首页 理论教育 英汉两个翻译方向上连接成分转换的语料库考察

英汉两个翻译方向上连接成分转换的语料库考察

时间:2022-03-30 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:4.4 汉英、英汉两个翻译方向上连接成分转换的语料库考察朱德熙指出,“分句和分句之间意义上总是有联系的。这种意义上的联系往往通过语法形式表现出来”,主要包括连词(或副词)、代词的指代或关联作用,以及分句形式上的联系。

4.4 汉英、英汉两个翻译方向上连接成分转换的语料库考察

朱德熙(1982:216)指出,“分句和分句之间意义上总是有联系的。这种意义上的联系往往通过语法形式表现出来”,主要包括连词(或副词)、代词的指代或关联作用,以及分句形式上的联系。这三种表现手法中使用连词表现意义关系相对而言更为明确,原因有二:第一,尽管连词属于虚词的范畴,本身没有什么意义,但大多数连词所表达的意义关系已经固定下来,因此根据特定的连词可以更直观、更准确地判断出分句间的意义关系;第二,与代词或语序等形式手段相比,连词手段更为具体,更易于读者或听话者判断和理解。因此本书将翻译转换中,以显性连接成分对原文中的意义关系进行明示和添加显性连接成分的现象作为显化研究关注的主要目标。根据上文3.1.1所述,汉英、英汉翻译中连接成分之间的转换类型可分为对应、明示、添加和隐去四种类型(7)

1)对应(corresponding),即原文中有连接词或连接语,译文中将其译出。如:

a.他虽然现在二十七岁,早订过婚,却没有恋爱训练。

  Although he was now twenty-seven and had been en-gaged before,he had had no training in love.

  (钱锺书著《围城》,Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K.Mao译)

b.你要是不愿意听我的,我正没工夫跟你费唾沫玩。

  If you don’t listen to me,I’ve no time to waste breath on you!

  (老舍著《骆驼祥子》,施晓菁译)

c.既然文艺工作的对象是工农兵及其干部,就发生一个了解他们熟悉他们的问题。

  Since the audience for our literature and art consists of workers,peasants and soldiers and of their cadres,the problem arises of understanding them and knowing them well.

  (《毛泽东选集》)

d.The weather’s pretty good,so I’m planning on shoot-ing the—let’s see,what’s it called?

  天气很好,所以我计划拍摄——让我想想叫什么来着。

  (Robert James Waller,The Bridge of Madison County,梅嘉译)

e.Now that it is daylight,let him jump so that he’ll fill the sacks along his backbone with air and then he can-not go deep to die.

  既然是白天了,就让它跳跃吧,这样它会把沿着背脊的那些液囊装满了空气,它就没法沉到海底去死了。

  (Ernest Hemmingway,The Old Man and the Sea,吴劳译)

f.If war is forced upon us,we will fight in a just cause and by just means—sparing,in every way we can,the innocent.

  如果我们不得不战,我们将为正义的事业而战,通过正义的手段而战——尽我们的一切努力不伤及无辜。

  (George W.Bush,State of the Union Message)

2)明示(explicating),以汉英翻译为例,即原文中没有连接词,虽有表示连接关系的副词,如“就”、“才”、“还”、“又”等,但此类副词同时可表达多种意义关系,具体还需要根据语境加以确认,在英语译文中往往会以连接词或连接语的形式加以明确;英汉翻译中,尽管有连接成分,但该连接成分所表达的意义关系须根据前后句之间的语义加以判断,如and、then等,在汉语译文中常以连词加以明确如。如:

a.请的客一个都不来,就无异主人在社交生活上被判死刑。

 If none of the invited guests shows up,it means the death sentence for the host as far as his social life is concerned.

 (钱锺书著《围城》,Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K.Mao译)

b.所以病人怕死,就得请大夫,吃药。

 So if a sick man is afraid of death,he’ll call a doctor and take medicine.

 (同上)

c.有了共同的理想,也就有了铁的纪律。

 Because we shared common ideals,we had strict disci-pline.

 (《邓小平文选》)

d.你说的办法对人民有好处,我们就照你的办。

 If what he proposes will benefit the people,we will act upon it.

 (《毛泽东选集》)

e.The words had been there for years,and she had never said them.

 这句话已存了多年,但是从来没有说出来过。

 (Robert James Waller,The Bridge of Madison County,梅嘉译)

f.Burgess was taxed with this and stoutly denied it.

 伯杰斯为此受到了责难,但是他自己坚决否认有这回事。

 (Mark Twain,The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg,常健译)

g.He went from his dressing room,and Idid not hear him go.

 因为他是从更衣室下楼的,我没有听到他走出去。

 (Arthur Conan Doyle,The Valley of Fear,温宁等译)

3)添加(adding),原文中没有出现具体的连接成分,译文根据原文各分句之间的意义关系在译文中以具体的连接成分加以补偿;

a.父亲母亲都死了,妹妹的终身是哥哥的责任

 As his mother and father were both dead,his younger sister’s marriage was now his responsibility.

 (钱锺书著《围城》,Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K.Mao译)

b.“有本事,当面骂,不要躲!”

 “If you’ve got the brass to call me names,let’s see you try in to my face!Come out into the open!”

 (茅盾著《春蚕》,Sidney Shapiro译)

c.及至见了她,他把这句话在心中转了好几次,始终说不出来,他的嘴没有那么便利。

 When he saw her,however,although he had repeated this several times to himself he couldn’t somehow bring himself to say it.

 (老舍著《骆驼祥子》,施晓菁译)

d.道路是曲折的,前途是光明的。

 The road is tortuous,but the future is bright.

 (《十六大报告》)

e.我们党的最大政治优势是密切联系群众,党执政后的最大危险是脱离群众。

 The biggest political advantage of our Party lies in its close ties with the masses while the biggest potential danger for it as a ruling party comes from its divorce from them.

 (同上)

f.不参与不行,不参与不熟悉情况。

 Things cannot go well unless they participate,because if they don’t,they will not become familiar with affairs in Hong Kong.

 (《邓小平文选》)

g.The next day was broiling,almost the last,certainly the warmest,of the summer.

 第二天天气酷热,夏日几乎要终结,然而这也无疑是夏天中最热的一天。

 (F.Scott Fitzgerald,The Great Gatsby,巫宁坤译)

h.She had defied risk to see him at Cedar Bridge,now there was too much risk in seeing him again.

 她曾经不顾风险地跑到杉树桥去会他,但是现在再见他要冒的风险太大了。

 (Robert James Waller,The Bridge of Madison County,梅嘉译)

i.He was worried now—there was a quality of nervous despair in Daisy’s letters.

 他现在烦恼了——因为黛西的信里流露出紧张的绝望情绪。

 (F.Scott Fitzgerald,The Great Gatsby,巫宁坤译)

j.He understood how;he did not understand why.

 他知道了方法,但是他不知道原因。

 (George Orwell,Nineteen Eighty-four,董乐山译)

k.Afuture lived at the mercy of terrible threats is no peace at all.

 如果未来的生活听任可怕的威胁摆布,就根本无和平可言。

 (George W.Bush,State of the Union Message)

4)隐去(implicating),是指原文中的连接成分在译文中以语序、语调、介词结构和分词结构等其他非连接成分形式加以传达,如:

a.因为鼓掌表示演讲听得满意,现在鄙人还没开口,诸位已经满意得鼓掌,鄙人何必再讲什么呢?

 Applause indicates satisfaction with the speech.Now before Ihave even begun,you have already applauded with satisfaction.Why should Ihave to go on?

 (钱锺书著《围城》,Jeanne Kelly & Nathan K.Mao译)

b.由于历史社会和自然条件等原因,相当部分少数民族地区经济发展落后,社会发育程度较低

 Restricted by historical,social and natural conditions,the economic and social development of many ethnic minority areas is backward.

 (《政府白皮书2》)

c.“Well,you can if you want.”

 “好吧,随便你”。

 (Robert James Waller,The Bridge of Madison County,梅嘉译)

d.But if a man had a danger hanging over him,and knew what it was,don’t you think he would turn to the po-lice for protection?

 不过,一个人大难临头,而且知道是怎样的危难,你想,他哪有不求警察保护的道理呢?

 (Arthur Conan Doyle,The Valley of Fear,温宁等译)

以上类型中,2)和3)在翻译过程中属于非强制性的,并不完全由两种语言系统之间的差异造成,而受翻译过程的影响较大,因此属于语际显化的范畴。相反,4)属于语际隐化的范畴。从语内类比的视角,将译文中连接成分的使用与译文所在语言原创作品中连接成分的使用加以比较,若前者的频次高于后者,则认为译文表现出类比显化的特征,反之则属于类比隐化。以下以关于语言形式化的假设为前提,从汉英和英汉两个翻译方向、文学和非文学两种文体类型出发对连接成分的转换从数量、频次(frequency)和转换类型(types of conversion)三个方面加以考察。

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