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钙黏蛋白在肿瘤中的应用

时间:2022-02-11 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:肿瘤细胞沿着ECM成分迁移,多种整合蛋白协同参与这一过程。肿瘤细胞黏附分子在肿瘤侵袭和转移过程中可能存在一个动态过程。在肿瘤细胞从原发灶脱离时,一般伴有黏附分子的低水平表达;而在转移灶处,可能需要肿瘤细胞与周围微环境相互作用,也即黏附分子的参与。
转移过程_分子医学导论

第三节 细胞黏附分子与肿瘤侵袭、转移过程

肿瘤细胞的侵袭、转移与很多因素有关,这里主要简介细胞黏附分子在肿瘤侵袭和转移过程中的变化。

1.整合蛋白表达的变化 肿瘤转移包括肿瘤细胞从原发灶脱离,进入循环系统,然后转出血管系统,在远处组织增殖而形成新的肿瘤灶。肿瘤转移的各个阶段都有细胞黏附分子和ECM的参与。目前知道,很多肿瘤细胞发生遗传变异,而使细胞整合蛋白信号通路能以非正常方式应答旁分泌或自分泌信号。肿瘤细胞沿着ECM成分迁移,多种整合蛋白协同参与这一过程。显然,细胞黏附通过受体聚集而使细胞能够沿着迁移路径牵引自身。整合蛋白聚集在很大程度上影响ECM的结合能力。

调节细胞黏附的化学成分能够改变细胞迁移和侵袭。同时,抗整合蛋白抗体、解离素(disintegrin)和合成多肽等均有报道认为是有效的抗转移试剂。抗体和多肽通过抑制受体在与配体接触位点处的聚集,诱导亚基构象改变,这类试剂即有潜在的临床应用价值。另外,单克隆抗体或合成多肽阻断受体可以影响伤口愈合、伤口收缩和新生血管形成等。RGD介导的一类整合蛋白,例如αVβ3,已被证实在肉芽组织(发炎)和肿瘤基质发育过程中是新生毛细血管形成的必需成分。阻断肿瘤细胞与血小板结合被认为是抑制肿瘤转移的有效方法。肿瘤细胞与血小板相互作用是血管侵袭和渗透的早期步骤。在整合蛋白中,α4β1起始黑色素瘤的生长和铺展。α5β1和αVβ3在恶性黑色素瘤和肿瘤转移灶中呈高表达,说明整合蛋白在肿瘤的预后判断上具有应用价值。在黑色素瘤病人中,α4β1表达增高或α6β1表达降低与肿瘤转移密切相关。整合蛋白抗体、解离素与合成多肽(例如RGD、YIGSR)能够抑制整合蛋白功能;对特定的肿瘤来说,这些已被证明是有效的治疗方法。

2.E-钙黏蛋白表达的变化 人类肿瘤中大约90%的细胞黏附并不正常,多数可能是由于E-钙黏蛋白介导的细胞间黏附发生异常所致。

人E-钙黏蛋白基因的突变失活,不可避免地引起E-钙黏蛋白介导的细胞间黏附异常,这在胃癌和乳腺癌中已有大量报道。在这些肿瘤中,E-钙黏蛋白可以作为一个典型的抑瘤基因:①在大多数乳腺小叶癌中1个E-钙黏蛋白等位基因突变,并伴有另1个正常等位基因丢失,即杂合性丢失(LOH);②在乳腺小叶癌的原位非侵袭阶段突变也被发现;③在遗传性乳腺癌综合征中发现存在家系突变现象。

E-钙黏蛋白和连环蛋白的表达缺失已在许多类型肿瘤中检测得到,而且E-钙黏蛋白缺失与肿瘤患者的预后密切相关。据报道,在乳腺小叶癌中,E-钙黏蛋白和连环蛋白同时发生丢失。因此,E-钙黏蛋白和(或)连环蛋白的异常表达具有一定的预后价值。

进一步研究发现,在很多肿瘤细胞系中E-钙黏蛋白基因转录受阻,主要原因可能在于E-钙黏蛋白基因启动子甲基化、CpG岛重叠、丢失转录因子结合位点和(或)染色体重排等。人和小鼠E-钙黏蛋白基因启动子均含有2个保守的E-box,他们对表皮细胞特异性表达E-钙黏蛋白十分重要。转录调节因子Rb、c-Myc、HNF-4和PAX-2在发育和肿瘤发生中具有重要作用,它们对E-钙黏蛋白的表达起到促进作用。Rb和c-Myc可以作为转录因子AP2的辅助激活剂,使后者结合到E-钙黏蛋白基因启动子区,在表皮细胞中激活E-钙黏蛋白的表达。

丢失E-钙黏蛋白似乎可以诱导N-钙黏蛋白的表达,这和乳腺癌与膀胱癌细胞的高侵袭能力相关。P-钙黏蛋白能在表达E-钙黏蛋白的膀胱癌细胞系中表达,但在缺乏E-钙黏蛋白的细胞系中其转录水平也随之下降。相反,在人鳞癌中导入N-钙黏蛋白可以下调E-钙黏蛋白和P-钙黏蛋白的表达,导致细胞间黏附的破坏。

肿瘤细胞黏附分子在肿瘤侵袭和转移过程中可能存在一个动态过程。在肿瘤细胞从原发灶脱离时,一般伴有黏附分子的低水平表达;而在转移灶处,可能需要肿瘤细胞与周围微环境相互作用,也即黏附分子的参与。对于其中的具体机制有待进一步探讨。

(查锡良 梁玉龙 吴 衡)

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