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组织因子途径抑制物

时间:2022-10-19 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:组织因子途径抑制物是一种体内存在的天然抗凝物质,主要调节TF诱导的外源性凝血过程。1922年,Loeb等首次发现血清中含有一种成分能抑制组织提取物的促凝活性。1991年,国际血栓形成与止血学会建议统一命名为组织因子途径抑制剂。Ott等认为这种方式的抑制是可逆的,并不引起Ⅶa/TF复合物的内吞和降解。需要指出的是,尽管首次被提纯的TFPI来自肝癌细胞,但正常成人的肝细胞并不合成TFPI。
组织因子途径抑制物_分子医学导论

二、组织因子途径抑制物

组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI)是一种体内存在的天然抗凝物质,主要调节TF诱导的外源性凝血过程。1922年,Loeb等首次发现血清中含有一种成分能抑制组织提取物的促凝活性。此后,Thomas和Schneider也分别在体内观察到这一现象。1957年,Hjort提出这一抑制物的作用底物是因子Ⅶa-Ca2+-组织因子复合物,并将此复合物命名为转变加速因子(conver-tin)。然而,直到1983年,Rapaport实验室的研究才揭示了其抑制反应的发生机制。这种抑制物曾被命名为外源性途径抑制剂(EPI),脂蛋白相关性凝血抑制剂(LACI)等。1991年,国际血栓形成与止血学会建议统一命名为组织因子途径抑制剂(tissue factor pathway inhibi-tor,TFPI)。

1.TFPI对因子Ⅶa/TF复合物的抑制 在生理条件下,TFPI对因子Ⅶa/TF复合物的抑制需要Ⅹa的存在。在凝血的起始阶段,TFPI对因子Ⅶa/TF复合物没有抑制作用,只有当Ⅹa形成后,TFPI才以Ⅹa依赖的方式负反馈抑制因子Ⅶa/TF复合物,这个过程需要形成Ⅹa/TFPI-Ⅶa/TF四元复合物。这个四元复合物的形成既可以是Ⅹa与TFPI先形成复合物,再与Ⅶa/TF复合物结合;也可以是TFPI与已经形成的Ⅹa-Ⅶa/TF复合物结合。

TFPI的K1区是对因子Ⅶa/TF复合物的抑制所必需的,由Ⅹa的轻链与TFPI的K1组成的杂交蛋白能有效地抑制Ⅶa/TF复合物。TFPI-K1的Asp11、Arg20、Glu46是这一抑制作用中最重要的氨基酸残基,Ⅹa的γ羧基谷氨酸(Gla)与TF的Lys165-Lys166也是TFPI的抑制作用所必需的。

除了阻断Ⅶa/TF复合物的酶活性,TFPI还能介导细胞表面结合的Ⅶa/TF复合物的移位,使Ⅶa/TF复合物转移到富含鞘磷脂区或小凹(caveolae)等不利于其催化活性的微环境。Ott等认为这种方式的抑制是可逆的,并不引起Ⅶa/TF复合物的内吞和降解。

2.TFPI的体内代谢 在生理条件下,TFPI主要由血管内皮细胞合成,巨核细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、肺成纤维细胞、血管平滑肌细胞等也有少量合成。需要指出的是,尽管首次被提纯的TFPI来自肝癌细胞,但正常成人的肝细胞并不合成TFPI。

体内TFPI有3个分布区:80%~85%与血管内皮细胞表面结合;约10%存在于血浆中,其中大部分与脂蛋白结合,少量处于游离状态;约8%存在于血小板中。与血浆脂蛋白结合的TFPI是羧基端截短的,活性较低。静脉注射肝素能使与内皮结合的TFPIFL释放,使血浆中TFPI水平升高2~4倍,这或许可以部分解释肝素的抗凝作用。凝血酶等能使血小板中的TFPI释放。

当从体外注射TFPI时,它很快就被从血浆中清除。大部分血浆中的TFPI很快与血管内皮细胞或肝细胞表面的HSPGs结合(如glypican-3),但在一定条件下,这部分TFPI能重新释放到血浆。循环中的TFPI最终经肝和肾降解并清除。它们可能通过位于肝细胞的低密度脂蛋白受体(LRP)与位于肾小球细胞的gp330介导。

3.TFPI与脂蛋白的相互作用 与血浆中TFPI结合的脂蛋白主要是低密度脂蛋白(LDL),另外还有高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]。TFPI与脂蛋白结合的本质并不清楚,有实验证明TFPI的羧基端和K3与脂蛋白结合有关。应用降低二硫键的物质能使TFPI从结合复合物中释放,提示它们可能通过二硫键结合。

氧化的LDL(oxLDL)能抑制TFPI的抗凝作用,它能快速与TFPI高亲和力结合,通过改变或隐藏TFPI的活性区及促进TFPI的降解来破坏TFPI的抗凝活性。Lp(a)也能通过它的apo(a)组分结合并抑制TFPI,从而促进血栓形成。这可能与动脉粥样硬化的病理过程有关。

(马 端)

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