第三节 分译法和合译法
英语和汉语在句子结构上存在差异，这种差异包括词、短语、句子等的时间和空间顺序，也包括表达内容和形式方面的不同。在不少情况下翻译英语句子时须将原句结构作较大改变。分译法和合译法是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。分译法是指把原文的一个词或短语译成一个分句，或把一个复合句译成多个简单句；合译法是指把原文的一个复合句译成一个简单句，或是把多个句子译成一个句子。对分译法和合译法的学习，是对按照原句语序进行翻译的有效补充，掌握这种翻译技巧可以丰富汉语译文的表达效果，使译文更加地道，在很大程度上提升译文的可读性。
一、分译法
分译法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。
（一）单词转译为分句
把原文中的一个单词翻译成句子，使原文的一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。
1.副词转译为分句
They,not unexpectedly,did not renege on their promise.
他们没有食言，这是意料之中的。
Superficially,this is an innovative and scientific research.
Illogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这是不合常理的。
Mr Dube incredibly persuaded the SABC to air it,the first anti-apartheid song to be played on a white station.
杜布先生说服了南非广播公司去播放这首歌——这是第一支在白人电台播放的反种族隔离的歌曲，这真是令人难以置信。
He is an active student,but he was uncharacteristically listless in class today.
这个学生很活跃，可今天他在课堂上却无精打采，异乎寻常。
Those Chinese whizz kids in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements.
那些在硅谷工作的中国天才对他们取得的成就感到自豪，这可以理解。
2.形容词转译为分句
That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
那地区是个动荡的地方，这是显而易见的。
She had such a kindly,smiling,tender,gentle,generous heart that she was loved and respected by her students.
她是如此的心地善良，性格温柔，乐观大方，这使得她深受学生们的爱戴。
In the US,the incredible number of the young people who cannot read is about one fourth.
在美国约有四分之一的青年人不具备阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。
3.名词转译为分句
He shook his head and his eyes were wide,then narrowed in indignation.
他摇了摇头，双目圆睁，接着又眯起来，面带愤慨之色。
Much of the historical splendor of China strains the imagination of Western people:its expanse,its cultural diversity,the length of its history,the beautiful objects produced thousands of years ago with a technology that still makes the experts gasp.
中国历史上的许多辉煌成就令许多西方人心驰神往：其内容博大精深，其文化多姿多彩，其历史悠长久远，她在数千年之前在制作众多极品中所使用的精湛技艺至今还令专家们惊叹不已。
（二）短语转译为分句
1.分词短语转译为分句
Being stressed out and distressed,Jeff felt ill.
因为压力大又苦恼，杰夫病倒了。
She had to quit her job and went out of the town,having been threatened and harassed constantly.
她不断地遭到威胁和骚扰，只得辞去工作并离开这个地方。
Being summer,the rivers were open and navigable.
夏天已到，河流开冻，可以通航。
2.名词短语转译为分句
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
饶有家资的单身汉必定想要娶妻室，这是举世公认的真情实理。（张玲、张扬，1993）
Sally became too excited to fall asleep after she received the offer from that company—a multinational Fortune 500.
萨莉在收到那家公司的录用通知书后激动得无法入睡，那可是一家跨国《财富》500强企业。
The high risk of injection puts a premium on the use of sterile needles.
由于注射时受感染风险极高，无菌注射针的使用得到了重视。
3.介词短语转译为分句
Their sales increased sharply with their new marketing strategies adopted.
他们采用了新的市场营销策略，销售额也随之显著增长。
He returned to the political arena at a ripe moment domestically.
在国内时机成熟的时候，他重返了政治舞台。
He had made several attempts to solve the problem without success.
他试过几次想要解决这个问题，但都没有成功。
Another racial conflict in the state would surely make the ethnic relations even tenser.
如果在该州再次爆发种族冲突，势必会加剧族群间关系的紧张程度。
（三）复杂句转译为简单句
复杂句是由主句和从句构成的，翻译时可以把从句拆开来译。例如：
Elizabeth was determined to make no effort for conversation with a woman,who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
伊丽莎白打定主意，决不主动与这样一个女人说话，这女人比往常更加无礼、令人讨厌。
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house that Jack built.
这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。那只老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。这屋子是杰克盖的。
The People’s Republic of China must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future;who believe in man and his glorious man-made destiny.
伟大的中华人民共和国必须通过我们的热血及劳作才能缔造。我们这些人相信未来，相信人民，相信人民自己能够创造自己光辉灿烂的命运。
二、合译法
合译法是指把原文两个或两个以上的词或短语译为一个词或短语，或把两个或两个以上的简单句翻译成一个句子。
（一）词或短语的合译
He was beaten black and blue after he was caught on the spot.
在他被当场抓住后，让人打得鼻青脸肿。
The person who forgives and forgets is in the position of real power.
宽容之人方可立于不败之地。
In the midst of all the hustle and bustle,people might overlook their health—and that is the worst thing that they can do.
在每日的繁忙和喧嚣之中，人们可能忽略自身的健康，这是最糟糕的事情。
In order to reach the goal,the price must be fixed fair and square based on market deal price in the conditions under which related interest parties pursue their own interests.
在各相关利益团体追求自身利益的条件下，为了实现目标，价格必须在市场成交价的基础上公平和公正地来设定。
（二）简单句的合译
The young man was very miserable.He had no money about him.All his savings had been stolen.
这个年轻人真惨，已落到身无分文的地步，因为他的全部积蓄都被偷了。
That day,the President had an interview with his father.His father was going to the moon by space shuttle.
He was clean.His mind was open.
他为人单纯而坦率。
She was born in a very small town.The town is in the north of China near the sea.
她出生在中国北方一个沿海的小镇。
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