对教学的“回顾”,是一个“行动-观察-分析和评价-计划-行动”的过程。反思会在教学结束后进行,如在工作的休息时间,一天的或者是一周的工作结束后。教师会讨论某一个小组或是一个学生的学习进展,反思的结果是教学计划得以修改,管理学生的方法得以改进等。二是对教学的“研究”,是一个“行动-系统的观察-严谨的分析-评价-计划-行动”过程。在这个水平上,观察变得系统和有明确的目标,信息的收集、分析和评价可能需要数周或数月,录像和日记等工具可能被用来收集信息。然后对采集的信息针对某一话题进行分析。三是“再理论化”,是一个“行动-系统的观察-严格的分析-评价-再理论化-计划-行动”的过程。教师进行抽象的和严格的反思,数月或数年以后,教师的使用理论得以改变。

从以上分析来看,教学中反思与教学后反思并不只是一个时间上的区别,也是因时间的不同使得反思的过程与水平不同。虽然教学中反思和教学后反思的水平不同,但二者对于改善实践来说都是重要的。通过教学中的反思,使教学过程不致变成教学计划的简单复制,忽视了教学过程中学生、教师、环境和内容等方面的发展性及其之间的互动关系。通过教学后反思,教师可以对教学进行系统化和理论化的探究,促进自己使用理论的外显化及其改变。

总而言之,我们可以从时间维度上,把反思分为教学中反思和教学后反思两类。教学中反思的作用是对教学进行及时的修正,教学后反思包括对教学的回顾、研究和理论化。

如图2.6所示,教学反思的内容、层次、过程和类型构成了教学反思的立体模型。教学反思的内容有学生、教师、教学目标、学习经验、教学方法、评价和环境等。就每一方面内容,反思可能是技术性的,也可能是理解性的和批判性的。教学反思的基本过程是从发现实践中困惑或惊奇,到描述、诠释与分析困惑与惊奇,再到行动的过程。本研究只关注教学后反思。

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图2.6 本研究中教学反思的结构

【注释】

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