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合同甲方一般是买方还是卖方

时间:2022-04-01 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第八章 商务合同的翻译一、商务合同的概念在英语中,合同一般称为Contract。总而言之,合同是用以规定当事人的权利与义务,预防与解决争议的依据。本章主要讨论比较复杂的正式合同及协议书的翻译。签约前,应确认签约方或其代表是否有权签署该合同。

第八章 商务合同的翻译

一、商务合同的概念

在英语中,合同一般称为Contract。何谓“Contract”?1999年中国《合同法》第二条对Contract定义为:A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing,modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subject of equal footing,that is,between natural persons legal persons or other organizations.根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract定义为“contract is a promise or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.” 根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救济,某种意义上法律履行承诺也看成是一种责任。L.L.B Curzon在其编纂的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement.”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。总而言之,合同是用以规定当事人的权利与义务,预防与解决争议的依据。

商务合同,按其繁简程度的不同,可以采用正式合同(CONTRACT)、协议书(AGREEMENT)、确认书(CONFIRMATION)、备忘录(MEMORANDUM)、订单(ORDER)等书面形式。本章主要讨论比较复杂的正式合同及协议书的翻译。

无论是正式合同还是协议书,一般都包括以下条款;

● 合同名称(TITLE)

● 前文(PREAMBLE)

A.合同当事人的名称或姓名、国籍、主营业所或住所(SIGNING PARTIES AND EACH PARTY’S AUTHORITY)

B.合同签订的日期和地点(DATE AND PLACE OF SIGNING)

C.订约缘由(RECITALS OR WHEREAS CLAUSE)

D.合同的类型和合同标的的种类、范围(TYPE OF THE CONTRACT AND THE KIND,SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CONTRACT)

● 正文(BODY)

A.定义条款(DEFINITION CLAUSE)

包括合同标的的技术条件、质量、标准、规格、数量(TECHNICAL CONDITIONS,QUALITY,STANDARD,SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITIES OF THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CONTRACT)

B.基本条款(BASIC CONDITIONS)

包括价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附带的费用(TERMS OF PRICE,AMOUNT AND WAY OF PAYMENT,AND VARIOUS ADDITIONAL CHARGE)

C.一般条款(GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS)

a)合同有效期限(Duration)

b)合同的终止(Termination)

c)不可抗力(Force Majeure)

d)合同的让与(Assignment)

e)仲裁(Arbitration)

f)适用的法律(Governing Law)

g)诉讼管辖(Jurisdiction)

h)合同的修改(Amendment)

i)其他(others)

● 结尾条款(WITNESS CLAUSE)

A.合同使用的文字及其效力(LANGUAGE AND VALIDITY)

B.签名(SIGNATURE)

C.盖印(SEAL)

二、商务合同的条款解读

各种商务合同中国际贸易销售合同的条款较为复杂,现以其为例对具体合同条款解释如下:

● CONTRACT DATE(签约日期条款)

PROVISION(条款):

This Agreement is made on [date].

本合同签订于【日期】。

说明:签约日期通常是合同的生效日,除非合同中另作规定。如果据此确定交货时间或付款时间,该日期就显得格外重要。

在国际贸易中,应记住日期的格式各国不尽相同。有些日写在月前面,另一些则反之。为避免误解,建议在写签约日时避免用数字表示月份。

● IDENTIFICATION OF PARTIES(合同方定义条款)

PROVISION:

This Agreement is made between [full name of party A] of [address of party A],a/an[description and nationality of party A],and [full name of party B] of [address of party B],a/an [description and nationality of party B].

【甲方的全称】【地址】【性质描述】【国籍】【“卖方”】和

【乙方的全称】【地址】【性质描述】【国籍】【“买方”】签订本合同。

说明:签约方要受合同的约束,因此应在此条款中列明各签约方。为避免误解,应写出全称。签约方的性质(合伙企业、有限责任公司、非营利机构等)也应写清。签约前,应确认签约方或其代表是否有权签署该合同。

按照惯例,此处所说的地址为营业地址。如果某一方的营业地址超过一处,应使用注册地址或主要营业地址。若不另作说明,此条款中所列的地址将作为货物、款项和相关通知的接收地址。

● GOODS—DESCRIPTION,QUANTITY,AND PRICE

(货物——描述、数量和价格条款)

PROVISION:

SALE AND PURCHASE OF GOODS.The Seller agrees to sell to the Buyer,and the Buyer agrees to purchase from the Seller,goods(the“Goods”) that are [specify either as described in the attached Exhibit A,which is incorporated into this Agreement or of the following type for the price and quantity stated:

Model Number:

Description:

Quantity:

Price:

Item:

Total Price:

买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下所述(或本合同附件1所述)

货物:

型号:

描述:

数量:

价格:

细目:

总价:

说明:货物条款包括了无论对国际合同还是国内合同都至关重要的两项条:货物描述和价格。如果货物描述表述不清或被遗漏,合同会因无法确定货物而不能生效。明确的描述应保证签约各方对货物的理解没有偏差、歧义。可以用型号、图纸和规格等方式描述货物。对于多种货物,应列出详细的货物清单作为合同附件。

价格可以表示为总价或单价。如果签约时货物数量未能确定,则价格决定方式必须在合同中写明。国际贸易中,为避免误解,合同中所有的价格应带有币种的缩写,如HK$和US$。

货物数量也是要项之一。如果合同包括一种以上的货物,应将每种货物的数量分别列出。若货物是以重量计算的,应表明是净重、干重或固形重量。

● PAYMENT TERMS(支付条款)

PROVISION:

TERMS OF PAYMENT.The Buyer will pay the purchase price [specify e.g.,on or before(date)or not later than(number)days before the Delivery Date].The payment must be remitted to the Seller at [the address stated above or specify other address].The payment must be made in [currency] by means of [instrument of transfer].

在【日期】之前或发货前一天,买方向卖方支付货款【金额】。付款必须以【币种】形式通过【支付手段】汇至如下【地址】。

说明:在一次性交易中,通常的情形是:卖方希望在发货之前获得货款,而买方希望在付款之前顺利地得到货物。双方应通过谈判达成一项折中方案,并制定出相应的保护性条款以降低风险。

在国际贸易合同中,必须明确定义货币种类和支付手段。应选用稳定的可兑换货币,这可以在一定程度上抵御汇率风险。应选用保证安全的支付手段,如:跟单信用证、付款交单、电汇和远期信用证等。

● COSTS AND CHARGES(费用条款)

PROVISION:

COSTS AND CHARGES.The buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods:[list].The seller is responsible for the following costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods:[list].

在货物的销售和运输过程中,买卖双方承担的费用如下:【列表】

说明:与货物销售相关的任何一项费用都应在合同中规定由哪方承担。即使某一方承担费用的责任可以用某种贸易术语表示,也应详细阐述双方的责任。可能发生费用的项目包括:进出口关税、运费、广告费和有关的许可证费用等。

● PACKAGING ARRANGEMENTS(包装条款)

PROVISION:

PACKAGING ARRANGEMENTS.The Seller has discretion in packaging the goods,provided that the packaging must withstand transportation,prevent damage to the goods during transport,and comply with the following requirements:[specify,e.g.,product warning and origin marking laws of the Buyer’country,as set forth in Exhibit A annexed to this Agreement].The Seller will endeavor to complete all packaging within time for the Delivery Date.If there is any delay,the Seller will immediately notify the Buyer of the delay,the expected time for completion,and the reason for the delay.The Buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the Seller for a new Delivery Date,which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this Agreement,or to notify the Seller that the Agreement is terminated.

货物的包装将由卖方负责。包装应防止货物在长途运输中受到损坏,并符合以下要求:【例如:标明产品的警示和产地,如本合同附件A所示】。卖方应尽力在交货期之前完成货物的包装。如无法完成,应立即通知买方,并同时告之拖延的原因和预计完成日期。买方将选择是终止合同,或是与卖方重新确定交货日期并以书面形式确认对合同的修改。

说明:此条款应向卖方提出对包装的最低要求。如有必要,特殊要求也应在条款中说明。货物的包装需要考虑到运输、入境、农业、环境、航海、建筑结构和消费者的法律、法规等诸多因素。此外,包装还将涉及到获得许可、安排检验、使用正确的包装方式和标识、提供保险证明以及出示供报关使用的单据。

合同双方也可约定买方将在买方国内对货物进行包装。在这种情况下,卖方应坚持在合同中写入有关知识产权和第三者责任的保护条款。

● TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY OF GOODS(装运条款)

PROVISION:

DELIVERY AND TRANSPORT OF GOODS.The Goods will be delivered [trade term,e.g.,F.O.B.] [place] on or before [date](“Delivery Date”).The Seller will deliver the Goods in a single shipment.The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the Seller’s discretion.The Seller will make every effort to commence transport of the Goods so that they will arrive by the Delivery Date.

If there is any delay,the Seller will immediately notify the Buyer of the delay,the expected time for delivery,and the reason for the delay.The Buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the Seller for a new Delivery Date,which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this Agreement,or to notify the Seller that the Agreement is terminated.

卖方应于【发运日期】前将合同的货物一次运至【贸易术语,如FOB】【地点】。运输方式由卖方决定。卖方应尽量将货物按时运抵交货地。如有延误,卖方应及时通知买方以及预期到达的时间和延误的原因。买方有权选择重新谈判,确定新的交货期,或是终止合同。对合同的修改应以书面形式加以确认。

说明:国际货物销售合同普遍使用贸易术语——通常是依据由国际商会于巴黎制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》——以界定运输中买卖双方的风险和费用。尽管贸易术语已被标准化,但在实际运作中,其含义却可能发生变化。贸易术语的精确定义对合同是至关重要的。

如果你的合同不使用《国际贸易术语解释通则》,只需在装运条款中写明承运人、交货地点和时间,以及何方负担运费。若涉及多个承运人或对运输有特殊要求,应在本条款中详细说明。

根据价格条件和服务水平来指定承运人是一种明智的方法。然而,一旦某个承运人被指定,你有可能被迫使用一些不利条款。所以,尽管有所倾向,承运人的指定应保留一定的灵活性。另一种方法是指定某一种类型的承运人,尤其是在货物要求特殊的运输方式时。运输条款中还应对在发运前或运输途中有关货物存放的特殊要求予以明确,例如:安全措施、气候要求和坏天气时的保护。

合同各方还应达成通知条款,尤其是无法立即发货时。这样,卖方可能被要求在货物备妥装运或提取时通知买方,特别是当货物易变质或价值易波动时。如果你的交易对时间要求严格,你还应多次提供通知,以便跟踪货物情况和采取措施以降低迟交货的损失。

● INSURANCE(保险条款)

PROVISION:

INSURANCE.The [Buyer/Seller] will obtain and pay,on its own account,for all insurance on the Goods while in transit,provided that the insurance obtained will include for the protection of the [Seller/Buyer] coverage for the following:[specify].Evidence of this insurance,in the form of a copy of the policy or other statement provided by the insurer,will be provided to the [Seller/Buyer] before the Goods are shipped.Each party is responsible for obtaining on its own account any other insurance coverage for the Goods that he/she may desire.

由【买方/卖方】投保货物运输中的保险并承担费用,投保的险种应包括:【具体描述】。作为保险的凭证,保单或保险人提供的声明的副本应在货物发运前,提交给【买方/卖方】。各方将按照各自的意愿为货物投保,费用自负。

说明:你应在该条款中说明险种、受益人、由哪方投保、哪方承担费用和对投保日期的要求。你还应就满意的保单格式与对方达成一致。

● TITLE TO GOODS(货物的物权条款)

PROVISION:

TITLE TO GOODS.Title to the Goods will pass to the Buyer at the time the Goods are delivered to [place],provided the Buyer has transmitted payment to the Seller by that time.

如果此时买方已向卖方付款,货物的物权将在货物运抵【地点】时转移给买方。

说明:这是一项重要的条款,因为若货物在运输途中丢失,物权的所有方将承担损失。通常规定在卖方向买方交货时,物权发生转移。这样,如果买方到卖方的营业地提取并运送货物,买方将承担货物在运输途中丢失或损坏的风险;如果货物由卖方运送,物权的转移可能发生在整个运输途中的任何时刻,甚至在买方的门前,这取决于双方在合同中的约定。各方应保证在拥有物权的全过程中货物是被投保的——或者承担丢失或损坏的风险。

● IMPORT/EXPORT DOCUMENTATION(进出口文件条款)

PROVISION:

IMPORT/EXPORT DOCUMENTATION.The Seller will be responsible for obtaining,completing,and presenting to [country] customs all export documentation and fees required for clearance,including the following:[list].The Buyer will be responsible for obtaining,completing,and presenting to [country] customs all import documentation and fees required for clearance,including the following:[list].The Buyer must notify the Seller that all import requirements have been met.The Seller is not requited to ship the Goods until the Buyer furnishes the Seller with proof that the import requirements and fees have been or will be timely met.If shipment is delayed because the Buyer fails to furnish such proof timely,the Seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract.

卖方负责申请和向【国家名】海关出示全部出口许可文件,并支付必要的报关费用,具体如下【清单】。买方负责申请和向【国家名】海关出示全部进口文件,并支付必要的报关费用,具体如下【清单】。买方必须通知卖方已按要求取得全部进口许可文件。在买方向卖方提供全部进口许可文件已经得到或将按时得到的凭证之前,卖方可以不履行发货。如果由于买方未能按时提供类似的凭证而导致卖方延迟交货,卖方将不被视作违约。

说明:货物能否发运,甚至合同能否生效可能取决于合同双方取得必要的进出口许可、检验证明和其他授权书。因此取得全套文件——包括用于清关/报关的批文和买卖合同货物的许可是至关重要的。

在本条款中,最好根据操作的难易程度划分合同双方报关的责任——卖方负责出口国的报关,买方负责进口国的报关。本条款也可改为由某一方负责所有的报关手续。

● INVOICES(发票条款)

PROVISION:

INVOICES.The Seller will issue provisional invoices and final invoices for the shipment of the Goods.The invoices must specifically describe the Goods,the quantity of the Goods,and the price of the Goods.

卖方应出具临时发票和用于发货的最终发票。发票应包括货物描述、货物数量和价格等内容。

说明:在国际贸易中,发票的作用是确认发货、通知发货和用于报关。合同中还应规定发票需符合买方国或卖方国法律、法规的要求,最好将这些要求在合同的附件中列出。

● RE-EXPORTATION PROHIBITION(禁止再出口条款)

PROVISION:

RE-EXPORTATION.The Buyer covenants that the Goods will be shipped to and delivered in [country] and that the Buyer will not ship or deliver the Goods to any other country,nor will the Buyer re-export the Goods after delivery in [country].

买方保证将货物运至【国家名】而非其他国家,并保证在货物运抵【国家名】后不再出口。

说明:对于货物涉及进出口管制或贸易禁运的合同,本条款是特别重要的。根据某些国家的法律,例如美国,如果一笔交易的买方将货物转而运往卖方国所禁止的第三国,卖方将在自己的国家内以犯罪论处。如果卖方了解或理应了解随后的再出口,卖方可能会受到处罚。所以,如果卖方怀疑货物将被买方发运或再出口至某个禁止出口国,卖方应彻底避免这笔交易。本条款可以改为允许再出口至指定的一个或几个不受管制的国家。

● INSPECTION RIGHTS(检验权条款)

PROVISION:

INSPECTIONS.The Buyer is entitled to inspect,or to have its agent inspect,the Goods at the [Seller’s place of business or point of shipping].The Seller will pay return freight charges and will replace Goods that the Buyer or its agent rejects with Goods that meet the description and specifications set forth in this Agreement.On completion of the inspection and acceptance of the Goods,the Buyer or its agent will execute a certificate of inspection and acceptance.The inspection and execution of the certificate will be at the Buyer’s cost.The Buyer’s failure toinspect the Goods will constitute a waiver of the right of inspection,and the Buyer will be deemed to have accepted the Goods as delivered.

买方或其代理有权到【卖方的营业地或发货地】检验货物。卖方应将被买方或其代理拒收的货物按照合同要求的予以更换,并承担全部运费。检验和验收结束后,买方或其代理将出具检验和验收证书。检验和出证的费用将由买方承担。买方不执行检验表示买方放弃检验权且买方接受发运的货物。

说明:买方应坚持发货前的检验权以确认货物满足合同要求。条款中应列明执行检验人(买方、代理人、中立的第三方或是持证检验员)、检验地(卖方工厂、买方仓库或收货码头)和检验时间。

● WARRANTIES(担保条款)

PROVISION:

EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES.The Seller expressly warrants that the Goods ate free from all defects of material,workmanship,or installation.Within [number] days after delivery,the Seller will replace free of all charges,including the cost of transportation,any part of the Goods found defective.Except as expressly stated in this agreement,the Seller does not warrant the GOODS IN ANY MANNER AT ALL.Implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose or of merchantability are disclaimed.The Goods are sold“as is”and the Buyer understands and agrees that no reliance has been placed on The Seller’s skill and judgment to select or furnish goods for any particular purpose.

卖方明确担保货物的材料、制造和安装没有任何缺陷。发货后【天数】天内,如发现缺陷,卖方应免费更换缺陷部件并承担全部费用。卖方不承担在本合同明确规定以外的任何形式的担保。对货物的特殊用途和适销性默示担保将予以排除。货物“按现状”出售,买方理解并认可卖方对货物特殊用途或适销性缺乏判断能力。

说明:在货物的适销性或质量方面,卖方可以提供有限担保或无限担保,也可能根本不提供担保。担保的条件应在合同中明确说明。某些国家的法律承认货物的默示担保,除非卖方明确地予以排除。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》也认可默示担保。由于执行的难度,建议合同各方在担保条款的段落签字。

● INDEMNITY(赔偿条款)

PROVISION:

INDEMNIFICATION OF BUYER.Provided the Buyer has not altered the Goods or the packaging of the Goods in any manner before sale,the Seller will defend any suit for damages brought against the Buyer based on a defect in the materials,design,or manufacturing of the Goods or on patent or trademark infringement in connection with the sale or use of the Goods.If an action is brought against the Buyer,it will promptly notify the Seller.The Seller will indemnify the Buyer against any liability,damage,or expenses incurred in connection with any such suit and will pay any judgment entered against the Buyer in such suit.

如果买方在销售之前未曾变动货物或其包装,那么卖方应对任何因货物的材料、设计、制造方面的缺陷或专利/商标侵权行为,对买方在销售或使用中造成的损害而面临起诉的情况负责。如果买方被提起诉讼,应立即通知卖方。卖方应对买方与该诉讼有关的任何责任、损失和费用予以赔偿并支付买方判决的费用。

说明:此赔偿条款是可选项。如果发生赔偿,卖方应坚持货物及其包装、标识和标志在销售前是未曾改动的。如果买方未经卖方同意对货物进行改动,赔偿将被取消。

● INTELLECTUAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS(知识产权条款)

PROVISION:

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION.The Buyer understands that the Seller owns the exclusive rights in the designs,patents,trademarks,trade names,and company names(the “Intellectual Property”) used in connection with the Seller’s Goods.The Buyer is given no rights in any of the Seller’s Intellectual Property.The Buyer will not use the Seller’s Intellectual Property as if it were the Buyer’s own property,nor will the Buyer register the Seller’s Intellectual Property in any country as if it were the Buyer’s own.The Buyer acknowledges that its unauthorized use or registration of the Seller’s Intellectual Property,or of any intellectual property that is confusingly or deceptively similar to the Seller’s Intellectual Property,will be deemed an infringement of the Seller’s exclusive rights.

买方理解卖方独家拥有所售货物的设计、专利、商标、贸易名称和公司名称(“知识产权”)。买方不拥有任何卖方的知识产权。买方既不会使用也不会在任何国家注册卖方的知识产权。买方理解未经授权使用或注册卖方的知识产权或具有迷惑性和欺诈性的类似的知识产权,都将构成对卖方独家权利的侵害。

说明:针对知识产权、商标、服务标志、贸易名称、专利和设计等侵权行为应在当事各方建立关系之始予以尽可能的防范。相对于引起的损失,现有的针对侵权行为的法律补救方法是不够的,所以建议采用损害赔偿条款。

● TIMELY PERFORMANCE(按时履行合同条款)

PROVISION:

TIME.The patties agree that [specify,e.g.,time is of the essence or timely performance of this Agreement is important,provided that if a party fails to perform on time,the parties will strive to renegotiate the terms].

合同各方同意【如:按时履行本合同是重要的,或若一方无法按时执行该合同,各方应尽力重新进行谈判】。

说明:在美国,合同各方通常在合同中写明按时履行合同是重要的。这样一方可仅凭对方未能在规定的时间内履行合同而认定其违反合同。在另外一些国家,此类条款就不很重要,因为合同各当事方通常的做法是取消或修改合同条款,而不是为违反合同的损失提出起诉。在此列出这一可选条款,可以修改这一条款以便反映国际上的通常做法。

● CONDITIONS PRECEDENT(先决条件条款)

PROVISION:

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT.This Agreement is subject to [specify,e.g.,the issuance of an import license to the Buyer by the appropriate agency of(country)government and the issuance of an export license to the Seller by the appropriate agency of(country)government].

【国家名】政府机构向买方颁发进口许可证和【国家名】政府机构向卖方颁发出口许可证后,本合同方可生效。

说明:应在合同中写明每一项当事方履行合同义务的先决条件。如果合同依赖某些条件的发生,那么为明确意图,最好将可令合同终止的条件全部列出。

● CANCELLATION(取消合同条款)

PROVISION:

RIGHT TO CANCEL.The Buyer has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Seller fails[specify,e.g.,to ship all or any of the Goods on time].The Seller has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Buyer fails [specify,e.g.,to make any payment required by this Agreement within(number)days of its clue date].If either party notifies the other party that it will not,or is unable to,perform this Agreement,the party receiving notice is entitled to cancel the Agreement.To make the cancellation effective,the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the Agreement is deemed canceled.The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of nonperformance.

如果卖方未能【如:按时发运全部或部分货物】,买方有权取消本合同;如果买方未能【如:在规定的(天数)天内支付合同要求的款项】,卖方有权取消本合同。如果合同的一方向对方发出将不再或无法履行合同的通知,收到通知的一方有权取消合同。为使取消合同的行为生效,寻求取消的一方应通知另一方。收到该通知之日便是合同取消之日。

说明:如果任何一方都有权取消合同,应明确写出行使该权利的基础,并要求书面通知。取消合同权条款向合同的一方提供了一种不必一定通过法律程序达到满意结果的补救方法。

● FORCE MAJEURE(不可抗力条款)

PROVISION:

FORCE MAJEURE.This Agreement will be deemed canceled,and neither party will have any liability to the other for losses resulting from nonperformance,if delivery is prevented by causes beyond the control of the Seller.Such causes include,but ate not limited to,acts of nature,labor disputes,failure of essential means of transportation,or changes in policy with respect to exports Or imports by the [country] government or the [country] government.

如果由于卖方不可控制的原因导致无法发货,本合同将被取消,合同当事方对于不履行合同给对方造成的损失不负任何责任。这样的原因包括但不限于:自然现象、劳工纠纷、主要运输方式的停运和【国家名】或【国家名】进出口政策的变更。

说明:作为所有的合同的共有条款,不可抗力条款只是阐述了合同各方的明确意图:即如果自然灾害或合同各方无法控制的灾难阻止了合同的履行,合同将被取消。

● LIQUIDATED DAMAGES(损失赔偿条款)

PROVISION:

LIQUIDATED DAMAGES.Each party understands that a breach of this Agreement will cause the nonbreaching party damages that will be difficult to calculate in terms of sales,markets,and goodwill lost.It is agreed that the parties have considered what would be a reasonable estimate of the damages each would suffer if the other were to breach this Agreement.If the Seller cannot deliver the Goods for any reason other than by fault of the Buyer,the Seller will pay to the Buyer as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount].If the Buyer fails to furnish shipping instructions,wrongfully refuses to accept the Goods,or fails to pay the amount due on time,the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount].If the Buyer infringes the Seller’s Intellectual Property,the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount] for each day of continued use.Payment of liquidated damages will not,in any way,affect the Seller’s rights to enjoin the Buyer’s continued use of the Seller’s Intellectual Property.

合同各方理解任何违约行为都将使非过错一方在销售、市场或良好愿望方面遭受难以计算的损失。合同各方同意考虑用一种合理的方式来估价一方因另一方违约而遭受的损失。如果卖方因为某些不能归咎于买方的过错而未能发货,卖方将向买方支付【金额】作为损失赔偿。如果买方未能发出运输指令、错误地拒收货物或不按时付款,买方将向卖方支付【金额】作为损失赔偿。如果买方侵犯了卖方的知识产权,买方为每一天的侵权行为将向卖方支付【金额】的损失赔偿。支付了损失赔偿将不影响卖方的禁止买方使用卖方的知识产权的权利。

说明:应根据违约所造成的预期或实际损失合理地确定赔偿的数额。通常损失赔偿的取证是困难和不易操作的,并且由于如不加以禁止损害将继续发生,因此损失赔偿是一种不完全的补救方法。

● ARBITRATION(仲裁条款)

PROVISION:

ARBITRATION.Except when liquidated damages apply,if a dispute arises between the parties to this Agreement with regard to any of the provisions or the performance of any terms and conditions of this Agreement,the dispute will be settled by [binding/nonbinding] arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the [name of arbitration rules] in [location].

除采用损失赔偿外,因执行本合同发生的或与本合同的条款有关的争议,可在【地点】根据【仲裁规则】通过【约束性的/非约束性的】仲裁予以解决。

说明:仲裁可作为通过法律诉讼解决合同纠纷的变通方法。仲裁的程序要比法庭审判简单,但也是允许双方向中立人或小组申辩以寻求客观的裁决。在解决商业纠纷方面这种方式因比法律诉讼更温和、更经济、更迅速而得以更广泛的应用。

仲裁并非被所有的国家采用。例如,在墨西哥仲裁就很少被采用;在亚洲,仲裁几乎和诉讼一样不受欢迎。而且,一些国家还认为仲裁裁决和其他的管辖权没有区别。所以建议在考虑采用仲裁解决合同争端之前,征求有关律师的意见。

● GOVERNING LAW AND CHOICE OF FORUM(适用法律条款)

PROVISION:

FORUM AND GOVERNING LAW.The parties understand and agree that the laws of[location] will be applied to interpret this Agreement.This Agreement [is/is not] to beinterpreted by application of the United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods.Any action filed to resolve a dispute between the parties must be brought in [location].

双方同意本合同适用【地点】的法律。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》将【适用/不适用】于本合同。任何旨在解决双方纠纷的行为应在:【地点】进行。

说明:选择具体的适用法律可以控制合同条款的解释。你所选择的法律通常会影响到起诉或执行管辖权的地点、适用何种法律、法规和程序。如果你在自己的国家提出诉讼,必然熟悉律师和商业法,这样的经历与在陌生的国度,遵守陌生的法律、法规或程序,依靠外国律师提出诉讼是完全不同的。

● AMENDMENTS TO CONTRACT(合同的修改条款)

PROVISION:

MODIFICATIONS AND WAIVERS.All modifications of this Agreement must be in writing and signed by the parties or their authorized agents.If a party waives any of its rights under this Agreement to make a claim for breach,that waiver will have no effect with regard to the party’s Tight to enforce the Agreement as to any subsequent breach.

合同的修改必须以书面形式确立并经各方或其授权代表签字。如果一方放弃了某项对违约的索赔权,这种放弃并不影响该合同方对随后的违约行为行使合同权利。

说明:本条款是合同的通用条款。本条款将有效地防止了口头修改合同,而且如果以口头或书面形式放弃了某种权利,还将防止对其他权利亦被放弃的期待。

● INUREMENT AND ASSIGNMENT(生效和转让条款)

PROVISION:

INUREMENT AND ASSIGNMENT.This Agreement binds,and inures to the benefit of,the parties,their successors,and assignees,subject to the limitations of any assignment.Neither party may assign the rights or delegate the performance of its duties under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party.

本合同对各当事方、其继承人和符合规定的转让人有效并具有约束力。未经另一方预先的书面认可,不得转让或委派本合同项下的权利和责任。

说明:在一次性销售中,合同当事方不可能有时间将合同转让他人。然而,对于经济、政治不稳定时期的国际贸易,本条款的作用就十分突出了。

● SEVERABILITY(分离条款)

PROVISION:

SEVERABILITY OF PROVISIONS.If any provision of this Agreement is held invalid or unenforceable for any reason,that provision is fully separable,and will be deemed separated from,the rest of this Agreement.The remaining provisions will be valid and enforceable as if the invalid or unenforceable provision were not part of this Agreement.

如果由于某些原因,本合同的任何条款失效或无法执行,该条款是完全可分离的并且应该与合同的其余部分分离。如同那些失效的、无法执行的条款不属于本合同一样,合同的余下条款仍是有效的、可执行的。

说明:应将这一标准条款写入合同,以保证单独的条款可以从合同删除而不影响整体合同的有效性。

● INTEGRATION(整体性条款)

PROVISION:

ENTIRE AGREEMENT.This Agreement is the entire understanding between the parties.The Seller is not bound by any statements,representations,promises,or inducements,regardless of whether made by the Seller,an agent,or employee,unless it is set forth in this Agreement.The Buyer specifically agrees that no reliance has been placed on any representations other than the provisions contained in this Agreement.

本合同的拟定建立在双方完全相互理解的基础之上。除非写入本合同,否则卖方或其代理人、雇员所做的任何声明、陈述、承诺和劝说不能作为对卖方的约束。买方完全同意,不信赖本合同条款以外的任何陈述。

说明:国际贸易中,有关各方在确立贸易关系之前,通常会在各种商务和社交场合进行接触。这一条款的重要性在于向各当事方强调:无论在谈判中做出何种声明,书面文字构成了最终合同。

● NOTICES(通知条款)

PROVISION:

To give notice pursuant to this Agreement,a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this Agreement.Notice is deemed to be given at the time it is received.A party must notify the other party in writing of any change in address within[number] days of the effective date of the change.

有关本合同的通知必须按合同所列的地址发送对方。收到通知之时应视为通知已送达。如果一方的地址发生变更,应在【天数】天之内通知对方。

说明:尽管不是基本条款,但本条款对于澄清可接受的程序是重要的。本条款还要求书面通知,因此任何口头通知在生效前必须以书面形式确认。

● AUTHORITY TO BIND PARTY TO CONTRACT(签约授权条款)

PROVISION:

BINDING AUTHORITY.The parties warrant to each other that each has legal capacity to enter into and be bound by the terms of this Agreement.

合同各方相互保证,拥有参与本合同的合法权利。

说明:无论当事方是个人还是实体,应在合同中加入本条款以确保签约人拥有授权。如果签字人未经授权,合同可能被认定无效。如果当事方是个人,他(她)必须拥有签约的法定能力(如法定年龄,精神状况);如果当事方是实体,签字人必须是授权代表。如果合同的履行超过了一次性交易,外国公司代表的授权必须附带一份由该国政府机构出具的授权证明。如果该外国公司是有限责任公司或类似实体,授权应经由公司决策机构(如董事会)通过。外国公司也可能向你要求同样的授权证明。合同中应提出对满意的授权证明的要求。

● INDEPENDENT COUNSEL(独立法律建议条款)

PROVISION:

INDEPENDENT LEGAL ADVICE.Each party acknowledges that it has been advised and has been given the opportunity to obtain independent advice regarding the legal,tax,and accounting issues and consequences of this Agreement.The parties further acknowledge that they have been given the opportunity to make their own separate judgments,and each is relying solely on its own review and that of its own advisors regarding the rights,obligations,liabilities,and consequences of this agreement.

各当事方承认已被建议并有机会获取有关法律、税费、财务和本合同之后果等问题的独立建议。各方还承认有机会做出各自的判断,有关本合同的权利、义务、责任和后果,各方依从于自己或本方顾问的观点。

说明:国际合同的各当事方遵守不同的法律,通常一方比另一方更具商业经验。为执行合同,建议将本条款写入合同,以表示各当事方有权得到本合同的权利、义务方面的独立的法律建议。

● LEGAL COSTS AND FEES(法律费用条款)

PROVISION:

COSTSANDATTORN EYS’ FEES.Costs and attorneys’ fees may be sought by the prevailing party in a legal action if(1)either party to this Agreement is required to employ legal counsel,to incur other expenses to enforce any obligation of the other party,or to defend against any claim,demand,action,or proceeding because the other party fails to perform any obligation imposed by this Agreement;(2)a legal action is filed by or against a party to this Agreement;and(3)the action or its settlement establishes the default of the other party.In such event,the prevailing party is entitled to recover from the other party the amount of all reasonable attorneys’ fees and all other expenses incurred in the enforcement or defense.These fees and expenses are recoverable regardless of whether they were incurred prior to,in preparation for,in contemplation of,during,or after the filing of the action.

如果(1)因一方当事人未能履行合同义务而使另一方雇用律师以强制违约一方履行合同义务,为任何索赔请求、诉讼或是其他程序的辩护而支付的额外费用;(2)诉讼是由遵守合同或是违反合同的当事方引起的;(3)诉讼或解决方法确定了一方的违约。在这种情况下胜诉方有权要求对方赔偿所有合理的律师费和所有执行或辩护的费用。发生于诉讼的每个阶段(前期、准备、策划、过程当中和完成)的费用都应得到赔偿。

说明:关于法律费用和律师费的补偿,各国法律有不同的规定。在一些国家,胜诉一方的大部分诉讼都将从对方获得补偿;而在另一些国家,只有几类诉讼能够得到补偿,如失误、错误和欺诈的诉讼。即使没有法律默示这一权利,法庭通常将执行对法律费用和律师费已加以明确规定的协议。

● ACCEPTANCE AND EXECUTION(接受和执行条款)

PROVISION:

ACCEPTANCE.To accept this offer,the Buyer must sign and return it without any modifications to the Seller,who must receive it no later than [date].The Seller is entitled to revoke this offer at any time before receipt of acceptance.

Signed this [date]

By:[signature of officer or agent]

Seller/[title of seller’s representative] for Seller

Accepted on [date]

By:[signature of officer or agent]

Buyer/ [title of buyer’s representative] for Buyer

如接受本协议,买方应在本协议签字并于【日期】之前将本协议不加修改地寄至卖方。在收到买方的接受之前,卖方有权撤回报价。

    买方         卖方

    日期:___________  日期:___________

    签名:___________  签名:___________

    职务:___________  职务:___________

说明:如果报价条款中规定了接受方式,必须与规定一致,否则合同将不成立。本条款要求不加修改的接受,这表示“接受”方的任何修改都构成事实上的还盘。

三、商务合同的语言特点分析

合同文本不同于文学作品也不同于日常会话,不可能使用谚语、俚语等,也不可能借助于华丽的辞藻和形象的修辞手法如夸张、拟人、比喻等手法表情达意。所以,商务合同中的语言用词是冷静的,要严谨庄重、清楚准确,切忌情绪型词汇。

1.Diction

● 多使用正式或法律用语。例如:

1)At the request of Party B,Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.(应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。)

2)The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.(雇主应对有关人员给予正确的技术指导。)

3)This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.(本合同的签订与解释均根据中国法律。)

4)In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed,the other party shall have the preemptive right.(如一方想出售或转让其投资的全部或一部分,另一方应有购买优先权。)

5)The authorities approved(the)said application of 3rd November,2004.(“the said”或“said”此处是公文体,意为“该”、“上述的”。)

● 多把“here”、“there”、“where”加后缀使用,例如:

1)hereafter:after this time;in the future 此后,今后

2)hereby:by means of;by reason of this 据此

3)here in:in this 在此

4)hereinafter:later in this contract,etc.在下文中

5)hereinbefore:in the preceding part of this contract,在上文中

6)hereof:of this 于此

7)hereto:to this 到此

8)heretofore:until now 直到此时

9)hereunder:under this 在下

10)hereupon:at this point;in consequence of this 因此

11)herewith:with this 同此,因此

12)thereafter:afterwards 其后

13)thereby:by that means;in that connection 因此,从而

14)therefrom:from that 从此

15)therein:in that;in that particular 在那里

16)thereinafter:later in the same contract,etc.以下

17)thereinbefore:in a preceding part of the same contract,etc.在上文

18)thereon:on that 在其上

19)thereof:of that:from that source 其中

20)thereto:to that 另外,到那里

21)thereunder:under that 依据

22)thereupon:then;as the result of that 因此

23)therewith:with that or it 与此

24)whereas:considering that;but 尽管

25)whereby:by what;by which 为何

26)wherein:in what;in which 在何处

27)whereo,of what;of which 关于

28)whereon:on what:on which 在……上

● 多用成双成对的同义词以限定、确定或强调其意义,例如:

1)The parties may,through consultation,make amendments to and revisions of this Contract as and when the need arises.(双方可在必要时通过协商修改本合同。)

2)This Agreement is made and entered into by and between ABC Co.and DEF Co.(ABC公司和DEF公司双方签订本协议。)

3)Each party to this Agreement shall fulfill or perform any of the obligations under this Agreement.(本协议双方应履行协议规定的义务。)

4)This Agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.(本协议以及本协议规定的权利和义务,未经另一方同意不得擅自转让。)

5)The amendments to or alterations of this Contract become effect only after they are signed by both parties and approved by the original approving authorities.(本合同的修改只有在双方签字并在原审批主管机关批准后才能生效。)

● 多用“shall”代替“will”或“should”以加强语气和强制力,例如:

1)The persons employed by Party A shall be responsible to the Manager of Party A.(甲方雇用的所有人员都必须向甲方的经理负责。)

2)Party A Shall,at most favorable prices,supply Party B With spare parts of the 1eased equipment.(甲方应以最优惠价格向乙方供应所租设备的备件。)

3)This Contract shall become effective Upon and from the date on which it is signed.(本合同应于签字之日开始生效。)

注意:在合同中,“shall”并非单纯的将来式,而是常常用来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务;它译成中文为“应”、“应该”、“必须”,以表示其具有的约束力。“will”在合同中虽也用作表示承担义务的声明,但语气比“shall”弱,强制力也比“shall”差;它译成中文应为“将”、“愿”、“要”。“should”在合同中通常只用来表示语气较强的假设“万一”,极少用来表示“应该”。这都是英语合同用词与基础英语用词的不同之处。

2.Expression

● 用语要力求准确、明白、严密,举例说明如下:

1)Payment shall be made by Party B in a week.

这句话模棱两可。因为它既可理解为在一个星期之内,又可理解为在一个星期之后。因此,如果想说前者就应用within a week;如果想说后者就应用after a week。

2)Party A shall send technicians to train Party B’s personnel.

这句话含糊不清、不够具体。因为费用由谁负担和技术员何时派出均不明确。因此,必须明确而具体地规定:Party A shall send technicians at Party B’s expense to train Party B’s personnel within 30 days after signing the Contract.(甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术人员培训乙方人员,有关费用,由乙方承担。)

3)The goods are to be shipped by a steamer at a port or ports on the West Coast as per bill Or bills Of lading dated or to be dated not later than April 30,2000.

这句话的用语不够清楚,以致是否可以分批装运不明确。因为它既说由一艘船装运,又说可由一个港口或二个以上的港口以一个提单或二个以上的提单装运。因此不如明确地说:The goods are to be shipped by a steamer at a port on the West Coast as per bill of lading to be dated not later than April 30,2000.即明确地说“不准分批”。

4)Shipment is to be effected bimonthly at 600 metric tons each.

这句话用语模棱两可,以致装船的时间和数量无法确定。因为“bimonthly”这个词,既可解作“两个月”,也可解作“半个月”。因此就难免产生歧义——究竟每两个月运出六百公吨,还是每半个月运出六百公吨。

● 多用主动语态,少用被动语态。因为主动语态比较自然、明确、直接,有力。试比较:

1)A:The rules and regulations of the worksite shall be observed by workers.(工地的规章应被工人遵守。)

B:Workers shall observe the rules and regulations of the worksite.(工人应遵守工地的规章。)

2)A:Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.(乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理。)

B:Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.(甲方委托乙方为在新加坡的独家销售代理。)

● 多用现在时态。尽管合同的条款是规定签约以后的事项,通常仍以使用现在时态为原则,例如:

Before completion of the project,Party A may at any time increase or decrease the amount of work of the project.(在工程竣工之前,甲方可以随时增加或减少工程数量。)

上述条款是规定签约以后的事项,但是不用将来时态而用现在时态。

● 多用直接表达方式,少用间接表达方式,例如:

A:This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.(本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。)

B:This Article applies only to bondholders who have been Paid in full.(本条款只适用于已经全部偿付了债券的持有者。)

相比较而言,合同中应使用B句。

● 能以一个动词表达者就用一个单独的动词,避免使用与其同义的动词短语。例如:

1)Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.(甲方应于签约后30天内指派其授权代表。)

如果我们用“appoint”取代 “make an appointment of” 这句话将变得更为简洁、有力。

2)Party A will give consideration to Party B’s proposal of exclusive agency.(甲方愿意考虑乙方独家代理的建议。)

应用“consider”取代第二句中的“give consideration to”。

● 多用某些特殊用语,例如:

1)WHEREAS鉴于

它是在合同前文中用作引出签约背景和目的的连词。正式而重要的合同,尤其是英美法系的合同,多有此条款。

2)WITNESS证明

它在合同前文中常用作句首的谓语动词。

This Agreement,made by...

WITNESSES

WHEREAS…,it is agreed as follows:

(本协议由……签订证明:鉴于……特此达成协议如下:)

3)IN WITNESS WHEREOF(作为所协议事项的证据)

这个短语常在合同结尾条款中使用。

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.

(作为所协议事项的证据,双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签署本协议一式两份。)

4)IN CONSIDERATION OF以……为约因

IN CONSIDERATION OF the premises and the covenants herein contained,the parties hereto agree as follows:

(兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下:)

5)NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 兹特立约为据

用在WHEREAS条款之后以引出具体协议事项,PRESENTS:the present writings.

NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:

(兹特立约为据,并由订约双方协议如下:)

6)IN THE PRESENCE OF见证人

本短语只在有见证人时使用,即在定约双方当事人签名的下方由见证人签名作证。见证人一般是有关的律师(Attorney)或公证行(Notary Public)。

四、商务合同的翻译

商务合同属于法律语篇,法律语篇重在“规约”,所以译文的语言必须符合文本的类型特征和实际意义,同时也必须着眼于特定读者对象的反应。

在我国的商务贸易业务中,合同一般都采用中英两种语言文字写成,而且两种文本具有同等的法律效力。一般认为,商务合同的翻译需要注意以下四点:

1.忠于原文。即译文要忠实再现原文的涵义,不能有任何的违反和疏漏,尤其对合同的前文(Preamble),及本文(Body)中的具体条款(Specific conditions)和有效期限(Duration)的翻译要特别慎重!具体来讲,对于价格条款、数量、单价等重要数据万万不可以译错,否则很可能会因小的错误而造成巨大的经济损失。

2.符合国际贸易惯例。一个合同的当事人对于对方国家的习惯解释,往往不甚了解,常会引起当事人之间的误解、争议和诉讼。为此,一些国际组织制定了在国际上已被广泛采用的规则,形成了一般的国际贸易惯例,最典型的就是贸易术语。而英语合同的格式、条款、用词和符号等也都应该按照该行业的国际贸易惯例翻译,力争做到对合同的翻译符合国际贸易惯例。

3.尽量使用规范的法律用语。由于依法成立的合同是具有法律约束力的文件,起草合同的业务人士习惯使用法律术语,以显示其准确、规范、威严的特色。因此,翻译过程中尽量使用确切的法律名词、术语和用词,是译文准确而不含糊,严谨而无漏洞。例如对下句的翻译:

In case one party desires to sell or assign all of part of his investment subscribed,the other party shall have the preemptive right.

如一方想出售或转让其所投资的全部或一部分,另一方应有优先购买权。(assign和preemptive都是法律用语)

4.英文合同汉译过程中,最好采用半文半白(half literary and half vernacular)。这样,译文容易读懂的同时,又精简有力。

商务合同翻译准则主要归纳为三点:准确、简练、通达。

由于商务合同关系到国际贸易中签合同的双方的经济利益,并且它有法律效力。所以,商务合同的翻译就要求准确和严谨。译文一定要忠实于原文,不能随意添加或者削减内容。尤其对于商务术语和法律专业术语一定要谨慎翻译,不能够曲解文意,要避免歧义。

例如,“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等的表达就分别为“defect”、“remedy”、“force majeure/Act of God”、“jurisdiction”、“damage and/or loss”。“赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”;“因为”多用“by virtue of”,远远多于“due to”,一般也不用“because of”;“关于”常用“as regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”或“wish to do”;“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;shipping advice与shipping instructions不同,shipping advice是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的,而shipping instructions则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的;“exclusive territory”指“独占区域”,“exclusive contract”译为“专销合同”,表示“An agreement between manufacturer and retailer that prohibits the retailer from carrying the product lines of firms to firms that are the rivals of the manufacturer.”……等等。

1.词语准确(Accuracy)

词语是构成合同文件最基本的单位,对合同文件中的一些主要词语的准确无误的翻译,是翻译合同文件的最基础的工作。例如,在当前的国际货物买卖合同中,当事人可以通过信件、数据电文等形式达成协议,这类合同的成立,一般要签订一份“确认书”。在“确认书”中首先规定一条“兹经买卖双方同意按下列条款成交”,翻译为The undersigned Seller and Buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

分析:这个译文中的“条款”一词应译为the terms and conditions,短语中的conditions不能漏掉,因为一个合同条款的达成经常包含着若干条件。

再如:By confirmed,irrevocable L/C without recourse in favor of COSCO for the total value of the contracted goods in pounds sterling,payable at sight against presentation of shipping documents to the Bank of China in the port of loading.

译文:保兑的不可撤销的无追索权的以中国远洋运输公司为受益人的信用证,合同货物全部货款为英镑,凭即期汇票并附运输单据向装运港的中国银行议付。

分析:原译文中“irrevocable L/C”是指“A Letter of Credit which cannot be altered or cancelled once it has been negotiated between the buyer and his bank.”,其规范译文应为:“不可撤销的信用证”。

再举个例子:Negotiating bank must ensure that advising bank charges are recovered from beneficiary otherwise negotiating bank will be responsible for the advising charges.

译文为:议付行应当保证通知行的费用能够从受益人那里收回,否则,议付行应承担该通知费用。

分析:根据用语规范文中的“negotiating bank”翻译为“议付行”,“advising bank”翻译为“通知行”。

2.译文完整(Completeness)

合同文件的翻译一定要保持译文的完整性,决不能只求保持原文与译文在词量上的对等。

例如从4月1日起到10月20日止这一期间内交货,但以买方信用证在3月20日前到达卖方为限。

译文:Shipment during the period beginning on Apr.1 and ending on Oct.20 subject to Buyer’s Letter of Credit reaching Seller before Mar.20.

分析:以上条款中的交货期间应包括4月1日和10月20日这两天,所以,应补译both dates inclusive;另外,买方信用证到达日期也包括3月20日这一天,因此,Mar.20之前的介词用before外还应增加on,译成Subject to Buyer’s Letter of Credit reaching Seler on and before Mar.20。

3.专业术语的准确应用(Accuracy of Terms)

例1:The leading partner submits a copy of the short term cash flow which covers the period from September 1997 to February 1998.Mr.Marchesini highlights the main items of the cash flow which are the Endowment fund and the advance payment as far as the receipt is concerned and the down payment for TBMs and plants purchase of fixed assets and the advance payment to subcontractors for the expenditures.

译为:主要方递交了一份从1997年9月到1998年2月的短期现金流量表。马切西尼先生强调指出:主要的现金流就收入款项而言有集资款和预付款就支出款项而言有TBM(隧洞掘进机)设备定金固定资产购置费和分包商预付款。

分析:要译好这段文字关键就在于要熟练掌握这里面出现的几个财经方面的专业术语,即cash flow(资金流动、现金流量、现金流转);endowment finch(留本基金、捐赠基金);advance payment(预付款);receipt(收款、收据、收入);down payment(分期付款、定金);fixed asset(固定资产);expenditure(支出费用、支出额消费额)。

例2:如因违反合同而造成损失的应由违反合同的一方承担经济责任。

译文:In case of losses caused by a breach of contract the financial responsibility shall be borne by the party who has breached the contract.

分析:经济责任主要指合同当事人在违反合同时应承担的违约责任,主要形式有赔偿损失、支付违约金、支付迟延、支付金额的利息等。所以经济责任应译为financial responsibility 而不应满足字面上的一致译为economic responsibility.

例3:买方自1997年7月1日起分三年偿付卖方全部设备的总金额。

译文:The buyers shall reimburse the sellers the total value of the entire equipment by installments in three years stating from July 1st 1997.

分析:在补偿贸易合同中,偿付指的是买方对卖方先行垫付的设备款项进行偿还。应译为reimburse,如果译为settle则失去了偿还的意思。

4.风格的规范化(Standardization of Style)

商务合同英语具有独特的实用语体特征和文体风格。翻译时应顺应其需要按照一定程度将其内容表达形式和体例风格与原文直接对应,严密切合做到得体合适。

例 1:Neither of the parities hereto(to the contract) shall at any time during the continuance hereof(of this contract) deal with any of the shares of the Joint Venture Company owned by the said party whether by sale pledge or otherwise in any manner inconsistent with the coming out of its obligations hereunder(under this contract).

分析:在此文中hereto,hereof,hereunder 古词的使用替代了一些介词短语,避免了某些词语的重复,使其正式色彩很浓,具有庄重、严肃法律文本风格。

例2:When the failure of the either party to fulfill its contractual obligations in time brings about loss to the other on account of causes other than force majeure the defaulter shall be datable to pay the penalty.

译文:凡因不可抗力以外的原因,一方未能按时履约而招致对方损失时,未能按时履约方应付罚金。

分析:原文中shall 在此不是表示将来时而是表示法律用语的语言形式。再如:

例3:合作企业期满或者提前终止,应当向工商行政管理机关和税务机关办理注销登记手续。

译文:A contractual joint venture shall,upon the expiration or termination in advance of its term,cancel its registration with administrative authorities for industry and commerce and the tax authorities.

5.通顺(Smoothness)

合同翻译除风格的规范化外,还要做到通顺。如:

例1:During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract”

分析:不要翻译成“在合同生效之日起到合同终止日的期间内”,而应该为“本合同有效期间”。

下面是一个简单Sales Contract(销售合同)的译本:

Sales Contract

销售合同

Original

正本

img37

Buyer:

买方:

This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers,whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:

本合同由买卖双方拟定签署,双方愿根据如下的条款条件,同意购销下列商品:

img38

Port of Shipment:          Port of Destination:

装运口岸:               目的地:

Time of Shipment:

装运期限:

Insurance:To be covered by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks and War Risk.

保险:由卖方按发票金额110%投保一切险和战争险。

Terms of Payment:

By 100% confirmed,irrevocable,transferable,and divisible Letter of Credit in favour of the Sellers payable at sight against Presentation of shipping documents in China,with partial shipments and transshipment allowed.The covering Letter of Credit must reach the Sellers _____ days before the contracted month of shipment and remain valid in the above loading port until the 15th day after shipment,failing which the Sellers reserve the right to cancel the contract without further notice and to claim against the Buyers for any loss resulting therefrom.

付款条件:

凭全额发票金额的、保兑的、不可撤销的、可转让的、可分割的即期信用证在中国见单付款。信用证以卖方为受益人,并允许分批装运和转船,该信用证必须在装运月_____天前开到卖方,并在装船后在上述装运港继续有效15天。否则卖方无需通知即可有权取消本销售合同,并向买方索赔因此而发生的一切损失。

Documents:

The Sellers shall present to the negotiating bank,Clean On Board Bill of Loading,Invoice,Quality Certificate by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau or the Manufacturers,Survey Report on Quantity/Weight issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau,and Transferable Insurance Policy or Insurance Certificate when this Contract is made on CIF basis.

单据:

卖方应向议付银行提供已装船清洁提单、发票、中国商品检验局或工厂出具的品质证明、中国商品检验局出具的数/重量鉴定书:如果本合同按CIF条件,应再提供可转让的保险单或保险凭证。

Terms of Shipment:

1 The carrying vessel shall be provided by the Sellers.Partial shipments and transshipment are allowed.

2 After loading is completed,the Sellers shall notify the Buyers by fax of the contract number,name of commodity,quantity,name of the carrying vessel and date of shipment.

装运条件:

1 载运船只由卖方安排,允许分批装运并允许转船。

2 卖方于货物装船后,应将合同号码、品名、数量、船名、装船日期以传真通知买方。

Quality/Quantity Discrepancy and Claim:

In case the quality and/or quantity/weight are found by the Buyers to be not in conformity with the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyers may lodge claim with the Sellers supported by survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed upon by both parties,with the exception,however,of those claims for which the insurance company and/or the shipping company are to be held responsible.Claim for quality discrepancy should be filed by the Buyers within 30 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,while for quantity/weight discrepancy claim should be filed by the Buyers within l5 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination.The Sellers shall,within 30 days after receipt of the notification of the claim,send reply to the Buyers

品质与数量、重量的异议与索赔:

货到目的口岸后,买方如发现货物品质及/或数量/质量与合同规定不符,除属于保险公司和/或船公司的责任外,买方可以凭双方同意的检验机构出具的检验证书向卖方提出异议。品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起30天内提出,数量/重量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15天内提出。卖方应于收到异议后30天内答复买方。

Force Majeure:

In case of Force Majeure,the Sellers shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of the goods but shall notify the Buyers at once.The Sellers shall deliver to the Buyers by registered mail,if so requested by the Buyers,a certificate issued by the ChinaCouncil for the Promotion of International Trade or/and competent authorities.

不可抗力:

由于不可抗力事故,使卖方不能在本合同规定期限内交货或者不能交货,卖方不负责任。但卖方必须立即通知买方。如买方提出要求,卖方应以挂号函向买方提供由中国国际贸易促进委员会或/及有关机构出具的发生事故的证明文件。

Arbitration:

All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between two parties.If no settlement can be reached,the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration organization of the defendant country.The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.

仲裁:

凡因执行本合同或与本合同有关事项所发生的一切争执,应由双方通过友好方式协商解决。如果不能取得协议时,则在被告同家根据被告仲裁机构的仲裁程序规则进行仲裁,仲裁决定是终局的,对双方具有同等的约束力。仲裁费用除非仲裁机构另有决定外,均由败诉一方负担。

Remarks:

备注:

Sellers:                Buyers:

卖方:                  买方:

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