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议论文(一)

时间:2022-02-25 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:高考完形填空议论文的特点主要是首段提出某一主题,然后正反两方就这一主题提出不同的观点,通过论证、推理等手段,论证针对这一主题的某种观点。议论文通常都是由论点、论据和论证这三个要素构成的。根据上文线索children who were taken out of a special class and placed in可知,这里是说将有天赋的聪明学生从特殊班级安排到普通班级,所以正确答案为_____。

[学习建议:第9天完成]

作者讲解

Section 1:体裁解读

问:解答议论文的关键是什么?

答:议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。高考完形填空议论文的特点主要是首段提出某一主题,然后正反两方就这一主题提出不同的观点,通过论证、推理等手段,论证针对这一主题的某种观点。

议论文通常都是由论点、论据和论证这三个要素构成的。解答议论文体裁的完形填空的关键就是要迅速找到文章所要论证的观点或争论的焦点,依据议论文提出问题-分析问题-解决问题的行文特点来推敲完形填空的答案。

Section 2:真题再现

It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes. The 1 has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual(智力的)growth by 2 situation that has designed for the 3 children.

There can be little doubt that 4 classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner. Howeve, to take these 5 out of the regular classes may create serious problems.

文章大意:

文章就有天赋的学生是不是应该进特殊班的问题进行了讨论。调查表明被分在特殊班的学生表现得并没有人们想象中那么好,特殊班里的学生过分依赖老师的引导,反而对学习失去了兴趣。而当他们在常规班时反而会表现得更好。

1. A. principle B. theory C. arguments D. classification

2. A. designing B. grouping C. learning D. living

3. A. smart B. curious C. mature D. average

4. A. regular B. special C. small D. creative

5. A. children B. programs C. graduates D. designs

解析:

1. 选项翻译:A. 原则;B. 理论;C. 争论;D. 分类

解题分析:考查原词重现。根据上文线索It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes可知,人们对于有天赋的学生是否应被分到特殊班是有争议的,所以正确答案为_____。(答案在Part A部分的最后,下同。)

2. 选项翻译:A. 设计;B. 分组;C. 学习;D. 生活

解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,与class相关的是学生的学习环境,所以正确答案为_____。

3. 选项翻译:A. 聪敏的;B. 好奇的;C. 成熟的;D. 普通的

解题分析:考查同义重现与上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索regular classes和常识可知,常规班就是由“普通学生”组成的班级,所以正确答案为_____。

4. 选项翻译:A. 常规的;B. 特殊的;C. 小的;D. 有创造力的

解题分析:考查原词重现与反义转折逻辑。根据下文线索help the gifted children to graduate earlier可知,此处是指有天赋的学生上的“特殊班级”,所以正确答案为_____。另外上文中也出现了special classes。

5. 选项翻译:A. 孩子们;B. 节目;C. 毕业生;D. 设计

解题分析:考查原词重现与上下文语义逻辑。本文一直在谈论“孩子”的分班情况,而且第一段最后和第二段首句也都提到了childre, 所以正确答案为_____。

I observed a number of 6 children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a 7 class. In the special clas, they showed little ability to use their own judgmen, relying 8 on their teachers'directions. In the regular clas, having no worry about keeping u, they began to reflect 9 on many problem, some of which were not on the schoolprogram.

6. A. intelligent B. competent C. ordinary D. independent

7. A. separate B. regular C. new D. boring

8. A. specially B. slightly C. wrongly D. heavily

9. A. directly B. cleverly C. voluntarily D. quickly

解析:

6. 选项翻译:A. 聪明的;B. 能胜任的;C. 普通的;D. 独立

解题分析:根据常识,特殊班级里都是有天赋的聪明孩子,所以正确答案为_____。

7. 选项翻译:A. 独自的;B. 普通的;常规的;C. 新的;D. 无聊的

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索children who were taken out of a special class and placed in可知,这里是说将有天赋的聪明学生从特殊班级安排到普通班级,所以正确答案为_____。

8. 选项翻译:A. 特殊地;B. 轻轻地;C. 错误地;D. 主要地;沉重地

解题分析:根据上文线索they showed little ability to use their own judgment可知,特殊班的学生很少有自己的主观判断,因此是主要依靠老师的指导,所以正确答案为_____。

9. 选项翻译:A. 直接地;B. 聪明地;C. 自愿地;D. 迅速地

解题分析:根据上文线索In the regular clas, having no worry about keeping up可知,在普通班里,学生们不必担心落后于他人,学习压力不那么大了,便能够开始对很多问题很快地做出反应,所以正确答案为_____。

Many are concerned that gifted children become 10 and lose interest in learning. Howeve, this 11 is more often from parents and teachers than from student, and some of these 12 simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are 13 . Some top students do feel bored in clas, but why they 14 so goes far beyond the work they have in school. Studies have shown that to be bored is to be anxious. The gifted child who is bored is an 15 child.

10. A. doubted B. bored C. worried D. tired

11. A. concern B. conclusion C. reflection D. interest

12. A. students B. adults C. scholars D. teachers

13. A. talented B. worried C. learned D. interested

14. A. believe B. think C. say D. feel

15. A. outstanding B. intelligent C. anxious D. ordinary

解析:

10. 选项翻译:A. 怀疑的;B. 厌烦的;C. 担心的;D. 疲惫的

解题分析:考查同义并列逻辑和原词重现。根据下文线索lose interest in learning和Some top students do feel bored in class可知,很多人担心有天赋的孩子会变得厌烦学习,所以正确答案为_____。

11. 选项翻译:A. 担心;B. 结论;C. 反映;D. 兴趣

解题分析:考查原词重现。根据上文线索Many are concerned that可知,本句是对上句的进一步阐述,正确答案为_____。

12. 选项翻译:A. 学生;B. 成年人;C. 学者;D. 老师

解题分析:考查同义重现。根据上文线索parents and teachers可知,空格处所填词语义上包含这两者,正确答案为_____。

13. 选项翻译:A. 有才能的;B. 担心的;C. 博学的;D. 感兴趣的

解题分析:考查同义重现。根据上文线索gifted children和special classes以及下文线索top students可知,此处是指很多人认为特殊班级应该为有才能的学生设置,talented和gifted同义,所以正确答案为_____。

14. 选项翻译:A. 相信;B. 认为;C. 说;D. 感到

解题分析:考查原词重现。根据上文线索Some top students do feel bored in class可知,正确答案为_____。空格后的so指代bored。

15. 选项翻译:A. 杰出的;B. 聪明的;C. 忧虑的;D. 普通的

解题分析:考查原词重现。根据上文线索to be bored is to be anxious可知,此处是对上句的进一步说明,厌烦学习的学生会感到焦虑,正确答案为_____。

KEY

1-5 CCDBA 6-10 ABDDB 11-15 ABADC

Section 1:线索定位训练

下面的真题中已将已知线索加粗,主要目标是训练同学们养成寻找已知线索的习惯。

In our modern worl, when something wears ou, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 1 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.

How did we 3 a throwaway society?First of al, it is now easier to 4 an object than to spend time and money to repair it.  5 modern manufacturing(制造业)and technolog, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 6 .

Another cause is our 7 of disposable(一次性的)products. As 8 peopl, we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plate, plastic cup, and camera, to name a few.

Our appetite for new products also 11 to the problem. We are 12 buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 14 useful possessions to make room for new ones.

All around the worl, we can see the 15 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 16 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 17 , more governments are requiring people to recycle materials.  18 , this is not enough to solve(解决)our problem.

Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our posses-sions 19 throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20 . Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.

1. A. key B. reason C. project D. problem

2. A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products

3. A. face B. become C. observe D. change

4. A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw

5. A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of

6. A. safe B. funny C. cheap D. powerful

7. A. love B. lack C. prevention D. division

8. A. sensitive B. kind C. brave D. busy

9. A. ways B. places C. jobs D. friends

10. A. donate B. receive C. produce D. preserve

11. A. adapts B. returns C. responds D. contributes

12. A. tired of B. addicted to C. worried about D. ashamed for

13. A. newer B. stronger C. higher D. larger

14. A. pick up B. pay for C. hold onto D. throw away

15. A. advantages B. purposes C. functions D. consequences

16. A. show B. record C. decrease D. measure

17. A. technology B. environment C. consumers D. brands

18. A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile

19. A. by B. in favour of C. after D. instead of

20. A. spending B. collecting C. repairing D. advertising

Section 2:答案详解

文章大意:本文主要讲的是堆积如山的垃圾产生的原因和给环境带来的威胁。随着社会的发展,人们倾向于扔掉旧物,用新物品取而代之。包装盒等一次性产品给人们带来便利的同时,也给环境带来很大的压力。

1. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 关键;B. 原因;C. 项目;D. 问题

解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑和原词重现。根据下文线索because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before可知,此处是说全世界的国家都面临垃圾越来越多的问题,所以正确答案为D。另外下文倒数第二段最后也重现了problem一词。

2. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 礼物;B. 垃圾;C. 债务;D. 产品

解题分析:考查因果逻辑和原词重现。根据下文线索because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before可知,因为人们现在扔掉的垃圾越来越多,所以才会导致世界各国的垃圾堆积成山,正确答案为B。

3. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 面对;B. 成为;C. 观察;D. 改变

解题分析:根据下文线索Another cause可知,本句承上启下,提出问题:我们(的社会)是怎样成了一个乱扔垃圾的社会?然后接下来讲述原因。所以正确答案为B。

4. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 隐藏;B. 控制;C. 代替;D. 撤退;收回

解题分析:根据下文线索than to spend time and money to repair it可知,与花时间和钱去修理旧物相比,现在人们更倾向于直接更换新的物品,所以正确答案为C。

5. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 多亏,由于;B. 至于;C. 除了;D. 不管

解题分析:根据下文线索companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively可知,多亏了现代制造业和技术,公司能够以低成本快速地生产产品,所以正确答案为A。

6. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 安全的;B. 滑稽的;C. 便宜的;D. 强有力的

解题分析:考查同义并列逻辑。根据上文线索inexpensively可知,成本降低了,产品价格也会相对便宜,所以正确答案为C。

7. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 喜爱;B. 缺少;C. 阻止;D. 划分

解题分析:考查同义重现。根据下文线索we are always looking for…to save time and make our lives easier可知,垃圾变多的另一个原因是人们总是热衷于寻求省时方便的方式,也就是喜欢使用一次性产品,所以正确答案为A。

8. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 敏感的;B. 善良的;C. 勇敢的;D. 忙碌的

解题分析:考查因果逻辑。根据下文线索to save time and make our lives easier可知,人们想要节省时间,是因为很忙碌,所以正确答案为D。

9. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 方法;B. 地方;C. 工作;D. 朋友

解题分析:考查固定搭配和上下文语义逻辑。a way to do sth. 表示“做某事的方法”,是固定搭配,所以正确答案为A。

10. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 捐赠;B. 收到;C. 生产;D. 保存

解题分析:考查原词重现与上下文语义逻辑。上文出现了produce一词,另外根据语义逻辑可知,一次性产品应是企业生产的,所以正确答案为C。

11. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 适应;改编;B. 返回;C. 做出反应;D. 做贡献;导致

解题分析:考查因果逻辑。根据上段首句和常识,人们对新产品的渴望导致了垃圾越来越多的问题,contribute to是固定搭配,意为“导致,引起”,所以正确答案为D。

12. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 厌倦;B. 沉迷于;C. 担心;D. 为……感到羞耻

解题分析:考查同义并列逻辑。根据上文线索appetite可知,此处是讲人们沉迷于购买新产品,所以正确答案为B。

13. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 更新的;B. 更强壮的;C. 更高的;D. 更大的

解题分析:考查原词重现。根据上文线索buying new things和下文线索we will be happier with the latest products可知,广告使人们相信越新的东西越好,所以正确答案为A。

14. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 捡起;B. 支付;C. 抓住;坚持;D. 扔掉

解题分析:考查因果逻辑。根据下文线索to make room for new ones可知,人们为了腾出地方放新产品就必须要扔掉已用过的物品,所以正确答案为D。

15. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 有利条件,优势;B. 目的;C. 功能,作用;D. 后果

解题分析:考查因果逻辑。根据下文线索Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger可知,这里指的是乱扔垃圾的后果,所以正确答案为D。

16. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 显示,展示;B. 记录;C. 减少;D. 测量

解题分析:根据下文线索more governments are requiring people to recycle materials可知,越来越多的政府要求人们循环利用材料,这样做的目的是为了减少垃圾,所以正确答案为C。

17. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 技术;B. 环境;C. 消费者;D. 品牌

解题分析:根据下文线索more governments are requiring people to recycle materials可知,政府要求人们循环利用材料是为了减少垃圾,从而达到保护环境的目的,所以正确答案为B。

18. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 然而;B. 否则;C. 因此;D. 同时

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索more governments are requiring people to recycle materials和下文线索this is not enough to solve our problem可知,前后是转折逻辑关系,所以正确答案为A。

19. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 通过;B. 支持;C. 在……之后;D. 代替,而不是

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索We need to repair our possessions和下文线索throwing them away可知,前后是转折逻辑关系,意思是“我们需要修理自己的物品,而不是扔掉它们。”所以正确答案为D。

20. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 花(钱);B. 收集;C. 修理;D. 打广告

解题分析:考查原词重现与全文主题。根据文章最后一句话中的changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment可知,此句是说我们要改变消费习惯,所以正确答案为A。

Section 1:真题精练

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从各题所给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

The requirements for high school graduation have just changed in my community. As a resul, all students must 1 sixty hours of service learnin,  2 they will not receive a diploma. Service learning is academic learning that also helps the community.  3 of service learning include cleaning up a polluted rive, working in a soup kitche, or tutoring a student.  4 a service experienc, students must keep a journal(日志)and then write a 5 about what they have learned.

Supporters claim that there are many 6 of service learning. Perhaps most importantl, students are forced to think 7 their own interests and become 8 of the needs of others. Students are also able to learn real-life skills that 9 responsibilit, problem-solvin, and working as part of a team.  10 , students can explore possible careers 11 service learning. For exampl, if a student wonders what teaching is lik, he or she can choose to work in an elementary school classroom a few afternoons each month.

 12 there are many benefit, opponents(反对者) 13 problems with the new requirement. Firs, they 14 that the main reason students go to school is to learn core subjects and skills. Because service learning is time-consumin, students spend 15 time studying the core subjects. Secon, they believe that forcing students to work without 16 goes against the law. By requiring servic, the school takes away an individual's freedom to choose.

In my vie, service learning is a great way to 17 to the communit, learn new skill, and explore different careers.  18 , I don't believe you should force people to help others—the 19 to help must come from the heart. I think the best 20 is one that gives students choices: a student should be able to choose sixty hours of independent study or sixty hours of service. Choice encourages both freedom and responsibilit, and as young adult, we must learn to handle both wisely.

1. A. spend B. gain C. complete D. save

2. A. and B. or C. but D. for

3. A. Subjects B. Ideas C. Procedures D. Examples

4. A. With B. Before C. During D. After

5. A. diary B. report C. note D. notice

6. A. courses B. benefits C. challenges D. features

7. A. beyond B. about C. over D. in

8. A. careful B. proud C. tired D. aware

9. A. possess B. apply C. include D. develop

10. A. Gradually B. Finally C. Luckily D. Hopefully

11. A. through B. across C. of D. on

12. A. So B. Thus C. Since D. While

13. A. deal with B. look into C. point out D. take down

14. A. argue B. doubt C. overlook D. admit

15. A. much B. full C. less D. more

16. A. cost B. pay C. care D. praise

17. A. contribute B. appeal C. attend D. belong

18. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. Besides D. However

19. A. courage B. desire C. emotion D. spirit

20. A. decision B. purpose C. solution D. result

Section 2:答案详解

文章大意:本文作者论述了对于其所在社区的高中要求学生必须要完成60小时的社区服务学习才能毕业的争议。支持者认为社区服务有很多好处,而反对者认为社区服务不应该是被强迫去做的,而是学生发自内心地渴望去帮助别人。最后作者表达自己的观点:最好的解决办法就是让学生自己做出选择。

1. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 花费;B. 获得;C. 完成;D. 节约

解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。现在作者所在社区的高中要求学生必须要完成60小时的社区服务学习才能毕业,所以正确答案为C。

2. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 并且;B. 否则;C. 但是;D. 为了

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。高中生必须完成60小时的社区服务学习,否则就拿不到毕业文凭,所以正确答案为B。

3. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 科目;B. 想法;C. 程序;D. 例子

解题分析:根据下文线索cleaning up a polluted rive, working in a soup kitche, or tutoring a student可知,社区服务工作包括清理被污染的河流、在流动厨房帮工和辅导学生等,此处是举例介绍社区服务工作,所以正确答案为D。

4. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 用;伴随;和……在一起;B. 在……之前;C. 在……期间;D. 在……之后

解题分析:根据下文线索students must keep a journal可知,学生被要求在做社区服务工作期间写日志,记录学习情况,所以正确答案为C。

5. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 日记;B. 报告;C. 笔记;D. 公告

解题分析:根据上文线索students must keep a journal可知,学生要写日志,然后将他们学到的知识写成报告,所以正确答案为B。

6. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 课程;B. 好处;C. 挑战;D. 特征

解题分析:根据上文线索supporters可知,支持者一定会说社区服务学习的好处,所以正确答案为B。

7. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 超出;B. 关于;C. 在……上面;D. 在……里面

解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,只有抛开自身的利益并了解他人的需求才能体现社区服务学习有助于学生形成良好的公德心,所以正确答案为A。

8. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 小心的;B. 自豪的;C. 疲惫的;D. 意识到的;知道的,了解的

解题分析:考查固定搭配与上下文语义逻辑。become aware of表示“意识到;知道”,根据前后语义逻辑可知,抛开自身的利益并了解他人的需求是社区服务工作的本质。

9. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 拥有;B. 应用;申请;C. 包括;D. 发展

解题分析:根据下文线索responsibilit, problem-solvin, and working as part of a team可知,责任心、解决问题的能力以及团队协作精神是真正的生活技能所包含的内容,所以正确答案为C。

10. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 渐渐地;B. 最后;C. 幸运地;D. 有希望地

解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,上文列举了支持者的两个观点,按照议论文的行文顺序,此处应该是最后一个表示支持的观点,所以正确答案为B。

11. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 通过;B. 穿过;C. 关于,属于;D. 在……上面

解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,此处进一步介绍支持者的观点:通过社区服务方面的学习,学生能够探究自己未来可能从事的职业。

12. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 所以;B. 因此;C. 自……以来;D. 虽然

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。上一段是列举支持者的观点,由本段的opponents一词可知,此处与前文语义相反,所以正确答案为D。

13. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 处理;B. 观察;调查;C. 指出;D. 写下,记下

解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,此处是说反对者指出高中生必须进行社区服务学习才能毕业的这一新规的一些问题,所以正确答案为C。

14. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 争论;B. 怀疑;C. 忽视;D. 承认

解题分析:根据上文线索opponents可知,此处是说反对者与支持者由于观点不同而有了争论,所以正确答案为A。

15. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 大量的;B. 完全的;C. 更少的;D. 更多的

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索service learning is time-consuming可知,社区服务学习会耗费大量的时间,那么学生学习课程的时间就会减少,所以正确答案为C。

16. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 花费;B. 工资,薪水;C. 关心,照顾;D. 表扬

解题分析:根据后文的goes against the law可知,新规定是强迫学生无偿工作,所以被认为是违法的;再由常识可知,学生在社区服务一般是没有薪酬的,所以正确答案为B。

17. 【答案】A

选项翻译:A. 贡献;B. 呼吁;C. 出席;D. 属于

解题分析:根据上文线索In my vie, service learning is a great way可知,作者认为开展社区服务学习是一种好方法,所以应该是对社区有贡献,所以正确答案为A。

18. 【答案】D

选项翻译:A. 所以;B. 否则;C. 除……之外;D. 然而

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索In my vie, service learning is a great way和下文线索I don't believe you should force people to help others可知,上文说开展社区服务学习有好处,而下文说不应该强迫人们去帮助别人,前后是转折逻辑,所以正确答案为D。

19. 【答案】B

选项翻译:A. 勇气;B. 渴望;C. 情感;D. 精神

解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索I don't believe you should force people to help others可知,作者认为社区服务不应该是被强迫去做的,而应是学生发自内心地渴望去帮助别人,所以正确答案为B。

20. 【答案】C

选项翻译:A. 决定;B. 目的;C. 解决方案;D. 结果

解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,作者认为最好的解决办法就是让学生自己做出选择。

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