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国际货物买卖合同书面形式的结构和内容

时间:2022-06-06 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:第四节 国际货物买卖合同书面形式的结构和内容尽管我国《合同法》中没有规定国际货物买卖合同必须采取书面形式订立,但由于我国在核准《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》时对该公约规定的合同形式进行了保留,认为订立、变更或终止国际货物买卖合同都应当采取书面形式,所以在国际贸易具体业务中应采取书面形式订立国际货物买卖合同。

第四节 国际货物买卖合同书面形式的结构和内容

尽管我国《合同法》中没有规定国际货物买卖合同必须采取书面形式订立,但由于我国在核准《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》时对该公约规定的合同形式进行了保留,认为订立、变更或终止国际货物买卖合同都应当采取书面形式,所以在国际贸易具体业务中应采取书面形式订立国际货物买卖合同。

一、书面合同的作用

1.作为合同成立的证据

特别是对于口头协商达成的交易,其作用更为明显,这也就是通常所说的“空口无凭、立字为据”。尽管许多合同法中并不否认口头合同的效力,但在国际贸易中一般都要签订书面合同,当双方事后发生争议提交仲裁或诉讼时,仲裁员和法官也要先确定双方是否已建立了合同关系,可见证据的重要性。

2.作为合同履行的依据

无论是口头还是书面达成的协议,如果没有一份包括各项条款的合同,则给履行带来许多不便。所以在业务中,双方都要求将各自享受的权利和应承担的义务用文字规定下来,作为正确履行合同的依据。

3.作为合同生效的条件

在实际业务中,合同生效以书面签订合同作为条件,这只是在特定环境下,如在磋商中,双方都同意以签订书面合同为准或者根据有关国家法律规定必须经主管部门批准的合同,这种情况下,可作为合同生效的条件。否则即是以接受生效作为合同生效的条件。

二、书面合同的形式

国际货物买卖的书面合同形式包括正式合同(Contract)、确认书(Confirmation)、协议(Agreement)、备忘录(Memorandum)等多种形式。在我国的进出口业务中,主要采用正式合同和确认书两种形式。随着科技的发展,书面形式在不断多样化。1980年通过《公约》时,书面形式仅包括通常意义上的书面、电报和电传,当时传真还没有普及。1990年《国际贸易术语解释通则》引入了EDI这种数据电文形式。1996年联合国贸易法委员会《电子商贸示范法》将数据电文形式扩大化,除包括EDI外,还包括电子邮件、电报、电传或传真。我国对这种科技发展所做的反应表现在《合同法》上,规定书面形式是指合同书、信件和数据电文(包括电报、电传、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件)等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。

1.合同

合同的内容比较全面,除包括交易的主要条件如品名、规格、数量、包装、价格、交货期、支付方式外,还包括保险、检验、索赔、不可抗力、仲裁等条件,出口人草拟提出的合同称为“销售合同”,进口人草拟的合同称为“购货合同”。使用这种合同,由于内容全面、详细,对于明确双方责任,避免争议十分有利,所以大宗交易一般都采用这种合同形式。

2.确认书

确认书是合同的简化形式,其内容一般包括货物买卖的主要条件,而诸如异议索赔、不可抗力、仲裁等条款一般不予列入。确认书适用于成交金额不大、批次较多的轻工日用品、土特产品,或者已有包销、代理等长期协议的交易。在实际业务中,卖方拟就的确认书称为“销售确认书”;进口方拟就的确认书称为“购货确认书”。

在我国外贸业务中,一般均由我方根据双方同意的条件制成一式两份的合同或确认书后,先在上面签字,然后寄给对方,对方在经审核无误并签字后,保留一份并将另一份寄还给我方。如对方未按要求将其中一份签字后退回,除磋商时有一方声言以“签订书面合同为准”以外,并不影响双方已经达成的协议内容。假如对方在回签的合同或确认书上更改或附加条款,与原达成的协议内容有抵触,而我方又不能接受时,应及时拒绝,否则即以经过双方签字由对方更改过的书面合同或确认书为准。

三、书面合同的结构和基本内容

国际货物买卖正式合同一般由3个部分组成,即合同的约首(首部)、正文(主体)和约尾(尾部)。

1.约首

约首通常包括合同的名称、编号、序言,订约的日期、地点,订约当事人的名称和法定地址、电子邮箱号码、传真号码、买卖双方订立合同的意愿和执行合同的保证等。

这一部分的内容有两点必须特别注意。其一,要把订约当事人的全名称和详细地址列明。因为有些国家的法律规定这是合同正式成立的条件之一;其二,要明确订约的地点。因为在合同中如果没有对合同适用的法律作出规定,则根据某些国家的法律规定和贸易习惯的解释,可适用于合同订约地国家的法律。

2.正文

正文是合同的主要部分,具体规定了买卖双方各自的权利和义务,所以也叫做权利义务部分。它包括合同的主要条款和一般条款,用于规定有关货物买卖的各项交易条件,如品质、质量、包装、价格、装运、支付、保险、商检、索赔、仲裁、不可抗力,等等。

3.约尾

约尾通常包括使用的文字及其效力、合同正本份数、副本效力、买卖双方的签字等项内容。有的合同还根据需要制作了附件附在后面,作为合同不可分割的一部分。合同的约尾涉及合同的效力范围和有效条件等主要问题,所以又称为效力部分。

销售(购买)确认书的结构比较简单,一般只包括商品名称、规格、数量、单价、总值、装运、付款条件、包装等几项主要交易条件,不像正式合同那样明确地由3部分组成。确认书一般都没有约尾,有的甚至还没有约首。

附国际货物买卖合同范本

出口合同

合同号:

签约日期:

签约地:

卖方:

地址:中国北京

电话:

传真:

电子邮箱:

买方:

地址:美国洛杉矶

电话:

传真:

电子邮箱:

双方同意按照下列条款由卖方出售、买方购进下列货物:

(l)货物名称、规格:

(2)数量:

(3)单价:

(4)总值:

(5)交货条件:FOB/CFR/CIF

除非另有规定,“FOB”,“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》(INCOTERMS 2000)办理。

(6)货物生产标准:

(7)包装:

(8)唛头:

(9)装运期限:

(10)装运港口:

(11)目的港口:

(12)保险:

当交货条件为FOB或CFR时,应由买方负责投保;当交货条件为CIF时,应由卖方按发票金额110%投保  险及  险(附加险)。

(13)支付条款:

13.1 信用证(L/C)支付方式

买方应在装运期前/合同生效后  日,在银行以电传/电信方式开立以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证。信用证应在装船完毕后  日内在受益人所在地到期。

13.2 托收(D/P或D/A)支付

货物发运后,卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票,按即期付款交单(D/P)方式,通过卖方银行及  银行向买方转交单证,换取货物。

货物发运后,卖方出具以买方为付款人的承兑跟单汇票,汇票付款期限为    日,按即期承兑交单( D/A  日)方式,通过卖方银行及  银行,经买方承兑后,向买方转交单证。买方按汇票期限到期支付货款。

(14)单证:

卖方应向议付银行提交下列单证:

(a)标明通知收货人/受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运提单;

(b)商业发票 份;

(c)在CIF条件下的保险单/保险凭证;

(d)装箱单一式 份;

(e)品质证明书;

(f)原产地证明书。

(15)装运条件

15.1 在FOB条件下,由买方负责按照合同规定的交货日期洽订舱位。卖方应在合同规定的装船期前  日将合同号、货物名称、数量、金额、箱数、总重量、总体积及货物在装运港备受待运的日期以电传/传真通知买方。买方应在装船期前日通知卖方船名、预计装船日期、合同号,以便卖方安排装运。如果有必要改变装运船只或者其到达日期,则买方或其运输代理应及时通知卖方。如果船只不能在买方通知的船期后  日内到达装运港,则买方应承担从第  日起发生的货物仓储保管费用。

15.2 在FOB、CFR或CIF条件下,卖方在货物装船完毕后应立即以电传/传真向买方及买方指定的代理人发出装船通知。装船通知应包括合同号、货物名称、数量、毛重、包装尺码、发票金额、提单号码、起航期和预计到达的目的港的日期。如货物系危险品或易燃品,则也应注明危险号。

15.3 允许/不允许部分装运或转运。

15.4 卖方有权在  %数量内溢装或短装。

(16)质量/数量不符合索赔条款

在货物运抵目的港后,一旦发现货物之质量、数量或重量与合同规定不符,买方可以凭借双方同意的检验组织所出具的检验证书,向卖方索赔。但是,应由保险公司或航运公司负责的损失除外。有关质量不符的索赔应由买方在货物到港后30天内提出;有关数量或重量不符的索赔应在货物到港后15天内提出。卖方应在收到索赔要求后3O天内回复买方。

(17)不可抗力

卖方对由于下列原因而导致不能或暂时不能履行全部或部分合同义务的,不负责任:水灾、火灾、地震、干旱、战争或其他任何在签约时卖方不能预料、无法控制且不能避免和克服的事件。但卖方应尽快地将所发生的事件通知对方,并应在事件发生后  日内将有关机构出具的不可抗力事件的证明寄交对方。如果不可抗力事件之影响超过120天,则双方应协商合同继续履行或终止履行的事宜。

(18)仲裁

因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,双方应友好协商解决,如协商仍不能解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据其仲裁规则仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方都有约束力。仲裁费应由败诉一方承担,但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。在仲裁期间,除仲裁部分之外的其他合同条款应继续执行。

(19)特殊条款:

本合同由双方代表签字后生效,一式两份,双方各执一份。

卖方:                  买方:

授权代表:(签字)             授权代表:(签字)

                 Sales Contract

Contract No.:

Conclusion Date:

Conclusion Place:

The Seller:

Beijing,the People's Republic of China.

Tel:                   Fax:

E-mail:

The Buyer:

Tel:                   Fax:

E-mail:

The Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stated below:

(1)Name of Commodity,Specification:

(2)Quantity:

(3)Unit Price:

(4)Amount:

Total Value:

(5)Terms of Deliver:FOB/CFR/CIF.

The terms“FOB”,“CFR”or“CIF”shall be subject to the“International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise stipulated herein.

(6)Standard of Production:

(7)Packing:

(8)Shipping Mark:

(9)Time of Shipment:

(10)Port of Shipment:

(11)Port of Destination:

(12)Insurance:

If the term of delivery is on FOB or CFR basis,insurance shall be effected by the Buyer.

If the term of delivery is on CIF basis,insurance shall be covered by the Seller for 110%of the invoice value against  ;  (Addition Insurance).

(13)Terms of Payment:

13.1 Letter of Credit

The Buyer shall,  days prior to the time of shipment/after the Contract came into effect,open an irrevocable Letter of Credit by Telex/Mail in favor of the Seller in Bank.The L/C shall expire Days after the completion of loading of the shipment in the locality of the beneficiary.

13.2 Collection(D/P or D/A)

13.2.1  After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Seller's bank and Bank to the Buyer against payment,i.e D/P.The Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill(s)of exchange.

13.2.2  After shipment,the Seller shall draw a bill of exchange,payable  days after on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Seller's bank and Bank to Buyer against acceptance(D/A days).The Buyer shall make payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.

(14)Documents Required:

The Seller shall present the following documents to the negotiating bank:

(a)Full set of clean on board ocean Bills of Lading and blank endorsed markedfreight prepaid/to collect;

(b)Commercial Invoice;

(c)Under the Term of CIF,Insurance Policy/Insurance Certificate;

(d)Quality Certificate;

(e)Packing List;

(f)Certificate of Origin.

(15)Terms of Shipment:

15.1 On the FOB basis,the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment stipulated in the Con tract.The seller shall  days before the date of shipment stipulated in the Contract advise the Buyer by Telex/Fax of the Contract number,the name of commodity,quantity,total amount,package numbers,total weight,and volume and the date from which goods is ready for loading at the port of shipment.The buyer shall  days before the date of shipment stipulated in the Contract,notify the Seller of name of the vessel,the estimated date of loading and the Contract number for the Seller to effect shipment. In case the carrying vessel of the date of arrival has to be changed,the Buyer or its shipping agent shall advise the Seller in time.Should the vessel fail to arrive at the port of shipment within  days after the arrival date advised by the Buyer,the Buyer shall bear the storage expense calculated from the days thereafter.

15.2 On the FOB,CFR and CIF basis,The Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods,give a shipping notice to the Buyer by Telex/Fax.The notice includes the Contract number,name of goods,quantity,gross weigh,measurement,invoiced value,bill of lading number,sailing date. The IMCO number of the inflammable and dangerous goods,if any shall also be indicated.

15.3 Partial shipment and the transhipment are/are not allowed.

15.4 With  % more or less both in amount and quantity allowed at the Seller's option.

(16)Quality/Quantity Discrepancy and Claim:

In case the quality and/or quantity/weight of the goods found by the Buyer are not in conformity with the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer may lodge claim with the Seller supported by survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed by both parties,with the exception,however,of those claims for which the insurance company and/of the shipping company are to be held responsible.Claim for quality and discrepancy should be filed by the Buyerwithin 30 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,while for quantity/ weight discrepancy claim should be filed by the Buyer within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination.The Seller shall reply to the Buyer no later than 30 days after receipt of the claim requirement.

(17)Force Majeure:

The Seller shall not be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of the Contract due to flood,fire,earthquake,drought,war,or any other events which could not be predicted at the time of the conclusion of the Contract,and could not be controlled,avoided or overcome by the Seller.However,the Seller shall inform the other party of its occurrence in written as soon as possible and thereafter send a certificate of the Event issued by the relevant authority to the other party but no later than 15 days after its occurrence.

If the Force Majeure Event lasts over 120 days,both parties shall negotiate the performance or the termination of the Contract.

(18)Arbitration:

All disputes arising from the Contract should be settled through friendly negotiations.Should no settlement be reached through negotiation,the case shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(Beijing)and arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon both parties. The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.During the course of the arbitration,the Contract shall be performed except for the part under arbitration.

(19)Special Provisions:

In witness thereof.This Contract shall come into effect immediately after it is signed by both parties in two original copies each party holds one copy.

The Seller:The Buyer:

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