中英双语法律文书的起草

实训项目一:中英双语法律文书的起草

一、实训目标

通过实训，使学生理解中英双语法律文书的特点，体会起草中英双语法律文书所应当具备的各方面理论与实践知识，并能够尝试运用自己所掌握的知识，起草某些中英双语法律文书。通过实训，使学生提高自己的法律实践能力和动手能力，拥有将理论知识转化为实践操作的经验。通过实训，使学生认识到中英双语法律文书在涉外法律实务中的重要性，并开始认真对待有关的学习与实训过程。通过实训，使学生在未出校门之际，就初步了解某些涉外法律实务的操作流程，从而增强自身竞争力，为以后的专业发展打好基础。

二、实训原理

法律文书的起草可以分为规范性法律文书的起草与非规范性法律文书的起草，但是规范性法律文书的起草具有更为重要的地位。因为按照普通法的传统，规范性法律文书的起草是法律文书起草的最高形式;其对非规范性法律文书的起草有着重要的影响;其所运用的语言文字比非规范性法律文书的起草所需运用的更为广博和丰富;其所考虑的因素对于理解法律的含义大有助益;而理解了立法以及立法过程中所需考虑的因素后，就能够从成文法的起草中学到特殊的技巧。因此，涉外法律文书的起草，应当从有关的规范性法律文书的起草学起，并推而广之，将有关知识运用到非规范性法律文书的起草中去。

在普通法体系中，规范性法律文书一般由基本结构条款、定义条款和限制性条款三大部分组成。

基本结构条款包括以下内容:(1)标题和导言部分。标题(Title)和导言(Preamble)是法律文书的第一部分。标题一般不长，但有的时候也可以很长。导言一般用“鉴于”(Whereas)这个词开头，其意义在于提供法案的背景和法案产生的原因。(2)制定条款。制定条款(Enacting Clause)一般用于说明有关法案的立法者、立法权、立法行为等因素。(3)目的条款。目的条款(Purpose Clause)一般用于说明立法的目的，从某种程度上讲，这一条款很可能与导言发生重合，因为在现代法律中，美国多采用这一条款而省去导言，不过这种做法在英国倒不多见。(4)主体条款。主体条款(Provisions)是法律文件的主体部分，最初的主体条款并不分章节，但目前一般采用分章节的做法。^[5]

定义条款通常出现在制定条款或者短标题之后。一般认为，定义条款应当安排在读者最容易接触到的地方，而这个位置就是法律的起始部分。^[6]定义条款可以分为标签定义(Labeling Definitions)——或曰简称定义(Nickname Definition)，以及约定定义(Stipulative Definition)两种类型。前者是指为了清晰、统一和避免重复而定义的缩写;后者是指法律起草者约定改变词汇通常用法而采用的定义，具体包括界定型、扩展型和限制型三种。

限制性条款是指旨在限制前面语句效力的，通常以“假如”、“但条件是”(Provided that)这样的词汇开头的从句。类似于中文法律文书中的“但书”。

在涉外法律实务中，从业人员经常需要面对中译英、英译中，或者制作全部中英文对照文本的任务。因此，有关从业人员应当在熟悉上述法律文书三大组成部分的基础上，加强训练，以较高的标准要求自己，从而初步达到能够制作中英文对照的涉外法律文书的水平。

三、实训要求与过程

总的来说，实训要求学生理解中英双语法律文书的特点，体会起草中英双语法律文书所应当具备的各方面基础与实践知识，并能够尝试运用自己所掌握的知识，起草某些中英双语法律文书;实训要求学生提高自己的法律实践能力和动手能力，拥有将理论知识转化为实践操作的经验;实训要求学生认识到中英双语法律文书在涉外法律实务中的重要性，并开始认真对待有关的学习与实训过程;实训要求学生初步了解某些涉外法律实务的操作流程。

就具体的实训步骤与过程而言:首先，学生应当对一般法律文书与涉外法律文书作出区分，并熟悉涉外法律文书的特点。其次，学生应当知晓普通法上的规范性法律文书的三大组成部分，并对其中的主体部分进行较为细致的钻研。再次，学生应当尝试起草某些涉外的法律文书，并运用自己所掌握的知识，进一步完善和修改自己制作的文书草稿。复次，学生应当以制作中英文对照的涉外法律文书的标准要求自己，使自己逐步成为既能制作英文法律文书，也能制作中文法律文书，既能中译英，也能英译中的实践型法律人才。最后，学生应当进一步搜集资料、加强训练，为下一阶段的实训打好基础。

四、实训材料

以下是一份中英文对照的为了对某外资公司进行法律尽职调查而出具的《尽职调查文件清单》(节选)，其中的条款皆为中英文一一对应。请以此为参照，针对某国际服务贸易合同的英文本(节选)，制作与之对照的中文本，并将中英文本合为一份文件。

【材料一】

Documentation Request List for Legal Due Diligence

尽职调查文件清单

Instructions

指引

This Documents Request List(the“Request”)has been prepared for the purpose of conducting legal due diligence on［×］(the“Company”).

本尽职调查文件清单(“清单”)是为对［×］(“公司”)进行法律尽职调查而准备的。

Subsidiaries of the Company with an independent legal person status are not included in the Request.If necessary，a separate request for the subsidiary may be provided.Branches，departments，offices and other entities of the Company without an independent legal person status are included in the Request.

公司具有独立法人资格的子公司的相关文件并不在本清单之列。如有必要，我们将为子公司准备单独的尽职调查文件清单。对公司不具有独立法人资格的分支机构应提供文件的相关要求已包含于本清单中。

Documents asked for implies copies of such documents，unless otherwise specified.For each item below，it should be assumed that all documents that satisfy the criteria stated are requested，even though“all”may not be explicitly stated.

除非另有说明，本清单中所要求文件均为复印件。对以下每一项，尽管并非每一项都明确标明提供“所有”文件，但应假设所有满足本清单中所设定标准的文件均应提供。

For each item below，if all relevant documents have been provided，please check the box to the right to indicate that the item of request has been satisfied.

对于以下每一项，如果所有相关文件均已提供，请在右侧方框中打钩表明该项文件已提供完毕。

If information or materials asked for is:(i)not applicable to the Company，(ii)applicable，but not expected to be available，or(iii)will be provided at a later date，please provide a separate response or explanation as appropriate.

如果所要求提供的信息或资料(i)并不适用于公司，(ii)适用于公司，但在本次调查中不可提供，或(iii)需要稍晚提供，请向我们提供一份单独的回复或作必要说明。

If，prior to the closing of the transaction，any event occurs or you obtain any additional facts that have a material effect on the information provided in response to the Request，please inform us immediately.

如果在交易结束前，发生了任何事件或您获得任何额外的信息，且该等事件或信息会对您根据本清单回复的文件信息产生影响，请立即通知我们。

“Official documents”refers to approvals，certificates，licenses，contracts，formal applications，etc.

“官方文件”指批准书、证书、许可证、合同、正式申请书等。

A government authority includes its local or subordinate organs.

政府部门包括其地方派出机构或下属机构。

“Recent”or“recent years”means the past［×］

“最近”或“近年”指过去［×］年，

years，unless otherwise specified.

除非另有说明。

“Material amount”refers to［￥×］.

“重大数额”指［￥×］。

“Affiliate”refers to:

“关联方”指:

(1)The parent company of the Company;

(1)公司的母公司;

(2)The subsidiaries of the Company;

(2)公司的子公司;

(3)Other companies under the control of a same parent company of the Company;

(3)与公司受同一母公司控制的其他企业;

(4)The investors having joint control over the Company;

(4)对公司实施共同控制的投资方;

(5)The investors having significant influence on the Company;

(5)对公司施加重大影响的投资方;

(6)The joint ventures of the Company;

(6)公司的合营企业;

(7)The associated companies of the Company;

(7)公司的联营企业;

(8)The principal individual investors and the closefamily members of such individuals.“Principal individual investors”refers to an individual investor who can control or jointly control a company，or has significant influence on a company;

(8)公司的主要投资者个人及与其关系密切的家庭成员。主要投资者个人，是指能够控制、共同控制一个企业或者对一个企业施加重大影响的个人投资者;

(9)The key managers of the Company or of its parent company and their close family members.“Key managers”refer to the managers who have the authority and responsibility for planning，directing and controlling the activities of the Company.The close family members of a principal individual investor or of a key manager refer to the family members who may influence，or be influenced by，that individual in dealing with transactions with the Company;

(9)公司或其母公司的关键管理人员及与其关系密切的家庭成员。关键管理人员，是指有权力并负责计划、指挥和控制企业活动的人员。与主要投资者个人或关键管理人员关系密切的家庭成员，是指在处理与企业的交易时可能影响该个人或受该个人影响的家庭成员;

(10)Other companies which are controlled or jointly controlled by the principal individual investors，or key managers，or the close family members of such individuals，or on which the principal individual investors，or key managers，or the close family members of such individuals have significant influence.

(10)该企业主要投资者个人、关键管理人员或与其关系密切的家庭成员控制、共同控制或施加重大影响的其他企业。

PLEASE PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING:

请提供下列文件

【材料二】

SERVICE CONTRACT NO.XYZ

Ⅰ.Subject of the Contract　　　　　　　 (omitted)

Ⅱ.Contract Price and Delivery Terms　　(omitted)

Ⅲ.Terms of Payment　　　　　　　　　　　(omitted)

Ⅳ.Effective Date，Terms and Conditions

4.1　This Contract enters into force between the Parties at the date of itssignature by both Parties(the“Effective Date”).

4.2　Without prejudice to any other rights×××may have hereunder，any failure by the CUSTOMER to pay any instalment of the Service Price or any other monies payable by the CUSTOMER in excess of two(2)weeks after the due date shall entitle×××to suspend the further performance of the related obligations under this Contract and to suspend performance of the Services，without incurring any liability to CUSTOMER for any loss caused by such delay.

4.3　In the event that×××and the CUSTOMER agree to any modification of the terms of this Contract or to a rescheduling of any dates，then×××shall be entitled to adjust the Service Price by a reasonable amount to be agreed upon by the CUSTOMER in order to take into account of any resulting increases in the cost of×××in performing the Services.

Ⅴ.Training and Assistance

5.1　×××shall provide CUSTOMER with hardware training for the entire Equipment and their operation and maintenanc e as more defined in Appendix 1 “Customer Support for the System，Maintenance and Training”hereto.

The training shall be conducted in English.

The cost of the training is included in the Contract Price and therefore for×××'s account.All other related expenses of the CUSTOMER such as travel and lodging expenses are to be borne by the CUSTOMER.

5.2　If the professional education of one or more of CUSTOMER's personnel to be trained turned out to be unsatisfactory，×××reserves the right to inform the CUSTOMER and to request exchange of the personnel concerned.

Ⅵ.Limitation of Liability　　(omitted)

Ⅶ.Force Majeure　　　　　　　(omitted)

Ⅷ.Confidentiality

8.1　Each Party hereto shall keep confidential and shall not disclose to any third party without the prior written respective consent of the other Party or as otherwise provided for in this Contract，any Confidential Information(as hereinafter defined)for a period of five(5)years from the receipt of any such piece of Confidential Information，other than and shall refrain from reverse engineering，disassembling or decomposing any prototypes，software or other tangible objects which embody proprietary information of the other Party hereto.

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing，each Party may mark by appropriate means all information provided to the other Party which is deemed to be proprietary as“Confidential”.Information initially furnished orally which was identified by a disclosing Party as confidential at the time of disclosure shall be confirmed by such disclosing Party as“Confidential Information”in writing within 30 days of its initial disclosure.

This undertaking shall not apply to such information as either Party can give written prove that:

a)at the time of disclosure it was published or otherwise generally available to the public;

b)after disclosure it has been published by the disclosing Party or become generally available to the public otherwise than through any act or omission of the receiving Party;

c)it was in its possession at the time of disclosure and was not acquired directly or indirectly from the disclosing Party;

d)it was rightfully acquired from others who did not obtain it under a pledge of secrecy to the disclosing Party.

e)it was developed by the receiving Party completely independently of any such disclosure by the disclosing Party，as evidenced by the receiving Party's written records;

f)it is required to be disclosed in response to a valid order from a court，regulatory agency，or other governmental body in any country，but only to the extent and for the purpose stated in such order;provided，however，that the receiving Party shall first notify the disclosing Party in writing of the order and cooperate with the disclosing Party if it desires to seek an appropriate protective order，and further provided that confidentiality is otherwise maintained by the respective receiving Party after such disclosure;or

g)it is approved for release by written authorization of the respective disclosing Party.

8.2　Each Party shall require its personnel and its subcontractors to agree in writing to observe this confidentiality，shall use its best efforts effectively to prohibit the misuse of confidential material by its personnel，and shall cooperate fully to enforce the confidentiality agreements of its personnel.

Ⅸ.Term of Contract

9.1　This Contract is executed in two(2)identical copies and enters into force on the Effective Date as set forth in Clause 4.1 above and shall continue in full force and effect until expiration of a period ending twenty one(21)months commencing with SOP of the Equipment and receipt by×××of the last respective payment set forth herein，whichever occurs later.

9.2　Each Party shall be entitled to unilaterally terminate this Contract by registered mail if the System Supply Contract shall be terminated by the other Party for any reason whatsoever，provided that such termination shall not affect payment obligations for Services already performed at the date of termination.

9.3　Chapters VI through XI remain in full force even after termination or expiration of the other provisions of this Contract.

X.Law and Arbitration

10.1　This Contract shall be construed and the legal relations between the Parties shall be determined in accordance with the substantive laws of Switzerland，with the exclusion of the law of conflict of laws provisions of Switzerland.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG)shall not be applicable.

10.2　All disputes arising out of or in connection with the present Contract shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules. The seat of the arbitration shall be in Singapore.The arbitral proceedings shall be conducted in English.

五、延伸思考与习题

1.法律文书的价值和意义是什么?

2.涉外法律文书与一般法律文书的区别与共同点是什么?

3.简述学习涉外法律文书的必要性。

4.简述涉外规范性法律文书的三大组成部分。

5.简述中英双语法律文书制作的要领。

6.成功地制作涉外法律文书需要掌握哪些基础知识或技能?

7.简述涉外法律文书的分类。

8.请谈一谈涉外法律文书起草的心得体会。