河北昌黎产区葡萄与葡萄酒质量的研究

河北昌黎产区葡萄与葡萄酒质量的研究

RESEARCH ON QUALITY OF WINE GRAPE AND WINE IN CHANG LI PRODUCTION AREA,HEBEI PROVINE

作者：张小转　　导师：张振文

西北农林科技大学　　葡萄与葡萄学 2011届硕士

摘　要

本试验于2010年在河北昌黎县朗格斯酒庄和华夏长城葡萄酒有限公司进行，以欧亚种葡萄赤霞珠（Cabernet Sauvignon）、品丽珠（Cabernet Franc）、美乐（Merlot）及西拉（Syrah）为试验材料，在针对地形特点和整形方式特点基础上，通过分析昌黎的气候、土壤资料，研究了各葡萄品种的果实质量及葡萄酒质量。主要研究内容如下：昌黎县2010年小气候条件分析；土壤质地及养分的分析；浆果成熟过程中糖、酸及糖酸比的变化；成熟果实及所酿葡萄酒的基本理化指标的对比研究；利用HPLC-MS检测单体酚及花色素苷的种类和含量及利用GC/MS检测香气物质的种类、含量及确定主要物质。通过对该地区葡萄与葡萄酒质量的研究，以达到为当地选择适宜的酿酒品种及进行有效的田间管理目的，从而为昌黎地区葡萄与葡萄酒产业的发展提供科学的理论依据。

本试验获得的主要研究结果如下：

1.　通过各个葡萄样品的成熟度进程的监控，确定了昌黎产区主栽品种赤霞珠、品丽珠、美乐、西拉等的最佳采收期。美乐的最佳采收期在9月20日左右；品丽珠在9月24日；西拉为10月4日；赤霞珠在平地地形下的采收较坡地提前，为10月12日，坡地则在10月14日；倾斜双蔓双臂水平赤霞珠的最佳采收期在10月11日；倾斜式单蔓单臂立架和倾斜式双蔓双臂立架赤霞珠的最佳采收期在10月13日左右。

2.　不同地形和整形方式处理下，各品种成熟果实的基本理化指标存在较大差异。平地赤霞珠果实的总酚、单宁、总花色素含量显著高于平地品丽珠和平地美乐；坡地赤霞珠果实的单宁含量极显著地高于西拉；倾斜双蔓双臂水平赤霞珠栽培的赤霞珠显著或极显著高于其他两种整形方式。

3.　不同地形和整形方式处理下，各品种葡萄酒的基本理化指标存在较大差异。平地西拉葡萄酒的总酚及总花色素含量显著或极显著地高于品丽珠和美乐葡萄酒，但与赤霞珠葡萄酒无显著差异；赤霞珠葡萄酒的单宁含量最高，显著地高于美乐葡萄酒。坡地西拉葡萄酒的总酚、单宁显著地高于赤霞珠葡萄酒；倾斜双蔓双臂立架整形方式栽培下的赤霞珠葡萄酒中的总酚、总花色素显著或极显著高于其他两种整形方式，而倾斜单蔓单臂立架下单宁含量最高，与倾斜双蔓双臂水平有显著差异。

4.　各试验点葡萄与葡萄酒中花色苷类物质主要以矮牵牛素类、芍药素类、二甲花翠素类三大类为主，葡萄中还检测到有少量的花翠素、花青素类花色苷物质，酒中则未检测到花青素类物质；葡萄与酒中二甲花翠素类含量均最高，占花色苷总量的百分含量也最高；不同地形条件下西拉葡萄及酒中的花色苷含量均较高，同一地形的赤霞珠及酒中的花色苷表现为坡地优于平地，而西拉及酒的花色苷表现正好相反；不同整形方式处理下，赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒中的花色苷表现为倾斜单蔓单臂立架优于倾斜双蔓双臂水平和倾斜双蔓双臂立架。

5.　各试验点葡萄与葡萄酒中单体酚类物质主要以苯甲酸类、黄烷醇类、黄酮醇类三大类为主，葡萄中还检测到有少量的肉桂酸类、芪类单体酚物质，酒中则未检测到芪类物质；葡萄中黄酮醇类含量均最高，占花色苷总量的百分含量最高，酒中则以黄烷醇类含量最高，且所占百分比例也最高；同地形下西拉葡萄中的单体酚含量均较高，葡萄酒中以赤霞珠的单体酚含量较高；同地形下赤霞珠葡萄中的单体酚含量以平地高于坡地，西拉则正好相反，同地形下赤霞珠、西拉葡萄酒的单体酚均是平地高于坡地；不同整形处理下，赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒中的花色苷表现为倾斜双蔓双臂立架优于倾斜双蔓双臂水平和倾斜单蔓单臂立架。

6.　成熟葡萄果实中可检测到31种左右的挥发性香气物质，酯类化合物、醛类化合物，约占75%～90%，为主要香气组成成分，葡萄酒中可检测约43种香气物质，酯类化合物、醇类化合物几乎占香气物质总量的99%左右，为酒中主要的组成成分；同地形下赤霞珠葡萄中的香气物质含量较高，葡萄酒中以西拉的香气物质含量较高；不同地形下赤霞珠和西拉葡萄中的香气物质总量均以坡地高于平地，葡萄酒中正好相反；不同整形方式处理下，赤霞珠葡萄香气物质总量表现为倾斜双蔓双臂水平高于倾斜双蔓双臂立架和倾斜单蔓单臂立架，葡萄酒中倾斜单蔓单臂立架的香气物质总量高于倾斜双蔓双臂水平和倾斜双蔓双臂立架。

关键词　昌黎产区　葡萄　葡萄酒　质量

Abstract

Based on the terrain features and training systems，To study the quality of grape berries and wine,this experiment were conducted with different vinifera varieties,such as Cabernet Sauvignon,Cabernet Franc,Merlot,Syrah,Analyzing climatic data and soil data of Changli County in Bodega Langes and huaxia great wall in 2010.

The main contents were: climatic data of Changli county analysis;soil texture and nutrient content analysis;changes of reducing sugar,total acid and sugar acid ratio during the ripping control;Comparative study of the quality of Grape and wine，analysis of individual phenols and anthocyanins using HPLC-MS,detection of the varieties and content of aroma substantial’s and the main compositions using GC/MS. By the study of the quality of grape and wine in this region,to choose appropriate grape varieties and effective vineyard management,thereby provide theoretical foundation for the grape and course of wine industry development.

The results of this main research were as follows:

1.　Through monitoring the ripping process of Cabernet Sauvignon,Cabernet Franc,Merlot,Syrah grape berries ,to determine their best harvest in Changli. The best harvest of merlot is on September 20;Cabernet Franc is on September 24;Syrah is on October 4;the best harvest of Cabernet Sauvignon in the flat terrain is in advance than the slope terrain ,flat terrain is on October 12,slope terrain is on October 14;For Tilted double cirsoid arms level of Cabernet Sauvignon,the best harvest is on October 11;Tilt single cirsoid single-arm made frame of Cabernet Sauvignon and tilt double cirsoid arms made frame of Cabernet Sauvignon are on October 13th or so.

2.　These results strongly suggest that significantly differences exist among all the grape samplings,for basis physical properties of cultivars’ ripening fruits with the different terrains and training systems. Under flat land,there were much difference in total phenols,total tannin and total anthocyanidin content of Cabernet Sauvignon,Cabernet Franc,Merlot,and they are the highest for Cabernet Sauvignon. Under slope land,The content of tannin of Cabernet Sauvignon is significant higher than Syrah. With the different training systems,Tilted double cirsoid arms level of Cabernet Sauvignon is significant or very significant higher than other training systems.

3.　The results strongly suggest that significantly differences exist among all the wine samplings,for basis physical properties of wine with the different terrains and training systems. Total phenols and total anthocyanidin content of Syrah wine in flat land are the highest,better than Cabernet Franc and Merlot wine，but has no difference with Cabernet Sauvignon wine;The content of tannin in Cabernet Sauvignon wine is the highest,and is much higher than Merlot wine. Total phenols and total tannin of Syrah in slope land are much higher than Cabernet Sauvignon wine;Total phenols,total anthocyanidin with Tilt double cirsoid arms made frame for Cabernet Sauvignon wine are much higher than others,while the content of tannin with Tilt single cirsoid single-arm made frame is the highest,and has no difference with tilt double cirsoid arms level.

4.　The anthocyanin content of grape and wine in different test sites mainly is Petunidin,Petunidin and Malvidin,a few Dephinidin and Cyanidin content existed in grape,no Cyanidin content exist in wine. Malvidin content is highest both in grape and wine,and has the highest ratio in total anthocyanin. The anthocyanin content of Syrah grape and wine in different terrains is higher in the same terrains,the anthocyanin content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine in slope land is higher than in flat land,while the anthocyanin content of Syrah grape and wine in flat land is higher than in slope land;under the different training systems treatments,the anthocyanin content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine with cirsoid single-arm made frame is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms made frame and tilt double cirsoid arms level.

5.　The individual phenols of grape and wine in different environment filed mainly is Benzoic acids,flavanols and Flavonols,a few cinnamic acids and stilbenes free phenol exist in grape,no stilbenes exist in wine;Flavonols content is highest in grape and have the highest ratio in total anthocyanin,while flavanols content is highest in wine and have the highest ratio in total anthocyanin. The individual phenols content of Syrah grape in the same terrains is higher,and The individual phenols content of Cabernet Sauvignon wine is higher;the individual phenols content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape in flat land is higher than in slope land,the individual phenols content of Syrah grape in slope land is higher than in flat land,the individual phenols content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah wine in flat land is higher than in slope land;under the different training systems,the anthocyanin content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine with tilt double cirsoid arms made frame is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms level and cirsoid single arm made frame.

6.　Detecting around 31 species of volatile compound in ripening grape berries,esters and Aldehydes account for about 75-90%,is the main aroma compound,Detecting around 43 species of volatile compound in wine,esters and aldehydes account for about 99% aroma compound,is the major aroma compound in wine;the aroma compound of Cabernet Sauvignon grape is the highest in the same terrains,the aroma compound of Syrah wine is higher in the same terrains;the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grape in slope land is always higher than in flat land in the different terrains,the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grape in flat land is always higher than in slope land in the different terrains;under the different training systems,the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape with tilt double cirsoid arms level is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms made frame and cirsoid single-arm made frame,the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon wine with cirsoid single-arm made frame is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms made frame l and tilt double cirsoid arms level.

Key words　Changli region　Grape　Wine　Quality