拉丁语的连词能够连接不同类型的从句。有的连词要求从句用虚拟式（下文标出“＋虚拟式”），有的连词可以用直陈式（标出“＋直陈式”）。这些从句可以表示目的、结果、时间关系、原因、条件、转折、让步或事实。参照“小词典、基本词汇、连词”中的连词，学习下列句子。
Ⅰ．表示目的
1．ut（＋虚拟式）：“为了”、“以便”
Opto, ut venias, Edo, ut vivam. Venio ut audiam sermonem.
I hope that you come. I eat in order to live. I come to listen to a speech.
我希望你来。我为了活着而吃饭。我来听演讲。（venias, vivam, audiam 是现在时虚拟式。）
Misit legatum ut pacem peteret. Disco ut ad scientiam pervenirem.
He sent a legate to sue for peace. I learn to acquire knowledge.
他派了一个使者去求和。我为了获得知识而学习。（peteret, pervenirem 是过去时虚拟式。）
2．ne（＋虚拟式）：“以免”
Oro te ne abeas. Impendio, ne (＝ quominus) fugiat.
I ask you not to leave. I prevent him from escaping.
我求你不要走。我阻止他逃走。
Cives exstinguerunt flammas, ne oppidum incenderetur.
The citizens extinguished the flames, lest the city would be burned.
为了避免城市被烧毁，市民们扑灭了火。
3．quo（＋比较、虚拟式）：“为了更”
Magister fabulas narrabat, quo facilius intellegerent.
The teacher told some stories, so that they would understand more easily.
为了使他们更容易理解，老师讲了一些故事。（facilius 是副词的比较级）
Ⅱ．表示结果
1．ut（＋虚拟式）：“以致于”、“所以”
Tam diligenter discit linguam Latinam, ut omnia verba sciat.
He studies Latin so diligently that he knows all the words of the language.
他非常努力地学习拉丁语，因此他知道所有的拉丁语单词。
2．quin（在否定句后＋虚拟式）：
Magister non impedit, quin litteras Graecas discamus.
The teacher does not impede us to learn Greek.
老师不反对我们学习希腊文。
Nihil tam arduum est, quin homines temptent.（arduus, -a, -um 困难的，不容易的）
Nothing is so difficult that men would not have tried it.
再难的事情，人们也会尝试它。
Ⅲ．表示时间
1．cum（＋虚拟式）：“当……”（历史上的）
Cum ei venirent, milites in castra properaverunt. Cum Athenis essem, Zenonem videbam.
When they came, the soldiers ran to the camp. When I was in Athens, I saw Zeno.
他们一来，士兵们就跑回军营里了。我在雅典时见到了芝诺。
2．cum（＋直陈式）：“当”（同时性的）
Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, duae factiones ibi erant. Eo tempore,
cum cenavi, amicus intravit.
When Caesar came to Gallia, there were two factions. At the time when I ate, a friend entered.
当恺撒来到高卢时，那里已有了两个派别。当我吃饭时，一个朋友进来了。
3．cum（＋直陈式）：“每当”（反复的）
Cum milites impetum fecerant, hostes refugiebant. Cum tui memineram, gaudebam.
Whenever the army attacked, the enemy fled. Each time I remembered you, I was happy.
军队一进攻，敌人就逃跑了。每当想起你来，我就很高兴。（fecerant, memineram 是过去完成时）
4．cum（＋直陈式）：“通过”（巧合的）
Cum tacent, clamant. Cum taces, facinus confiteri videris.（facinus, -oris, n 犯罪行为，confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum 承认）
They shout through their silence. When you don't speak you seem to confess a crime.
缄默就是他们的呐喊。你不说话就等于默认罪行。
5．dum（＋直陈式）：“当”
Dum Troiani dormiunt, urbs a Graecis incensa est.
When the Trojans slept, the city was burned by the Greeks.
当特洛伊人睡觉时，城市被希腊人烧毁了。
6．dum, donec, quamdiu（＋直陈式）：“在……时”
Dum spiro, spero. Donec adiuvas hominibus laudaberis.
As long as I breathe, I have hope. As long as you serve others you will be praised.
只要一息尚存，我就有希望。当你帮助别人时，你就会受到表扬。
7．dum, donec, quoad（＋虚拟或直陈式）：“直到”
Caesar exspectavit, dum omnes naves convenirent. Donec hoc opus perficias, infelix ero.
Caesar waited, until all ships had come together. I shall be unhappy, until you finish the work.
恺撒一直等到所有的船只都聚集起来。在你完成这份工作之前，我不会高兴的。
8．antequam, priusquam（＋直陈式）：“在……前”
Noli loqui, priusquam interrogatus es! Antequam adveni, abiit.
Don't talk before you have been asked! Before I arrived, he went away.
在别人还没有问你之前，你不要说话！在我来之前，他已经离开了。
9．cum, ubi (primum), ut, simul, simulac（＋直陈式）：“当”、“一旦”
Ubi me conspexit, laetus me salutavit. Ut audivi vocem eius laete risi.
As soon as he saw me, he greeted me happily. When I heard his voice, I laughed.
他一见到我，就高兴地打招呼。我一听到他的声音就高兴地笑了。
10．postquam, posteaquam（＋直陈式）：“在……后”
Caesar postquam in Treveros venit, Rhenum transire constituit.
After reaching Trier, Caesar decided to cross the Rhine.
到达特里尔后，恺撒决定渡过莱茵河。
Ⅳ．表示因果关系或原因
1．quod, quia, quoniam（＋虚拟或直陈式）：“因为”
Credis quia vidisti. Quod mentitus es, punieris. Laudo te quoniam optimus es.
You believe because you saw. Because you lied, you will be punished. I praise you since you are the best.
因为你看见了，你才相信。因为你说了谎，你将受到惩罚。因为你是最好的，所以我表扬你。
2．cum（＋虚拟式）：“因为”
Cum peritus sis, me adiuvare potes. Quae cum ita sint, non possum te adiuvare.
Since you are experienced, you can help me. Things being so, I cannot help you.
因为你有经验，所以你能帮助我。事情到了这种地步我无法帮助你。
Ⅴ．表示条件
1．si（＋直陈式或虚拟式）：“如果”
Si hoc putas, erras. Si perficis hunc laborem magnum, laudabo te.
If you believe this, you are wrong. If you finish this great work, I will praise you.
如果你这样想，你就错了。如果你能完成这个宏大的工程，我会表彰你。
2．nisi（ni）（＋虚拟式）：“如果不”
Nisi adiuvisses, servatus non essem.
If you wouldn't have helped, I would not have been saved.
如果当时没有你的帮助，我就不能得救。（adiuvisses 是过去完成时虚拟式。）
3．sive-sive（＝seu-seu，＋直陈式）：“或……，或……”
Sive manetis, sive abitis, periculum non est.
Whether you stay or leave, there is no danger.
你们是去是留，都没有危险。
4．tamquam, quasi, velut si, ut si（＋虚拟式）：“似乎”
Illi laetabantur, quasi omnibus curis liberati essent.
They rejoiced, as if liberated from all sorrows.
他们很高兴，好像解脱了一切忧愁。
5．dum, dummodo, modo（＋虚拟式）：“只要”
Oderint me, dum metuant me! Non timebo dummodo maneas domi.
May they hate me, if they only fear me! I shall not be afraid provided that you stay at home.
让他们恨我吧，只要他们怕我就行！只要你留在家里，我就不会害怕。
Ⅵ．表示转折或让步
1．quamquam（＋直陈式）：“虽然”
Quamquam non intellego, tamen credo.
Although I do not understand, I believe.
虽然我不懂，我仍然相信。
2．etsi, tametsi（＋直陈式）：“虽然”，“尽管”
Etsi me offendisti, tibi ignosco.
Even if you offended me, I forgive you.
虽然你得罪了我，我仍宽恕你。
3．quamvis（＋虚拟式）：“虽然”
Quamvis sint in Roma, non amant dicere linguam Latinam.
Even if they are in Rome, they do not like to speak Latin.
虽然他们在罗马，他们还是不喜欢说拉丁语。
4．ut（＋虚拟式）：“虽然”
Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas.
Even if there is no sufficient strength, the intention is praiseworthy.
虽然力量不足，但意愿值得赞赏。
5．cum（＋虚拟式）：“虽然”
Fuit perpetuo pauper, cum divitissimus esse posset.
He was always poor, although he could have been a very rich man.
他一直很穷，虽然他本来可以成为一个非常富有的人。
6．cum（＋虚拟式）：“然而”、“但是”
Alter magister paene severus est, cum alter clementissimus sit.
One teacher is quite strict, whereas the other is too lenient.
一个老师相当严格，但另外一个老师又太仁慈。
Ⅶ．表示事实
quod（＋直陈式）
Eo die feliciter evenit, quod amicus meus in urbe erat. Scio quod non dixisti verum.
Fortunately it happened that my friend was in the city on that day. I know that you did not tell the truth.
我的朋友恰好那天在城里。我知道你没有说实话。
Quod librum scripsi, factum est inopia.
It was because of poverty that I wrote a book.
我写书是因为穷困。
练 习
翻译第6课课文《狗和狼》中的从句：
①Canis et lupus cum in silva convenirent, lupus cani inquit: Unde tam nitidus es?
②Nocte si fur venit, adnuntio.
③Cum volo, sub tecto cubo.
④Vellem, si posset fieri, ita otiosus vivere.
⑤Si vis bene tibi esse, veni mecum!
⑥Cum simul ambularent, lupus collum canis videt.
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