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仲裁开庭仲裁员一般会怎么提问

时间:2022-05-21 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:原告向以色列法院申请任命一名以色列的仲裁员,称原告酒店与以色列有密切联系。然而,地区法院裁定,依据仲裁协议,当双方当事人无法就任命仲裁员达成共识时,仲裁员应该由伦敦国际仲裁院的主席来任命。荷兰仲裁协会已经组成了包含两名医生的仲裁庭。被保险人决定对两名仲裁员的公正性和独立性提出异议。起初,荷兰仲裁庭驳回了这个异议,然而,地区法院的院长支持了异议。仲裁庭应给予任何一方当事人详述其申诉和陈述条件的机会。

专题六 仲裁员和仲裁庭

委任仲裁员

BEA Hotels NV v.Bellway LLC

(2007年,以色列地区法院)

公正性和独立

No.R06/005HR(2007年,荷兰最高法院)

学术观点

No.26 Sch 8/07(2007年,德国法兰克福高等地区法院)

法院委任

Delta Mechcons(India)Ltd.v.Marubeni Corporation(2007年,印度最高法院)

仲裁员有限责任

No.8 Ob 4/08h(2008年,奥地利最高法院)

Dragados Proyectos Industriales de México,S.A.de C.V.v.Macinter,S.A.

de C.V.(2008年,墨西哥第九地区法院)

提出仲裁员回避的时间

No.4A_528/2007(2007年,瑞士联邦最高法院)

和解建议

34 SchH 003/07(2007年,德国慕尼黑高等地区法院)

预先选定仲裁员

III ZR 164/06(2007年,德国联邦法院)

组庭程序

标准欧亚集团有限公司申请撤销仲裁裁决案(2009年,中国广东省深圳市中级人民法院)

缺员仲裁庭

马绍尔群岛第一投资公司申请承认和执行英国伦敦临时仲裁庭仲裁裁决(2008年,中国最高人民法院)

审理证据的权力

Commercial Risk Reinsurance Company Limited v.Security Insurance Company of Hartford(2007年,美国纽约南区地区法院)

仲裁庭的管辖权

Bouvery International S/A v.Valex Exportadora de Café Ltda.(2007年,巴西高等法院)

Mantenimiento Integral,S.A.de C.V.(2007年,墨西哥联邦地区法院)

No.1380/2007-1(2007年,葡萄牙里斯本上诉法院)

Gulf Import&Export Co.v.Bunge SA(2007年,英国上诉法院)

Competence-Competence原则

Dens Tech-Dens KG v.Netdent-Technologies Inc.and Netdent Inc.,Intimees&Canadian Commercial Arbitration Centre(2008年,加拿大魁北克上诉法院)

越权

Werfen Austria GmbH v.Polar Electro Europe B.V.,Zug Branch(2008年,芬兰最高法院)

法律问题

MacKinnon v.National Money Mart Company(2008年,加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚高等法院)

临时命令的范围

Ardentia Limited v.British Telecommunications(2008年,英国高等法院)

委任仲裁员

BEA Hotels NV v.Bellway LLC

(2007年,以色列地区法院)

本案争议涉及转让罗马尼亚一酒店的合同。合同中包含有仲裁条款,规定三个步骤来任命仲裁员:从仲裁条款中列出的两名仲裁员中挑选一名;如果两名仲裁员都拒绝了任命,则仲裁员的任命由双方当事人同意;如果没有达成同意,则由伦敦国际仲裁院的主席来任命仲裁员。仲裁协议中的两名仲裁员拒绝了任命。

在任命程序中的第二步,被告建议了三名英国律师,然而原告坚持任命以色列仲裁员。最后,双方在此事方面无法达成共识。原告向以色列法院申请任命一名以色列的仲裁员,称原告酒店与以色列有密切联系。然而,地区法院裁定,依据仲裁协议,当双方当事人无法就任命仲裁员达成共识时,仲裁员应该由伦敦国际仲裁院的主席来任命。法院认为原告没有就为什么不顾当事人的协议而任命一名以色列的仲裁员作出合理解释。法院认为,被告可以反对任命以色列仲裁员,特别是本案双方当事人都是外国公司且争议是涉及位于罗马尼亚的酒店的转让协议。

公正性和独立性

No.R06/005HR

(2007年,荷兰最高法院)

本案的争议产生于被保险的个人和保险公司之间。相关的保险合同包含了仲裁条款。荷兰仲裁协会已经组成了包含两名医生的仲裁庭。被保险人决定对两名仲裁员的公正性和独立性提出异议。起初,荷兰仲裁庭驳回了这个异议,然而,地区法院的院长支持了异议。

在最高法院提出的特别请求程序中,最高院支持了地区法院的裁定。最高院强调这是在正当程序中的一个基本的条款,仲裁员应该公正和独立,并且如果存在对仲裁员的公正性和独立性合理的怀疑,当事人能够依据《民事诉讼法典》第1033条第1款对他们提出异议。法院指出,《民事诉讼法典》第1039条第5款规定,如果当事人没有不同意见,仲裁庭能自由适用证据规则,民诉法的证据规则因此不适用。然而,根据一般的公正和独立的要求,仲裁员不能在没有当事人的参与下自行收集证据。原则上,仲裁员应该让当事人自己去收集证据,然后仲裁员对这些证据进行审查。在当事人明确的同意下,仲裁员也可依据独立的调查来作出裁决。这样的调查应该符合仲裁员公正原则、当事人平等和正当程序原则。

荷兰《民事诉讼法典》第1033条第1款(对仲裁员的异议:理由)

1.在对仲裁员的公正性和独立性产生合理疑问的情况下,可对仲裁员提出异议。仲裁庭的秘书可因同样的理由而被提出异议;此类异议适用于第1035条规定。

2.一方当事人在指定仲裁员后,仅可依据他已得知的理由对他指定的仲裁员提出异议。

3.一方当事人不可对第三人或地方法院院长指定的仲裁员提出异议,如果他已默认该指定。但是在指定之后他得知异议理由的除外。

荷兰《民事诉讼法典》第1039条(平等对待当事人;开庭;提出证人和专家的权利;出示文书;证据规则)

1.当事人应公平对待。仲裁庭应给予任何一方当事人详述其申诉和陈述条件的机会。

2.仲裁庭应当根据任何一方当事人的请求或自行决定给予当事人口头陈述的机会。

3.仲裁庭可以根据任何一方当事人的请求,允许一方当事人提出证人或专家。仲裁庭有权指定它的一位成员询问证人或专家。

4.仲裁庭有权指令出示文书。

5.除非当事人另有协议,应由仲裁庭决定所适用的证据原则。7

学术观点

No.26 Sch 8/07

(2007年,德国法兰克福高等地区法院)

在本案中,法院认为,关于仲裁以及仲裁员与律师之间合同的学术文章,并不会影响仲裁员的独立性,不被认为是应当取消仲裁员资格的偏见。

法院委任

Delta Mechcons(India)Ltd.v.

Marubeni Corporation

(2007年,印度最高法院)

被告Marubeni Corp.在安德拉邦的Karimnagar地区负责一个热电厂的项目。它与原告签订了四个分包合同。后原告针对这四个分包合同提出了仲裁申请。争议中的仲裁协议规定了三人仲裁庭如下:“合同签订人与分包合同签订人应该每人任命一名仲裁员,被任命的两名仲裁员应共同任命第三名仲裁员并作为主席。如果此约定在任命第二名仲裁员后的三十天内不能实现,第三名仲裁员应由国际商会来任命。主席的国籍不能同分包合同的任何一方当事人的国籍相同。”

当事人任命的仲裁员没有任命主席,国际商会也没有任命。在这种情形下,印度法院认为一方当事人可以请求印度法院来任命仲裁员。

img8判决摘录

[4]When the named arbitrators failed to nominate a presiding arbitrator,the petitioner approached the International Chamber of Commerce(for short ICC)with a request that the presiding arbitrator may be nominated by the ICC.There was some correspondence between the ICC and the parties and ultimately the ICC informed the petitioner that the ICC had decided not to appoint a Chairman of the arbitral tribunal pursuant to the rules of ICC as appointing authority.It was in that context that the petitioner approached this Court with this application under Section 11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act.

[5]Learned counsel for the petitioner submitted that going by the arbitration agreement the petitioner and the respondent have nominated their arbitrators but the nominee arbitrators had failed to appoint a presiding arbitrator in terms thereof and in that context,as per the agreement,the petitioner had approached the ICC for nominating a presiding arbitrator but the ICC had refused the request without assigning any reason.In that context it was submitted that the jurisdiction of the Chief Justice of India—being an international arbitration—under the Act was attracted and it was just and necessary to appoint a presiding arbitrator in terms of Section 11 of the Act.This argument is controverted by the respondent,in addition to pleading on the merits that there was no subsisting claim for the petitioner and that the arbitration is barred by limitation,by contending that the petitioner had not complied with the procedure set down by the ICC before calling upon ICC to name the presiding arbitrator and in that context the jurisdiction of the Chief Justice of India under Section 11 of the Act is not attracted.It was also contended that there were four sub-contracts and a single application for the appointment of a presiding arbitrator in respect of the disputes relating to four different contracts was not maintainable.It was for the petitioner to have agreed to follow the ICC Rules and to comply with those rules so as to get an arbitrator appointed by the ICC in terms of their Rules and the petitioner having failed to do so,the application filed by the petitioner had only to be rejected.The arbitration agreement clearly provides that disputes between the parties are to be settled exclusively by an arbitration conducted in accordance with the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce.It is hence submitted that the petitioner not having adhered to the said Rules,ICC was not justified in refusing to act.

[6]It is true that there is a clause that the arbitration is to be conducted in terms of the Conciliation and Arbitration Rules of ICC.But it also provides that the arbitral tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators.The contractor and the sub-contractor had to each appoint one arbitrator and the two arbitrators thus appointed,should jointly agree upon the third arbitrator as Chairman.If such agreement be not reached within the time provided,the third arbitrator shall be appointed by the ICC.The Chairman was not to be of the same nationality of either party to the sub-contract.The arbitration agreement has to be read as a whole to know its purport.

[7]It is open to the parties while entering into an arbitration agreement to provide as to how the arbitral tribunal should be constituted.It is also open to them to provide for the rules to be followed.As I read the arbitration agreement,I find that the parties had reserved unto themselves the right to nominate an arbitrator each stipulating that the two arbitrators so nominated,should agree upon the third arbitrator to act as the Chairman.In other words,the parties by their agreement have left it to the two arbitrators to appoint a third arbitrator to act as the Chairman.They have also agreed that in case of failure of the two arbitrators to appoint the third arbitrator,the third arbitrator was to be appointed by ICC.The parties had also provided that the arbitration should be conducted in accordance with the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce.

[8]It was the contention of learned senior counsel for the respondent that once the machinery contemplated by the parties failed,the petitioner could only go by way of the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce and the petitioner not having proceeded in terms of the said Rules,the ICC was justified in not appointing a presiding arbitrator and in that context no cause of action has arisen for the petitioner for approaching this Court.As I read the arbitration agreement it consists of two parts.Firstly,the parties have agreed that the arbitration should be conducted in accordance with the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce.Having agreed to that,the parties also have agreed on the mode of creating the arbitral tribunal.This is by the parties nominating one arbitrator each and the nominated arbitrators appointing the Chairman of the tribunal or the presiding arbitrator.They have contemplated the failure of the nominee arbitrators to name the Chairman or the presiding arbitrator and they have provided the means for supplying that omission.They have agreed that in that case,the presiding arbitrator should be got appointed by the ICC.According to me,the agreement to follow the Rules of ICC in the conduct of arbitration proceedings is different from the agreement regarding appointment of the arbitral tribunal.There is no obligation on the parties to undertake before the ICC,to have the arbitration in accordance with its procedure and Rules including even the constitution of the arbitral tribunal,for the ICC to act to appoint the Chairman of the arbitral tribunal.In fact,except stating that it refuses to appoint a presiding arbitrator,the ICC has not given any specific reason for refusing to do so.Nor am I in agreement with the submission of learned senior counsel for the respondent that unless the parties surrender their rights of creating the arbitral tribunal to the ICC in toto the ICC would be justified in refusing to name the presiding arbitrator.After all,the process of settlement of disputes through arbitration is a process of settlement extra cursum curiae and the parties are at liberty to choose their judge and in the case on hand,the parties have provided the manner of constituting the tribunal.Therefore,no invalidity is attached to their agreement.They had agreed to approach ICC in case the nominated arbitrators failed to name the Chairman.One of the parties had moved ICC to supply the omission in terms of the arbitration agreement.The ICC for its own reasons has filed to act.I have,therefore,come to the conclusion that the named arbitrators have failed to nominate a presiding arbitrator in terms of the agreement and in that respect the ICC has not supplied the vacancy approached in terms of the agreement.In that context the procedure agreed upon by the parties to constitute the arbitration tribunal has broken down justifying the approach of the petitioner to the Chief Justice of India for the appointment of a Chairman for the arbitral tribunal or the presiding arbitrator.

[9]I do not see much merit in the contention of learned senior counsel for the respondent that there should have been four separate applications for appointment of the presiding arbitrators since four sub-contracts were involved.Even assuming that the contention has merit,I reject it as being too technical.

仲裁员有限责任

No.8 Ob 4/08h

(2008年,奥地利最高法院)

本案所涉仲裁程序是由三人组成的仲裁庭来进行。仲裁庭组成后,在被申请人提交答辩之前,申请人同意放弃主张,并称这样没有产生任何费用。仲裁庭就他们在同意终止仲裁之前的工作费用开出了发票。被告支付了他的那部分,而申请人没有支付。仲裁员向奥地利法院提起诉讼,要求申请人支付在仲裁中的费用。一审法院作出了有利于仲裁员的判决。上诉法院也支持该判决。

在奥地利最高法院的诉讼中,被告称他不应该支付费用,因为仲裁被申请人没有提出答辩,仲裁庭也没有如仲裁程序所要求的那样作出缺席裁决。法院指出仲裁员对错误不承担责任,除非这种错误导致了裁决被撤销。仲裁员只承担有限制的责任。

Dragados Proyectos Industriales de México,S.A.de

C.V.v.Macinter,S.A.de C.V.

(2008年,墨西哥第九地区法院)

本案仲裁系依据墨西哥城商会(CANACO)规则进行。原告请求撤销补充裁决,要求被告、仲裁员和CANACO支付撤销程序所产生的费用以及损害赔偿和利润损失。

法院认为,CANACO不能在撤销依据它的规则所作出的仲裁裁决的程序中被起诉。只有一方在诉讼中有利益,它才可以参加诉讼程序。只有双方当事人才受仲裁条款和仲裁裁决的约束,而CANACO不是仲裁协议的当事人,它只是依据它自身的规则管理仲裁;原告所提的任何诉求涉及CANACO的管理责任。

关于仲裁员的责任,法院认为,依据CANACO《仲裁规则》第6条,仲裁员不因与仲裁程序有关的事实、行为或疏忽而对任何人承担责任,仲裁程序的当事人不能仅仅因为仲裁裁决不利于自己就主张损害赔偿和利益损失。

提出仲裁员回避的时间

No.4A_528/2007

(2007年,瑞士联邦最高法院)

瑞士联邦最高法院认为,依善意原则,对于可以在程序的早期阶段提出的异议,不允许当事人事后提起反对意见。当事人在参加仲裁庭组成中是平等的,他们必须意识到任命仲裁员的后果,必须及时调查质疑仲裁员的潜在原因。本案中对仲裁员的异议,如果在仲裁开始阶段稍稍注意,就能发现有关信息,从而可以提出异议。过迟提出导致其已经丧失了对仲裁庭组成提出异议的权利。

和解建议

34 SchH 003/07

(2007年,德国慕尼黑高等地区法院)

法院认为仲裁员的行为并没有达到一个涉及公正性的程度。依据德国《民事诉讼法典》第1037条,对公正的检验是在于是否存在足够客观的理由使处于当事人位置的正常人会担心仲裁员对争议进行预判,这样是不公正的。仲裁员支持一个与一方当事人期待不一致或更有利于另一方当事人的解决方案,这个事实不足以涉及到公正性的问题。为了使当事人达成解决方案,仲裁员必须对提出的解决方案有广泛的裁量权。提议并不意味着仲裁员对争议有了预判,而只是为了更好地促进当事人达成一致。当事人可以对该方案提出异议,使仲裁员相信自己的观点,或者完全否定该提议。如果有另外的情形,例如,仲裁员理所当然地倾向一方当事人、无端地行事,对另一方当事人施加不良影响,或者宣称他不会抛弃这个解决方案,则就存在偏见。在本案中,并没有这样的情形,因而并不存在偏见。

德国《民事诉讼法典》第1037条(申请回避的程序)

1.当事各方有权对仲裁员提出回避的程序达成协议,但须服从本条第三款的规定。

2.如未达成此种协议,拟对仲裁员提出回避的当事人一方,应在他得知仲裁庭组成或得知第1036条第2款所指的任何情况后15天内向仲裁庭提出书面陈述,说明提出回避的理由。除非其要求回避的仲裁员辞职或当事他方同意所提出的异议,否则仲裁庭应就回避事宜作出决定。

3.如根据当事各方协议的任何程序或本条第2款的程序提出的回避不成功,提出回避的一方当事人可以在收到驳回其所提出的回避的决定通知后30天内请求法院就该回避作出决定;当事人也可以就该期限另行约定。在等待对该请求作出决定的同时,仲裁庭包括被提出回避的仲裁员可以继续进行仲裁程序和作出裁决。

预先选定仲裁员

III ZR 164/06

(2007年,德国联邦法院)

双方合同中含有仲裁协议,规定产生于合同的争议都提交给地区法院的院长仲裁。仲裁条款还规定仲裁庭在自由裁量的基础上应该适用德国民诉法作出程序性的决定。原告提出诉讼后,被告请求启动仲裁。一审法院认为仲裁条款是无效的,理由是其没有满足标准合同条款法的要求。

联邦法院肯定了在仲裁条款中指定独任仲裁员对仲裁协议的签订者形成了不公平的影响。但是依据德国《民事诉讼法典》第1034条,这样一个在选择仲裁员方面存在问题的条款并不是宣告整个仲裁条款无效的理由。

德国《民事诉讼法典》第1034条(仲裁庭的组成)

1.当事人可以自由决定仲裁员的人数。如无此类决定,仲裁员应为三人。

2.在仲裁庭的组成上,如仲裁协议赋予一方当事人占优势的权利,使得另一方当事人居于不利的地位,则另一方当事人可以请求法院不依据已作出的提名或原已同意的提名程序委任仲裁员。该请求最迟应当在当事人得知仲裁庭组成资料后两周内向法院提出。第1032条第3款亦类推适用。

组庭程序

标准欧亚集团有限公司申请撤销仲裁裁决案(2009年,中国广东省深圳市中级人民法院)

本案中申请人贸仲华南分会未按照仲裁规则规定将仲裁通知连同仲裁规则、仲裁员名册和仲裁费用表送达给申请人,导致申请人未能充分陈述意见,严重影响案件的公正判决,且损害了申请人的合法权益。同时,本案仲裁庭的组成或者仲裁的程序均违反仲裁规则规定,严重影响案件的公正审理,依法应予撤销。

法院查明,贸仲华南分会已于2008年4月23日以特快专递方式将仲裁通知、仲裁规则、仲裁员名册以及仲裁费用表邮寄给标准欧亚公司的注册地址,2008年5月6日标准欧亚公司在《关于选定仲裁员的申请》中也确认收到了上述材料。在标准欧亚公司和信威公司未共同选定首席仲裁员的情况下,贸仲华南分会指定了首席仲裁员,与标准欧亚公司和信威公司各自选定一名仲裁员共同组成了仲裁庭。贸仲华南分会于2008年6月3日将仲裁庭组成通知、仲裁员声明书以特快专递方式邮寄给标准欧亚公司的委托代理人并告知其可以依据《仲裁规则》申请回避,但在整个仲裁过程中标准欧亚公司及其委托代理人从未提出过回避申请。根据上述事实,标准欧亚公司否认收到仲裁通知、仲裁规则、仲裁员名册、仲裁费用表、仲裁庭组成、仲裁员声明书的撤裁理由不能成立,仲裁庭组成以及仲裁程序并无违反仲裁规则的情形。

缺员仲裁庭

马绍尔群岛第一投资公司申请承认和

执行英国伦敦临时仲裁庭

仲裁裁决案

(2008年,中国最高人民法院)

最高人民法院

关于马绍尔群岛第一投资公司申请承认和执行英

临时仲裁庭仲裁裁决案的复函国伦敦

2008年2月27日  [2007]民四他字第35号

福建省高级人民法院:

你院[2007]闽民他字第36号《关于马绍尔群岛第一投资公司申请承认和执行英国伦敦临时仲裁庭仲裁裁决一案的请示》收悉。经研究,同意你院审委会对该案处理意见的结论。

本案是马绍尔群岛第一投资公司申请承认和执行英国伦敦临时仲裁庭仲裁裁决案。我国为《1958年承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(以下简称《纽约公约》)的参加国,应当依照《纽约公约》的规定审查该裁决是否应当予以承认和执行。

本案中仲裁庭虽由3名仲裁员组成,但是仲裁员王某某并未参与仲裁的全过程,没有参与最终仲裁裁决的全部审议。因此,仲裁庭的组成或仲裁程序与当事人之间仲裁协议的约定不符,也与仲裁地英国的法律相违背。根据《纽约公约》第5条第1款第(4)项的规定,该仲裁裁决不应予以承认和执行。

审理证据的权力

Commercial Risk Reinsurance Company Limited v.

Security Insurance Company of Hartford

(2007年,美国纽约南区地区法院)

本案中,双方的仲裁协议特别授予仲裁员决定程序规则的权利,包括审查文件、询问证人以及开展仲裁的其他事务。仲裁协议还规定,仲裁员无须遵循法律的严格规定。法院认为,由于当事人已经授予仲裁员最大的裁决权,故不能强迫仲裁员去审理特定证人的证言或接受其证据,当事人应该尊重仲裁庭就证据作出的决定,并且依据《纽约公约》法院也没有撤销裁决的理由。

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仲裁庭的管辖权

Bouvery International S/A v.Valex

Exportadora de Café Ltda.

(2007年,巴西高等法院)

Bouvery请求承认仲裁裁决,被告称当事人没有协议,依据法国法仲裁庭没有管辖权。

巴西最高法院驳回了被告的抗辩,认为仲裁庭对仲裁协议是否存在作出了认定,因此该争议不能在承认程序予以讨论,且并无违反巴西公共政策,故对仲裁裁决予以承认。

Mantenimiento Integral,S.A.de C.V.

(2007年,墨西哥联邦地区法院)

墨西哥联邦地区的第十一地方民事法官裁定:仲裁庭有管辖当事人争议的权力,因为当事人同意将争议提交仲裁;只有一旦作出仲裁裁决,才有可能认定仲裁庭解决的争议是否没在仲裁协议的范围内;请求法院对仲裁庭的管辖权作出裁定需要通过辅助程序。

Pemex针对这个裁定提起了上诉。上诉被驳回,Pemex又提起了amparo(墨西哥法下的一种联邦救济)。第九民事地方法官裁定:墨西哥《商法》第1432条规定,仲裁庭可以在先决问题或实体问题的裁决中就仲裁庭的管辖权争议予以解决。如果以先决问题解决管辖权争议,在收到裁决的30天内,当事人可以请求法院作出裁定。法院的裁定不能被上诉;请求法院对仲裁庭的管辖权作出裁定需要通过辅助程序。

No.1380/2007-1

(2007年,葡萄牙里斯本上诉法院)

一审法院认为,仲裁协议仅仅包括关于运输协议的解释和适用,而不包括合同的终止。里斯本上诉法院认为,如果仲裁协议是表面有效的,法院应该撤销诉讼程序并将案件提交仲裁。依据葡萄牙仲裁法,法院干涉的情形是非常有限的,并且仲裁协议的效力及适用不可以提交法院,法院没有权力决定这些争议。

Gulf Import&Export Co.v.Bunge SA

(2007年,英国上诉法院)

本案销售合同规定应依据FOSFA仲裁和上诉规则进行仲裁。船主提起了针对被告的诉讼,被告则提起了针对原告的诉求。被告并没有在规则规定的12个月的期限中提交仲裁,要求仲裁员延长期限。仲裁员和公断人均不同意该延期请求。被告上诉到上诉小组,上诉小组批准了被告的请求。原告又对这个决定提起上诉,称依据规则,上诉小组没有权利管辖或决定是否允许继续被告的诉求。

法院认为,争议涉及到对规则的正确解释,而非销售合同本身。法院认为上诉权利不被限制,上诉小组有权自由裁量。因此原告的请求被拒绝。

Competence-Competence原则

Dens Tech-Dens KG v.Netdent-Technologies Inc.and

Netdent Inc.,Intimees&Canadian

Commercial Arbitration Centre

(2008年,加拿大魁北克上诉法院)

异议一方认为,仲裁通知是无效的,因为提起仲裁的一方必须由律师代表。高等法院认为,这个争议明显地属于由仲裁中心任命的仲裁员的管辖范围。在仲裁中,仲裁员有对该问题作出决定的排他管辖权。

魁北克上诉法院驳认为,仲裁程序已经开始,当事人不能向高等法院申请对仲裁员的管辖权提出异议。有关仲裁通知的效力的争议并不具有公共命令的性质以致于不能提交仲裁,反而,它是将争议提交仲裁的正当程序。

越权

Werfen Austria GmbH v.Polar Electro Europe

B.V.,Zug Branch

(2008年,芬兰最高法院)

本案中申请撤销仲裁裁决的理由包括:仲裁员在判断合同时超过了其职权范围,当事人未能陈述。一审法院和上诉法院同意该等观点并撤销了裁决。

最高法院允许上诉并推翻了下级法院的裁定。最高院的多数法官认为仲裁庭并没有超越其职权。最高院同意仲裁庭的意见,认为可以依据芬兰合同法对合同的条款进行判断,即使当事人未做此要求。法院还认为,仲裁庭并不局限于当事人在仲裁程序中提出的法律意见。

法律问题

MacKinnon v.National Money Mart Company

(2008年,加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚高等法院)

在本案中,法院认为,在任何涉及仲裁条款的案件中,对仲裁员管辖权的异议必须首先由仲裁员自己解决,除非它仅仅涉及一个法律问题。法院认为本案仲裁协议是否无效是一个法律解释,这是法院管辖的法律问题。

临时命令的范围

Ardentia Limited v.British Telecommunications

(2008年,英国高等法院)

被告在获得一项合同后,与原告签订分包合同。双方签订的合同包含了广泛的争议解决条款。履行过程中双方产生争议:被告称原告没有支付许可费用,并提议由第三方来开发和提供软件以取代原告。就第二个问题,原告申请临时禁令以阻止第三方的任命,并就违反合同中的排他条款提出赔偿请求。被告依据《仲裁法》第9条要求中止原告的诉讼,称合同中的争议解决条款要求在向法院提起诉讼前应该穷尽替代争议解决办法。

法官认为,批准原告临时命令申请的权力并不能延伸到审查所涉请求禁令范围之外的争议,因此,争议解决条款继续适用于与临时申请无关的所有事项。法院中止了诉讼程序,并决定所有事项都在仲裁协议范围内。

img10判决摘录

Ardentia's primary case seeks to found on Paragraph 2.2 of the Schedule,and in particular the last sentence which provides that where an application is made for an interim injunction the court may deal with all issues in the dispute concerned,including those in relation to which monetary relief is sought.It is,as I understand it,suggested that the making of an application for an interim injunction restraining breach of Clause 5.5 frees the way to asking the court to give judgment on all the claims,including that for a permanent injunction and those based on the dispute as to the licensing charges.

This interpretation cannot in my judgment be reconciled with the structure,function and content of Paragraph 2.2.A exception is carved out of the DRP permitting only an application for a interim injunction,and the final sentence has to be read in that very limited context.So understood,its function is to make clear that the court in deciding whether to make an interim order can determine all issues necessary for that purpose,notwithstanding that they may also be relevant to another matter such as a claim for monetary relief of which the court is(ex hypothesi)not seised.

Ardentia's alternative case is that the letter of 14 December 2007 gave written notice of its intention to commence court proceedings and BT failed to give a counternotice as required by Paragraph 7.1.3 within 15 days requiring the dispute to be referred to arbitration.

This argument fails in my view at the outset.The letter was written as part of the DRP.Until such time as the DRP had been exhausted,it was not in my view open to Ardentia to serve a notice of intention to commence proceedings under Paragraph 7.1.3,since the existence of such an intention would have at that point have been inconsistent with its continuing obligation to seek a consensual solution by bona fide negotiation.Quite rightly,therefore,the letter did not purport to give such a notice.It did not even intimate that absent a response“within 28 days”it would definitely commence proceedings,referring only to having“little alternative”.Moreover,as matters developed,a response was received within that time.It is finally to be noted that the parties proceeded to the next stage of the DRP by considering mediation as envisaged by Paragraph 4 of the Schedule,with Ardentia itself proposing the names of three possible mediators,a position inconsistent with any present intention to commence court proceedings.

It is true that BT did not serve a notice requiring reference of the disputes to arbitration before the commencement of the proceedings.This was however because Ardentia,in breach of Paragraph 7.1.3,did not give any notice of intention(let alone the required 15 days notice)to commence the proceedings prior to the service of the claim form.In these circumstances,it was sufficient that BT should—as it did by its application for a stay communicate its requirement for arbitration within 15 days of the service of the claim form.Indeed,Ardentia did not advance any argument to the contrary.

I therefore consider that all the matters in the present action are covered by an agreement to refer them to arbitration,and I shall make an order accordingly for stay of the proceedings.

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