首页 理论教育 亚洲传播研究之“道”

亚洲传播研究之“道”

时间:2022-03-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:作为亚洲传播研究的终极目的,“道”/“大同”并不排除现象世界中的阴阳互动,比如存在于东方/西方差异中的二元冲突。但是,“道”/“大同”要求学者们有求同的态度,这种态度能以超越的精神调和与融合东西方学者在亚洲传播研究中的差异。而亚洲传播研究需超越阴阳,从而达到一种“大同”或“道”的状态。
亚洲传播研究之“道”_亚洲传播理论:国际传播研究中的亚洲主张

“总之,这就是道,万物的更高层次的统一。”(Chang,1963)[114]

认识到阴阳的相生相合是解开“道”之谜的关键。“道”这个概念不仅代表二元同一、相反调和,而且意味着多元聚于一统、部分组成整体。“道”象征“大同”,即消弭一切限制和冲突。这是从事亚洲传播研究的终极目的。

作为亚洲传播研究的终极目的,“道”/“大同”并不排除现象世界中的阴阳互动,比如存在于东方/西方差异中的二元冲突。但是,“道”/“大同”要求学者们有求同的态度,这种态度能以超越的精神调和与融合东西方学者在亚洲传播研究中的差异。正如庄子所说:“自其异者视之,肝胆楚越也;自其同者视之,万物皆一也。”[115]同与异仅是人类的武断评价,因此研究亚洲传播的学者们非常需要培养自己认识自然、认识异同关系、协调差异的能力,从而实现“道”的目标。

应该注意的是,这里说要调和与融合东西方差异,并不意味着排斥亚洲本土文化特点或是全盘接受“欧洲中心”范式。相反,学者们应该努力培养自己开放的思路,在发展“亚洲中心”传播范式的过程中强调本土的特定语境或者相关的亚洲传统;在文化交流、经济发展和学术对话受西方统治,亚洲和其他地区文化处于边缘或失声状态之时,尤其应该如此(Shi,2006)[116]。换句话说,超越差异、达到“道”的状态应以追求多种文化共存为基础,对真理的种族中心垄断应该停止,人性应在不同文化的群聚中得到滋养(Chesebro,1996[117];Starosta,2006[118])。只有实现多种文化的平等共存,学者们才能超越学术中的对立矛盾,逐步实现人类传播之“道”。

通过从不同范式出发论述亚洲传播的本质,本章提出了“阴”和“阳”作为相反相成的两种力量,支配着现象世界(包括学术活动)的存在。而亚洲传播研究需超越阴阳,从而达到一种“大同”或“道”的状态。

西方学者占据了学术霸权地位,他们倾向于将建立在西方文化基础上的表达方式进行普遍运用。很明显,这些问题在全球化的过程中还将继续困扰学术研究者。如何面对这种挑战,如何立足本土文化进而提高自己的话语权,是亚洲传播学者为避免进一步被边缘化而必须解决的问题。不过,从亚洲文化的视角寻求知识存在一种危险,即陷入“以牙还牙、以眼还眼”的恶性循环,或者说是“文化不相容”的黑洞,这会妨碍东西方以积极的方式进行思想交流和学术对话。

【注释】

[1]Chen,G.M.(2002a).Problems and prospect of Chinese communication study.In Jia,W.,Lu,X.&Heisey,D.R.(eds.).Chinese Communication Theory and Research:Reflections,New Frontiers,and New Directions.Westport,CT:Ablex,255-268.

[2]Chen,G.M.&Miike,Y.(2006).The ferment and future of communication studies in Asia:Chinese and Japanese perspectives.China Media Research,2(1),1-12.

[3]Chen,G.M.&Starosta,W.J.(2003).Asian approaches to human communication:A dialogue.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),1-15.

[4]Dissanayake,W.(1981).Toward Asian theories of communications.Communicator:A Journal of the Indian Institute for Mass Communication,16(4),13-18.

[5]Dissanayake,W.(2003).Asian approaches to human communication:Retrospect and prospect.Intercultural Communication Studies,30(1),27-30.

[6]Ishii,S.(2004).Proposing a Buddhist consciousness—only epistemological model for intrapersonal communication research.Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,33(2),63-76.

[7]Khiabany,G.(2003).De-Westernizing media theory,or reverse Orientalism:“Islamic communication”as theorized by Hamid Mowlana.Meide,Culture&Society,(25),415-422.

[8]Lee,S.N.(2005).The challenges of communication education in Asia.A ustralian Journalism Review,27(2),189-201.

[9]Leung,K.,Kenny,J.&Lee,P.(eds.)(2006).Global Trends in Communication Research and Education.Cresskill,NJ:Hampton Press.

[10]Miike,Y.(2004).The Asiacentric idea:Theoretical legacies and visons of Eastern communication studies.Unpublished doctoral dissertation.University of New Mexico,Albuquerque,NM.

[11]Starosta,W.J.&Chaudhary,A.G.(1993).“I can wait 40 or 400 years”:Gandhian Satyagraha East and West.International Philosophical Quarterly,33(2),163-172.

[12]Wang,G.&Shen,V.(2000).East,West,communication,and theory:Search for the meaning of searching for Asian communication theories.Asian Journal of Communication,10(2),14-32.

[13]Yin,J.F.(2003).Press freedom in Asia:New paradigm needed in building theories.Paper presented at the annual convention ofthe Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.Kansas City,MO.

[14]有关亚洲传播研究,还可参见以下文献:Kincaid,D.L.(ed.)(1987).Communication Theory:Eastern and Western Perspecitves.San Diego,CA:Academic Press;Dissanayake,W.(ed.)(1988).Communication Theory:The Asian Perspective.Singapore:Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Center;Chen,G.M.(ed.)(2002).Culture and communication:An East Asian perspective[Special Issue].Intercultural Communication Studies,11(1),1-171;Kim,M.S.(2002).Non-Western Perspectiveson Human Communication:Implications for Theory and Practice.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.更多有关亚洲传播研究的文献可见Miike,Y.&Chen,G.M.(2006).Perspectives on Asian cultures and communication:An updated bibliography.China Media Research,2(1),98-106.

[15]Miike,Y.(2006).Non-Western theory in Western research?An Asiacentric agenda for Asian communication studies.The Review of Communication,6(1-2),4-31.

[16]超理论,用以阐明某一或某类理论而本身又更高超的一种理论。

[17]Gunaratne,S.A.(2005).The Dao of the Press:A Humanocentric Theory.Cresskill,NJ:Hampton Press,160-164.

[18]Siebert,F.S.,Peterson,T.&Schramm,W.(1956).Four Theories of the Press.Urbana,IL:University of Illinois Press.

[19]Chu,G.C.(1988).In search of an Asian perspective of communication theory.In Dissanayake,W.(ed.).Communication Theory:The Asian Perspective.Singapore:Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Center,204-210.

[20]Asante,M.K.(1980).Intercultural communication:An inquiry into research directions.In Nimmo,D.E.(ed.).Communication Yearbook 4.New Brunswick,NJ:Transaction,401-410.

[21]Chaudhary,A.G.&Starosta,W.J.(1992).Gandhi’s Salt March:A case study of Satyagraha with rhetorical implication.World Communication,(21),1-12.

[22]maya,源于印度教,意指现象世界一直变化、永不停歇。

[23]Watts,A.W.(1957).The Way of Zen.New York,NY:Pantheon.

[24]Chai,C.&Chai,W.(1969).Introduction.In Legge,J.(trans.).I Ching:Book of Changes.New York,NY:Bantam.

[25]Cheng,C-Y.(1987).Chinese philosophy and contemporary human communication theory.In Kincaid,D.L.(ed.).Communication Theory:Eastern and Western Perspectives.San Diego,CA:Academic Press,23-43.

[26]Fang,T.H.(1981).Chinese Philosophy:Its Spirit and Its Development.Taipei:Linking.

[27]Chen,G.M.(2001).Toward transcultural understanding:A harmony theory of Chinese communication.In Milhouse,V.H.,Asante,M.K.&Nwosu,P.O.(eds.).Transcultural Realities:Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Cross-cultural Relations.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,55-70.

[28]Hara,K.(2003).Aspects of Shinto in Japanese communication.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),81-103.

[29]nonduality,根据佛教英汉词汇,译为“不二”,“一实之理,如如平等,而无彼此之别,谓之不二”。

[30]Sugiyama,K.(1988).Matsuri(festival).In Sturumi,S.&Konagawa,T.(eds.).Communication Jiten(Dictionary of communication).Tokyo:Heibonsha,355-361.

[31]Chen,G.M.&Starosta,W.J.(2003).Asian approaches to human communication:A dialogue.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),1-15.

[32]Chen,G.M.(1993).A Chinese perspective of communication competence.Paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association.San Antonio,Texas.

[33]Chen,G.M.(2001).Toward transcultural understanding:A harmony theory of Chinese communication.In Milhouse,V.H.,Asante,M.K.&Nwosu,P.O.(eds.).Transcultural Realities:Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Cross-cultural Relations.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,55-70.

[34]Koh,T.B.(2000).Asian values reconsidered.Asian-Pacific Review,7(1),131-136.

[35]“uye-ri”可以理解为“我们”。参见:赵晶晶(J.Z.爱门森).国际跨文化传播精华文选[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2007:118.

[36]Yum,J.O.(1987).The practice of uye-ri in interpersonal relationships.In Kincaid,D.L.(ed.).Communication Theory:Eastern and Western Perspectives.San Diego,CA:Academic Press,87-100.

[37]Stowell,J.A.(2003).The influence of Confucian values on interpersonal communication in South Korea,as compared to China and Japan.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),105-115.

[38]参见:赵晶晶(J.Z.爱门森).全球对话中的菲律宾的kapwa[M]//国际跨文化传播精华文选.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2007.

[39]在泰语里相当于“客气、有礼貌”的意思。

[40]Mendoza,S.L.&Perkinson,J.(2003).Filipino“kapwa”in global dialogue:A different politics of being-with the“other”.Intercultural communication Studies,12(4),177-193.

[41]Pornpitakpan,C.(2000).Trade in Thailand:A three-way cultural comparison.Business Horizon,43(2),61-70.

[42]Chaidaroon,S.S.(2003).Why shyness is not incompetence:A case of Thai communication competence.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),195-208.

[43]Ishii,S.,Cooke,P.&Klopf,D.W.(1999).Our locus in the universe:Worldview and intercultural misunderstanding/conflicts.Dokkyo International Review,(12),299-317.

[44]Ayish,M.I.(2003).Beyond Western-oriented communication theories:A normative Arab-Islamic perspective.Javnost-The Public,10(2),79-92.

[45]Hasnain,I.(1988).Communication:An Islamic approach.In Dissanayake,W.(ed.).Communication theory:The Asian perspective.Singapore:Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Center,183-189.

[46]Hussain,Y.(1986).Islamization of communication theory.Media Asia,13(1),33.

[47]Dissanayake,W.(1983a).Communication in the cultural tradition of India.Media Development,12(4),27-30.

[48]Miike,Y.(2002).The orizingculture and communication inthe Asian context:An assumptive foundation.Intercultural Communication Studies,11(1),1-21.

[49]Conze,E.(1967).Buddhist Thought in India.Ann Arbor,MI:University of Michigan Press.

[50]Dissanayake,W.(1983b).The communication significance of the Buddhist concept of dependent co-origination.Communication,8(1),29-45.

[51]Chien,E.T.(1988).The New-Confucian confrontation with Buddhism:A structural and historical analysis.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,(15),347-348.

[52]Wright,D.S.(1998).Philosophical Meditation on Zen Buddhism.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.

[53]Chen,G.M.&Starosta,W.J.(2004).Communication among cultural diversities:A dialogue.In Chen,G.M.&Starosta W.J.(eds.).Dialogue among Diversities,International and Intercultural Communication Annual(vol.27).Washington,DC:National Communication Association,3-16.

[54]Chang,C-Y.(1963).Creativity and Taoism:A Study of Chinese Philosophy,Art,and Poetry.New York,NY:Harper&Row,41.

[55]Miike,Y.(2003a).Toward an alternative metatheory of human communication:An Asiacentric vision.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),39-63.

[56]Chen,G.M.&Starosta,W.J.(2004).Communication among cultural diversities:A dialogue.In Chen,G.M.&Starosta W.J.(eds.).Dialogue among Diversities,International and Intercultural Communication Annual(vol.27).Washington,DC:National Communication Association,3-16.

[57]Chang,C-Y.(1963).Creativity and Taoism:A Study of Chinese Philosophy,A rt,and Poetry.New York,NY:Harper&Row,41.

[58]Thompson,M.(2000).101 Key Ideas:Buddhism.Lincolnwood,IL:NTC/Contemporary.

[59]Chan,W.T.(1963).A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.

[60]Chuang,R.&Chen,G.M.(2003).Buddhist perspectives and human communication.Intercultural Communication Studies,2(4),65-80.

[61]德国人Eugen Herrigel著有枟箭道中的禅宗枠(Zen in the Art of Archery)一书,通过讲述自己学习日本箭道的体会向西方人介绍禅。台湾地区有顾法严译本,大陆地区未见译本。

[62]Herrigel,E.(1971).Zen in the Art of Archery.New York,NY:Vintage,66.

[63]Xiao,X.(2003).Zhong(centrality):An everlasting subject of Chinese discourse.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),127-149.

[64]Chan,W.T.(1963).A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,266.

[65]Xiao,X.(2002a).The rhetorical construction of the discourse on the dao in Daode Jing.Intercultural Communication Studies,11(1),137-151.

[66]Wong,M.L.(1998).The Sutra of Hui Neng.New York,NY:The Buddhist Association of the United States,113.

[67]Grigg,R.(1994).The Tao of Zen.Edison,NJ:Alva,271.

[68]Suzuki,D.T.(1960).Buddhist symbolism.In Carpenter,E.&McLuhan,M.(eds.).Explorations in Communication:An Anthology.Boston,MA:Beacon,24-35.

[69]Allan,S.(1997).The W ay of W ater and Sprouts of Virtue.Albany,NY:State University of New York Press.

[70]Chen,G.M.&Holt,R.(2002).Persuasion through the water metaphor in Daode Jing.Intercultural Communication Studies,1(1),153-171.

[71]Ma,R.(1999).Water-related figurative language in the rhetoric of Mencius.In Gonzalez,A.&Tanno,D.V.(eds.).Rhetoric in Intercultural Contexts.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,119-129.

[72]Chen,G.M.&Starosta,W.J.(2005).Foundations of Intercultural Communication.Lanham,MD:University Press of America.

[73]Chuang,R.&Chen,G.M.(2003).Buddhist perspectives and human communication.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),65-80.

[74]Miike,Y.(2003c).Japanese enryo-sasshi communication and the psychology of amae:Reconsideration and reconceptualization.Keio Communication Review,(25),93-115.

[75]Chang,H.C.&Holt,G.R.(1994).Debt-repaying mechanism in Chinese relationships:An exploration of the folk concepts of“pao”and human emotional debt.Research on Language and Social Interaction,27(4),351-387.

[76]Ishii,S.(1984).Enryo-sasshi communication:A key to understanding Japanese interpersonal relations.Cross Currents,11(1),49-58.

[77]Ishii,S.&Bruneau,T.(1994).Silence and silences in cross-cultural perspective:Japan and the United States.In Samovar,L.A.&Porter,R.E.(eds.).Intercultural Communication:A Reader.Belmont,CA:Sage,46-251.

[78]Chang,H-C.&Holt,G.R.(1991).The concept of“yuan”and Chinese interpersonal relationships.In Ting-Toomey,S.&Korzenny,F.(eds.).Cross-cultural Interpersonal Communication.Newbury Park,CA:Sage,28-57.

[79]Ishii,S.(1998).Developing a Buddhist enbased systems paradigm for the study of Japanese human relationships.Japan Review,(10),109-122.

[80]Kotajima,Y.(1990).On“Zen”:China and Japan.Tokyo:Shintensha.

[81]Hwang,K.K.(1997-1998).Guanxi and mientze:Conflict resolution in Chinese society.Intercultural Communication Studies,7(1),17-40.

[82]Jacobs,B.J.(1979).A preliminary model of particularistic ties in Chinese political alliances:Kan-chi'ng and Kuan-hsi in a rural Taiwanese township.China Quarterly,(78),237-274.

[83]马成龙枟关系与华人沟通行为枠,转引自:陈国明.中华传播理论与原则[M].台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2004:363—377.

[84]冯海荣枟客气与华人沟通行为枠,转引自:陈国明.中华传播理论与原则[M].台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2004:435—450.

[85]Gu,Y.G.(1990).Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese.Journal of Pragmatics,(14),237-257.

[86]Hu,H.C.(1994).The Chinese concept of“face”.American Anthropologist,(46),237-257.

[87]Hwang,K.K.(1987).Renqin and face:The Chinese power game.A merican Journal of Sociology,(92),944-974.

[88]Jia,W.(2001).The Remaking of the Chinese Character and Identity in the 21stCentury:The Chinese Face Practices.Westport,CT:Ablex.

[89]Park,M.S.(1979).Communication Styles in Two Different Cultures:Korea and American.Seoul,R.O.Korea:Han Shin.

[90]Robinson,J.H.(2003).Communication in Korea:Playing things by eye.In Samovar,L.A.&Porter,R.E.(eds.).Intercultural Communication:A Reade.Belmont,CA:Wadsworth,57-64.

[91]Hara,K.(2006).The concept of“omoiyari”(altruistic sensitivity)in Japanese relational communication.Intercultural Communication Studies,15(1),24-32.

[92]Mendoza,S.L.(2004).Pahiwatig:TheroleofambiguityinFilipinoAmerican communication patterns.In Fong,M.&Chuang,R.(eds.).Communication Ethnic and Cultural Identity.Lanham,MD:Rowman&Littlefield,151-164.

[93]Maggay,M.P.(1993).Pagbabalik-loob:A Second Look at the Moral Recovery Program.Quezon City,Philippines:Akademyang Kultura at Sikolohi-yang Pilipino.

[94]Wilhelm,R.(1979).Lectures on the I Ching:Constancy and Change.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,135.

[95]Hofstede,G.(2001).Culture’s Consequences:Comparing Values,Behaviors,Institutions,and Organizations across Nations.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.

[96]Chen,G.M.(2002b).The impact of harmony on Chinese conflict management.In Chen,G.M.&Ma,R.(eds.).Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution.Westport,CT:Ablex,3-19.

[97]Hsu,F.L.K.(1953).Americans and Chinese:Two Ways of Life.New York,NY:Abelard-Schuman.

[98]Ma,R.(1992).The role of unofficial intermediaries in interpersonal conflicts in the Chinese culture.Communication Quarterly,(40),269-278.

[99]Ting-Toomey,S.(1988).Intercultural conflict styles:A face-negotiation theory.In Kim,Y.Y.&Gudykunst,W.B.(eds.).Theories in Intercultural Communication.Newbury Park,CA:Sage,213-235.

[100]Chen,G.M.(2004).The two faces of Chinese communication.Human Communication:A Journal of the Pacif ic and Asian Communication Association,7(1),25-36.

[101]Chen,G.M.&Xiao,X.(1993).The impact of harmony on Chinese negotiations.Paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association.Miami Beach,FL.

[102]Xiao,X.(2002b).Li:A dynamic cultural mechanism of social interaction and conflict management.In Chen G.M.&Ma,R.(eds.).Chinese Conf lict Management and Resolution.Westport,CT:Ablex,39-49.

[103]Chen,G.M.(2005).A model of global communication competence.China Media Research,(1),3-11.

[104]Dissanayake,W.(1993).Self and body in Theravada Buddhism:A tropological analysis of the“Dhammapada”.In Kasulis,T.P.,Ames R.T.&Dissanayake,W.(eds.).Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice.Albany,NY:State University of New York Press,123-145.

[105]Liu,G.Y.(1991).The Zen’s Spirit in Chuang Tzui’s Work.Taipei:“Shang Wu”.

[106]Mei.Y.P.(1964).The status of individual in Chinese social thought and practice.In Moore,C.A.(ed.).The Status of the Individual in East and West.Honolulu,HI:University of Hawaii Press,333-346.

[107]Suzuki,D.T.(1964).The individual person in Zen.In Moore,C.A.(ed.).The Status of the Individual in East and West.Honolulu,HI:University of Hawaii Press,519-533.

[108]葛兆光.禅宗与中国文化[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1986.

[109]Wu,J.C.H.(1996).The Golden Age of Zen.New York,NY:Doubleday.

[110]Chuang,R.&Chen,G.M.(2003).Buddhist perspectives and human communication.Intercultural Communication Studies,12(4),65-80.

[111]Chu,G.C.(1990).Survey research in developing countries in Asia:Some personal experiences from 25 years of research.In Narula,U.&Pearce,W.B.(eds.).Cultures,Politics,and Research Programs:An International Assessment of Practical Problems in Field Research.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,151-160.

[112]Chan,J.M.(2001).Disneyfying and globalizing the Chinese legend Mu1an:A study of transculturation.In Chan,J.M.&McIntyre,B.(eds.).In Search of Boundaries:Communication,Nation-states and Cultural Identities.Westport,CT:Greenwood,1-27.

[113]Mundorf,J.&Chen,G.M.(2006).Transculturation of visual signs:A case analysis of the Swastika.Intercultural Communication Studies,15(2),33-47.

[114]Chang,C-Y.(1963).Creativity and Taoism:A Study of Chinese Philosophy,A rt,and Poetry.New York,NY:Harper&Row,50.

[115]此话为引录孔子所说,见枟庄子·内篇·德充符枠。英文翻译见Huang,J.H.(trans.)(1983).The New Translation of Chuang Tzu.Taipei:San Min.

[116]Shi,X.(2006).A multiculturalist approach to discourse theory.Semiotica,(158),383-400.

[117]Chesebro,J.W.(1996).Unity in diversity:Multiculturalism,guilt/victimage,and a new scholarly orientation.Spectra,30(12),10-14.

[118]Starosta,W.J.(2006).Rhetoric and culture:An integrative view.China Media Research,2(4),65-74.

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈