首页 理论教育 药物的临床疗效及治疗的依从性与安全性对高血压治疗的影响

药物的临床疗效及治疗的依从性与安全性对高血压治疗的影响

时间:2022-03-13 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:高血压治疗的最终目的是为了有效控制血压。抗高血压药物的临床疗效不仅表现为对血压控制水平,也包括对临床终点事件的影响。患者的依从性亦与其本身对高血压的认识及文化程度有很大影响,随文化程度的提高,对高血压的认识提高,血压控制率提高,有研究显示大专以上文化程度者的血压控制率是半文盲患者的2倍。此外,生活行为方式越健康,血压控制率越高,可见注意生活方式调整和自我保健有利于血压的良好控制。

在我国,高血压患者知晓率、服药率和控制率都很低,知道自己患有高血压的还不到32%,而服药治疗的不到25%,能够将血压控制在理想水平的还不到7%。高血压治疗的最终目的是为了有效控制血压。抗高血压药物的临床疗效不仅表现为对血压控制水平,也包括对临床终点事件的影响。而治疗原则之一是为了有效地防止靶器官损害,要求24h内将血压稳定于目标范围内。因此,在维持治疗中应使用每日1次给药而能够持续24h降压的药物。诸多因素影响血压控制,患者的依从性与安全性亦是其中之一。有研究对几类一线药物治疗单纯高血压的成本作了回顾性调查,其中初始治疗费用占20.8%(替换药物又占其中的65.1%),维持治疗及随访费用占48.1%,药物中断及不良反应处理费用占31.1%。价格低廉的噻嗪类利尿药降压疗效可靠,但若因低血钾引起乏力,或同时补充钾盐引起胃不适,则会因为药物中断、处理不良反应和频繁就诊而增加费用。国外有关研究资料表明,造成高血压治疗率低的因素包括患者年龄(中青年患者不易坚持服药)、同时长期服用的非降压药物、既往无因心血管病住院史以及初始降压药物的选择,其中最重要的是初始降压药物的选择,而这一因素又与所选药物疗效、不良反应与依从性、药物价格有关。

患者的依从性亦与其本身对高血压的认识及文化程度有很大影响,随文化程度的提高,对高血压的认识提高,血压控制率提高,有研究显示大专以上文化程度者的血压控制率是半文盲患者的2倍。人们的文化程度不仅同就业、享受的医疗保障形式等有关,而且会影响其自我保健意识和行为生活方式等。离退休、享受公费或劳保医疗者的血压控制率超过40%,而下岗/无业者、自费和合作医疗患者的血压控制率最低,仅为20%。此外,生活行为方式越健康,血压控制率越高,可见注意生活方式调整和自我保健有利于血压的良好控制。

综上所述,高血压的治疗受多种因素的影响,因此应针对不同的因素采取最合理化的治疗。首先应确保诊断正确,必须正确诊断高血压后,才长期服药,减少过度诊断,过度治疗。选用个体化,具有良好经济/效益比的药物治疗方案,加大宣传教育,提高依从性,改善生活方式,减轻心理压力,为高血压的治疗提供有效保证。

(魏红艳)

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