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法国体育争议的调解和诉讼制度

时间:2022-05-24 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:五、法国体育争议的调解和诉讼制度由于职业体育运动的重要性以及不同体育运动和杰出运动员的社会作用,最近几十年体育法在法国得到了很大程度的发展。传统法院的高收费和长时间使得这些法院对于大多数的体育运动参与者来说没有什么用途,这也是法国体育法规定了调解制度并将其作为一种强制性的解决体育争议的方法的原因。不管怎样,法国法是不涉及体育争议的仲裁问题的。

五、法国体育争议的调解和诉讼制度

由于职业体育运动的重要性以及不同体育运动和杰出运动员的社会作用,最近几十年体育法在法国得到了很大程度的发展。不过,很多适用于体育活动的规范限制了体育协会的权力,而且体育协会的运作总是处在法国青年和体育部的监督之下。所有的体育协会都有自己设立的调解委员会,这样便能够撤回有关体育争议的诉讼,而且也同时避免了根据一般法律法院所拥有的管辖权。另外,法国的体育传统也总是倾向于适用调解方法而不是法院诉讼来解决体育争议。[155]

根据法国法,不同的争议由不同的法院来受理,譬如劳动、商事和刑事争议分别由各自的法庭来解决。对于体育运动来说,没有专门的体育法院。行政法庭对因体育组织的裁决所引起的争议具有管辖权,但是却没有专门的处理体育争议的分院或者法官。传统法院的高收费和长时间使得这些法院对于大多数的体育运动参与者来说没有什么用途,这也是法国体育法规定了调解制度并将其作为一种强制性的解决体育争议的方法的原因。[156]

在法国,1984年制定、1998年修改的基本体育法并没有提到仲裁,其只是规定法国奥委会有权对体育争议进行调解与和解。巴黎上诉法院曾经在一个涉及民间协会的纪律性处罚决定的判决中指出,根据法国法,仲裁只是解决合同争议的一种方法,民间协会和其成员之间的争议不属于合同争议,其是纪律性处罚争议。[157]该判决也遭到了批评,因为原则上说,纪律性问题和仲裁之间并不是不相容的。不管怎样,法国法是不涉及体育争议的仲裁问题的。[158]

不过,鉴于涉及体育协会的体育争议所具有的公共性质,体育协会所作出的所有涉及组织比赛以及体育俱乐部之间的冲突的裁决都是行政行为,受行政法庭的管辖。因此,任何有正当理由认为体育协会的决议是不公平的俱乐部、运动员或者其他人都可以在裁决作出之日起2个月内向当地的行政法庭提起诉讼,并且该裁决可以上诉。而所有其他的争议都由行使调解权的委员会来解决。并且,1992年制定的调解程序规定,任何与体育协会有关的适用体育协会规范或者履行其公共服务职能的争议都应当通过调解程序来解决。2000年7月6日的法令修改了体育争议的调解制度,规定调解委员会的组成人员在2003年增加到21人。在2003年的统计表明,调解中心共收到198件申请,驳回45件,完成了153件调解程序(也即占总数的77.7%),解决的争议是118件(占受理并完成调解程序总数的77.1%),没有解决的是35件(其中仅仅有12件被提交法院解决)。[159]

法国使用调解方法解决体育争议的创新之处在于它是由被赋予公共服务职能的民间体育组织来完成的,调解的目的就是规避诉讼。与仲裁不同的是,该程序的目的不在于最终解决当事人之间的争议,它只是促使当事人利用正式的争议解决机制来提出解决体育争议的建议。在该调解制度下,应当事人的要求,调解员必须在2个月内提出自己的建议,特别紧急的情况是2天的时间。这些建议必须是根据国家和有关体育组织的规范提出来的并且没有任何法律上的作用。不过,一旦当事人达成了解决方案,根据协议他们就有义务来履行各自的义务。可以讲,即使调解不能最终解决争议,但是它至少避免了将该争议起诉到民事或者行政法庭。[160]

不过需要注意的是,这种由体育调解委员会所作的裁决是不能够强制执行的,尤其是对普通法院没有约束力。而且有些普通法院在等待体育调解委员会作出裁决的时候不愿立即作出裁决而宁愿推迟作出裁决,因为为了尊重体育活动的特殊性质,它们经常参考体育调解委员会所作出的有关裁定。尤其需要指出的是,只有普通法院作出的裁决可以对有过错的一方当事人来强制执行。[161]

从以上可以看出,在法国,一个高水平的运动员在与所属的俱乐部或者国家体育协会发生争议的时候可以将该争议提交其所属的体育协会调解委员会解决,也可以将该争议提交普通法院审理,也可以同时提出这两种解决方法的请求。

如同在其他国家一样,在这些欧洲大陆法国家,法院通常会尊重体育争议的当事人选择通过仲裁或者其他非诉讼的多元化的纠纷解决机制来解决体育争议,并且在当事人之间有明确的将争议提交仲裁或者调解的契约性协议的时候会延期进行有关的程序。只有在当事人之间没有达成一个法庭外的解决争议的方法或者其他非常有限的情况下,法院才会对有关的体育争议进行审理并作出裁决。[162]不过国家法院对体育组织的裁决的审查不应当仅仅限于实质性问题的审查,对于体育组织内部有关的纪律性处罚的争议中程序性规范也应当进行审查,否则就不可能真正做到遵守了自然正义的基本要求。

【注释】

[1]See Gil Fried & Michael Hiller.ADR in Youth and Intercollegiate Athletics.(5)B.Y.U.L.Rev.631,641(1997).

[2]See AAA Establishes National Sports Panel.56(2)Dispute Resolution J.4(May-Jul.2001).

[3]See Using Alternative Dispute Resolution to Settle Sports Disputes.http://www.adr.org,2003-07-01.

[4]See Sports Arbitration Including Olympic Athlete Disputes.http://www.adr.org/ Sports Olympic,2006-10-15.

[5]Article§220503,Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[6]Arts.§220522,§220523 and§220529,Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[7]Article§220509,Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[8]Article 15,Constitution of USA Basketball(2004).

[9]Article 2,US Gymnastics Bylaws.

[10]Arts.§220505 and§220522,Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[11]See Section 2,Article IX(Athletes'Rights),Bylaws of the United States Olympic Committee(2003).

[12]See Sports Arbitration,including Olympic Athlete Disputes.http://www.adr.org/sp.asp?id=27874,2006-10-15.

[13]See Arbitrators Poised to Resolve Conflicts Related to U.S.Olympic Team.http://www.adr.org/sp.asp?id=21981,2006-10-15.

[14]See AAA.ADR for Sports Disputes.http://www.adr.org/sp.asp?id= 22022,2006-11-20.

[15]Article VIII(Complaints against an NGB or PSO),Bylaws of the United States Olympic Committee(2003).

[16]Arts.§220522(a)(40(A)and§220523(b)),Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[17]Art.§220529,Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[18]Art.§220529,Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[19]See AAA.ADR for Sports Disputes.http://www.adr.org/sp.asp?id= 22022,2006-11-20.

[20]Art.§220505,Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[21]Art.§220522(a)(4)(B),Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act.

[22]See Gary R.Roberts.Resolution of Disputes in Intercollegiate Athletics.35 Val.U.L.Rev.431,438-439(2001).

[23]See Jason Gurdus.Note:Protection Off the Playing Field:Student Athletes Should Be Considered University Employees for Purposes of Workers'Compensation.29 Hofstra L.Rev.907,916(2001).

[24]See Gil Fried & Michael Hiller.ADR in Youth and Intercollegiate Athletics.B.Y.U.L.Rev.631,643(1997).

[25]See Gil Fried&Michael Hiller,ibid.at651;Eric Galton.Mediation Programs for Collegiate Sports Teams.53 Disp.Resol.J.37(1998).

[26]See Davice J.Cotten & Mary B.Cotton.Legal Aspects of Waivers in Sport,Recreation and Fitness Activities(1997).OH:PPC Pub.,at1.

[27]Davice J.Cotten & Mary B.Cotten,ibid.at 73.

[28]See Davice J.Cotten & Mary B.Cotten,ibid.at 43.

[29]See Jeffrey M.Schalley.Eliminate Violence from Sports through Arbitration,Not the Civil Courts.8 Sports Law.J.181,203(Spring 2001).

[30]See Marcia B.Nelson.Stuck between Interlocking Rings:Efforts to Resolve theConflicting Demands Placed on Olympic National Governing Bodies.26(5)Van.J.Int'l.L.895,907(1993).

[31]See Harding v.United States Figure Skating Association,851 F.Supp 1476,1478(1994),1994 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 5789.

[32]See Michels v.USOC,741F.2d 155,159(7th Cir.1984),1984 U.S.App.LEXIS 19507.

[33]See Sarah Baldwin.Performance Enhancing Drug Use in Olympic Sport:A Comparison of the United States and Australian Approaches.24 Loy.L.A.Int'l & Comp.L.Rev.265,285(March 2002).

[34]See Susan Schwartz.Matt Lindland:The Fight for an Olympic Bid.12 J.Legal Aspects of Sport 133(Spring/Summer 2002);Steven J.Thompson.The Case of Olympic Wrestler Matt Lindland.35 Val.U.L.Rev.407(Spring 2001).

[35]Susan Schwartz.Matt Lindland:The Fight for an Olympic Bid.12 J.Legal Aspects of Sport133,138(Spring/Summer 2002).

[36]See Michael Steadman.Lindland v.United States of America Wrestling Association: The Role of Arbitration and the Federal Courts in theMaking of an Olympic Success.11 J.Art & Ent.Law133(Spring 2001).

[37]See J.Nafziger.Arbitration of Rights and Obligations in the International Sports Arena.35Val.University L.Rev.357,372(Spring 2001).

[38]See Lindland v.United States Wrestling Ass'n,230 F.3d 1036,1039(7th Cir.2000).

[39]See Jay E.Grenig.Arbitration of Olympic Eligibility Disputes:Fair Play and the Right to Be Heard.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.261,271(Fall 2001).

[40]See Russell D.Feingold.Policy Essay:Mandatory Arbitration:What Process Is Due?39 Harv.J.on Legis.281(2002).

[41]See Adam Epstein.Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sport Management and the Sport Management Curriculum.12 J.Legal Aspects of Sport153,161(Fall 2002).

[42]See Adam Epstein,ibid.

[43]See Gil Fried&Michael Hiller.ADR in Youth and Intercollegiate Athletics.B.Y.U.L.Rev.631,634(1997).

[44]See Aaron NWise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 586-587.

[45]Heather R.Insley.Comment:Major League Umpires Association:Is Collective Bargaining the Answer to or the Problemin the Contractual Relationships of Professional SportsToday.29 Cap.U.L.Rev.601(2001).

[46]See Peter N.Katz.A History of Free Agency in the United States and Great Britain: Who's Leading the Charge?15 Comp.Labor L.J.371,380-381(Spring 1994).

[47]譬如,在2000年底至2001年初的冬季,职业棒球俱乐部赢得了14次薪金仲裁,但是它们是实际上的败方。尽管只有差不多14个球员的争议在该冬季得到了解决,但是较之于2000年他们的工资则增长了近1.44倍。See Hal Bodley.Players Are the Big Winners in Arbitration.USA Today,Arlington,Feb 23,2001.

[48]See Peter N.Katz.A History of Free Agency in the United States and Great Britain: Who's Leading the Charge?15 Comp.Lab.L.J.371,381(Spring 1994).

[49]See Major League Baseball Players Association v.Steve Garney,121 S.Ct.1724(2001).

[50]See Jason M.Pollack.Take My Arbitrator,Please:Commissioner“Best Interests”Disciplinary Authority in Professional Sports.67 FordhamL.Rev.1645,1691(1999).

[51]See Adam Epstein.Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sport Management and the Sport Management Curriculum.12 J.Legal Aspects of Sport153,162(Fall 2002).

[52]在美国职业棒球历史上一度在每个棒球球员的合同里面都规定了保留条款,其意思是指每个球员都要受其球队的约束并且不能自由地与其他球队就其工作问题进行谈判。在每一合同里,合同条款规定俱乐部有单方面的权力来决定是否在下一个赛季与球员签约。See Jeffrey Perron.Supreme Court Overturns the Ninth Circuit's Rejection of the Arbitration Panel's Decision that Found No Collusion Activities by the Baseball Owners—Major League Baseball Players Association v.Steve Garney.121 S.Ct.1724(2001),12(1)Seton Hall J.of Sports Law131-148(2002).

[53]See Elissa M.Meth.Final Offer Arbitration:AModel for Dispute Resolution in Domestic and International Disputes.10 Am.Rev.Int'l Arb.383,385(1999),note 4.

[54]See Major League Baseball Agreement,1 Art.VI F(1)(2003-2006).

[55]See Major League Baseball Agreement,1 Art.VI F(5)(2003-2006).

[56]See Elissa M.Meth.Final Offer Arbitration:A Model for Dispute Resolution in Domestic and International Disputes.10 Am.Rev.Int'l Arb.383,400-401(1999).

[57]在棒球仲裁中双方当事人最终也要出席一个有仲裁员主持的听取意见会或者听证会,只不过该听证会不同于传统的仲裁中的听证会,仲裁员的权力受到了限制,仲裁员只能选择当事人之一提出的最终要价。

[58]See Elissa M.Meth.Final Offer Arbitration:AModel for Dispute Resolution in Domestic and International Disputes.10 Am.Rev.Int'l Arb.383,390-391(1999).

[59]See Major League Baseball Players Association v.Steve Garney,121 S.Ct.1724(2001).

[60]See Jeffrey Perron.Supreme Court Overturns the Ninth Circuit's Rejection of the Arbitration Panel's Decision that Found No Collusion Activities by the Baseball Owners-Major League Baseball Players Association v.Steve Garney.121 S.Ct.1724(2001),12(1)Seton Hall Journal of Sports Law131-148(2002).

[61]See Jeffrey A.Mishkin.Dispute Resolution in the NBA:The Allocation of Decision Making among the Commissioner,Impartial Arbitrator,System Arbitrator,and the Courts.35 Val.U.L.Rev.449,450-453(Spring 2001).

[62]Article II,Section1,NBA's Collective Bargaining Agreement(2005).

[63]Article XXXI,Section1,NBA's Collective Bargaining Agreement(2005).

[64]Articlle VII,Section 3(d)(5),NBA's Collective Bargaining Agreement(2005).

[65]Articlle XXXII,Section1,NBA's Collective Bargaining Agreement(2005).

[66]See Jeffrey A.Mishkin.Dispute Resolution in the NBA:The Allocation of Decision Making among the Commissioner,Impartial Arbitrator,System Arbitrator,and the Courts.35 Val.U.L.Rev.449,458-460(Spring 2001).

[67]参见新浪体育:《小奥尼尔减刑要先问斯特恩》,http://sports.sina.com.cn/s/2004-12-24/0921451767s.shtml,2006-10-16。

[68]See BrianWard.The National Hockey League's Collective Bargaining Agreemet:Its Inadequacies in Dealing with League Internationalization.23 Suffolk Transnat'l L.Rev.747,750-752(Summer 2000).

[69]See James Gilbert Rappis.The Use of Contract Interpretation by Professional Sports Arbitrators.3 Marq.Sports L.J.215,219(1993).

[70]See James Gilbert Rappis,ibid.at221.

[71]See James Gilbert Rappis,ibid.at216-217.

[72]See Stephen M.Yoost.The National Hockey League and Salary Arbitration:Time for a Line Change.21 Ohio St.J.on Disp.Resol.485,521(2006).

[73]See Brian Ward.The National Hockey League's Collective Bargaining Agreemet:Its Inadequacies in Dealing with League Internationalization.23 Suffolk Transnat'l L.Rev.747,771(Summer 2000).

[74]NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement art.XI,§1(c),at29(1993).该集体谈判协议的有效期至2008年。

[75]参见新华网:《美职业橄榄球资方让步劳资纠纷和平解决》,http://sports.sohu.com/20060309/n242212766.shtml,2006-10-17。

[76]See Adam Epstein.Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sport Management and the SportManagement Curriculum.12 J.Legal Aspects of Sport153,163(Fall 2002).

[77]See Mitsubishi Motors Corp.v.Soler Chrysler-Plymouth,Inc.,473 U.S.614.628(1985).

[78]See 9 U.S.C.1-16.

[79]See Jeffrey M.Schalley.Eliminate Violence from Sports through Arbitration,Not the Civil Courts.8 Sports Law.J.181,198(Spring 2001).

[80]Boston Celtics Limited Partnership v.Brian Shaw,908 F.2d 1041,1043-44,1050(1st Cir.1990).

[81]See Garvey v.Roberts,203 F.3d 580,582,588-591(9th Cir.2000).

[82]See Nat'l Hockey League Players'Ass'n v.Nat'l Hockey League,30 F.Supp.2d 1025,1029(N.D.Ill.1998).

[83]See Sprewell v.Golden State Warriors,No.C-98-2053-VRW,1999 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 3875,at10(N.D.Cal.Mar.26,1999).

[84]See Jeffrey M.Schalley.Eliminate Violence from Sports through Arbitration,Not the Civil Courts.8 Sports Law.J.181,199(Spring 2001).

[85]See Aaron NWise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 671.

[86]有人指出,这种有外部仲裁员对联盟委员会所作出的纪律性决定进行仲裁的做法与联盟委员会的权力相矛盾,并且不利于维护职业体育运动的完整性。并且为了保护和发展职业体育运动联盟的最大利益,委员会必须对联盟的纪律性问题拥有专有的裁判权。See Jason M.Pollack.Take My Arbitrator,Please:Commissioner“Best Interests”Disciplinary Authority in Professional Sports.67 FordhamL.Rev.1645,1706-1708(1999).

[87]See Susan Haslip.A Consideration of the Need for a National Dispute Resolution Systemfor National Sport Organizations in Canada.11 Marq.Sports L.Rev.245,247(Spring 2001).

[88]See John Barnes.Sports and the Law in Canada(3rdedition).Toronto and Vancouver:Butterworths,1996,at67-78.

[89]See Sport Canada.Athlete Assistance Program:Backgrounder.http://www.pch.gc.ca/sportcanada/SCE/aapall.htm.为了成为该组织的成员,运动员必须经由其所属的国内体育协会推荐。运动员成为该组织会员的资格基于许多标准,包括该运动员参加国内和国际比赛的次数。根据比赛成绩会员又有不同标准。对运动员来说会员的地位是重要的,因为该地位是他从其所属的国内体育协会获取补助必须要求的。

[90]See Sport Canada,http://www.pch.gc.ca/sportcanada/SC E/aapall.htm,2001-03-10.

[91]Susan Haslip.A Consideration of the Need for a National Dispute Resolution System for National Sport Organizations in Canada.11 Marq.Sports L.Rev.245,249-250(Spring 2001).

[92]See Graeme Mew.FromLittle League to Ben Johnson:Alternatives for Resolving Sports Disputes.http://www.sportlaw.ca/articles/other/article7.html,2003-09-19.

[93]See Anik L.Jodouin.The Sport Dispute Resolution Centre of Canada:An Innovative Development in Canadian Amateur Sport.15 J.Legal Aspects Sport 295,300-301(Summer 2005).

[94]See John Barnes.Sportsand the Law in Canada(3rdedition).Toronto and Vancouver:Butterworths,1996,at 167.

[95]See Our Mission-what We're All About.http://www.adrsportred.ca/about/mission_e.cfm,2006-10-17.

[96]See Anik L.Jodouin.The Sport Dispute Resolution Centre of Canada:An Innovative Development in Canadian Amateur Sport.15 J.Legal Aspects Sport 295,304(Summer 2005).

[97]Art.6.25,Canadian Sports Dispute Resolution Code(2006).

[98]See Anik L.Jodouin.The Sport Dispute Resolution Centre of Canada:An Innovative Development in Canadian Amateur Sport.15 J.Legal Aspects Sport 295,306(Summer 2005).

[99]Art.7.14,Canadian Sports Dispute Resolution Code(2006).

[100]Sara Blake,Administrative Law in Canada 157(3d ed.2001).

[101]SDRCC,ADR-Sport-RED Code art.RA-16(2004),available at http://www.adrsportred.ca/tribunal/doc/CodeFinal_E.doc.

[102]See Hilary A.Findlay.Rulesof a Sport-Specific Arbitration Processasan Instrument of Policy Making.16 Marq.Sports L.Rev.73,86(Fall 2005).

[103]See Hilary A.Findlay,ibid.at92.

[104]根据澳大利亚马术协会(EFA)的纪律处罚规则第4条的规定,有关的违反协会规则的申诉应由澳大利亚司法程序官(National Judicial Procedures Officer,NJPO)或者其委任者组成的裁判庭予以裁决;而对于与严格责任有关的申诉(多是与运动员和马匹有关的纯粹体育性争议)则由EFA的纪律处罚机构裁决。Article 4,EFADisciplinary Bylaws(2006).

[105]See Andrew Gibson & Diane Gee-Clough.Australian Sports Law(Loose-leaf).CCH Australia Limited,1999,at 50,53.

[106]See Andy Gibson.Australian Sporting Law Highlights in 1999.3(2)Sports Law Bulletin 16(March/April 2000).

[107]See Andrew Gibson & Diane Gee-Clough.Australian Sports Law(Loose-leaf).CCH Australia Limited,1999,at 50,601-50,602.

[108]See Andrew Gibson & Diane Gee-Clough.Australian Sports Law(Loose-leaf).CCH Australia Limited,1999,at 52,602.

[109]See Andrew Gibson & Diane Gee-Clough.Australian Sports Law(Loose-leaf).CCH Australia Limited,1999,at 52,651.

[110]See Paul Hayes.Current Problems in the Resolution of Sporting Disputes in Australia.I.S.L.R.2004,2(MAY),at26.

[111]See Paul Hayes,ibid.at 27.

[112]See Paul Hayes,ibid.at 24.

[113]See Anthony Nolan.Australian Rules Football:Disciplinary Processes.16(4)Arb.Int'l 475,479(2000).

[114]See Andrew Gibson & Diane Gee-Clough.Australian SportsLaw(Loose-leaf).CCH Australia Limited,1999,at 50,201-50,202.

[115]See About CCPR,http://www.ccpr.org.uk,2006-11-20.

[116]See Simon Gardiner(ed.).Sports Law(2ndedition).London:Cavendish Publishing Limited,2001,at107.

[117]See AdamLewis,Jonathan Taylor(eds.).Sport:Lawand Practice.Great Britain: Butterworths,2003,at 117-118.

[118]See Simon Gardiner(ed.).SportsLaw(2ndedition).London:Cavendish Publishing Limited,2001,at251.

[119]See Neil Parpworth.Guarding the Game:Governing Bodies and Legal Intervention.In Steve Greenfield and Guy Osborn(eds.).Law and Sport in Contemporary Society.London:Frank Cass Publishers,2000,at 87.

[120]See Simon Gardiner(ed.).Sports Law(2ndedition).London/Sydney:Cavendish Publishing Limited,2001,at 199.

[121]See Paul Mc Cutcheon.Sports Discipline,Natural Justice and Strict Liability.28 Anglo-American L.Rev.37,40(1999).

[122]See AdamLewis,Jonathan Taylor(eds.).Sport:Lawand Practice.Great Britain: Butterworths,2003,at 120.

[123]See Aaron N Wise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1518-1519.

[124]Rule A2,FA Rules 2006-2007.

[125]Rule G,FA Rules 2006-2007.

[126]Rule K(1)(a),FA Rules 2006-2007.

[127]Rules K(2)and FA Rule K(3),FARules 2006-2007.

[128]See Adam Lewis,Jonathan Taylor(eds.).Sport:Lawand Practice.Great Britain: Butterworths,2003,at 270.

[129]See C.Woodhouse.British Sports Arbitration Panel-An Update.1(6)Sports Law&Finance 65-66(1994).

[130]See Siddall.The UK Sports Dispute Resolution Panel-Report on the First Two Years.5(4)Sports LawBulletin 15(2002).

[131]1996年《英国仲裁法》第67条。

[132]1996年《英国仲裁法》第68条。

[133]1996年《英国仲裁法》第69条。

[134]See Adam Lewis,Jonathan Taylor(eds.).Sport:Lawand Practice.Great Britain: Butterworths,2003,at 259.

[135]See Aaron N Wise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Volume 2,Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1197.

[136]德国民事诉讼法第1025条(适用范围)规定:“(1)如第1034条第1款所指的仲裁地位于德国境内,则本编规定得以适用。(2)如仲裁地位于德国境外或尚未确定,第1032条、第1033条及第1050条的规定也应适用。(3)如仲裁地尚未确定,但被申请人或申请人的营业所所在地或惯常居所地位于德国境内,则德国法院可以行使第1034条、第1035条、第1037条和第1038条规定的法院职能。(4)第1061条至第1065条适用于外国仲裁裁决的承认与执行。”

[137]See John A.Faylor.The Dismantling of German Champion:Katrin Krabbe and Her Ordeal with the German Track and Field Association and the International Amateur Athletic Federation(IAAF).Arbitration International,Vol.17,2001(2),at 171;Martin Nolte. An Introduction to(German)Sports Law.International Sports Law Journal,Vol.2,October 2001,at 17.

[138]See Aaron N Wise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Volume 2,Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1198.

[139]See Aaron N Wise and Bruce S.Meyer,ibid.at1197.

[140]See John A.Faylor.The Dismantling ofGerman Champion:Katrin Krabbe and Her Ordeal with the German Track and Field Association and the International Amateur Athletic Federation(IAAF).Arbitration International,Vol.17,2001(2),at171.

[141]See M.Nolte.Sports,Rulesand the Law:AGerman Perspective.International Journal of Physical Education,Vol.38,2001(3),at 126-136;Aaron NWise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Lawand Business.Volume 2,Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1200.

[142]See Constitution of the National Olympic Committee for Germany(2003).

[143]See Ian Blackshaw.Sport and Mediation.Int'l Sports L.J.,2002(2),at18.

[144]See Aaron N Wise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1280-1281.

[145]See Aaron N Wise and Bruce S.Meyer,ibid.at1419.

[146]参见陈卫佐:《瑞士联邦国际私法法典研究》,法律出版社1998年版,第328页。

[147]See Ancion v ASBL Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association,Brussels Labour Court(Interim Relief Division)20 April 2000.

[148]See Steve Cornelius.Liability of Referees(Match Officials)atSports Events.International Sports Law Journal,Vol.5,2004(1-2),at57.

[149]1998年《比利时司法法典》第1676条第1款,转引自宋连斌、林一飞译编:《国际商事仲裁新资料选编》,武汉出版社2001年版,第71页。

[150]1998年《比利时司法法典》第1678条,转引自宋连斌、林一飞译编:《国际商事仲裁新资料选编》,武汉出版社2001年版,第71页。

[151]See Aaron N Wise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1108-1109.

[152]比利时有三个明显的语言和种族地区,即法语区、佛兰德语区和德语区。体育运动完全由各地区所属的省来管辖,中央政府仅保留非常有限的责任。每个区都有一个负责体育运动的部长,在每个区内有各自的体育运动协会。See Aaron NWise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1099.

[153]CBAS Regiment,http://www.olympic.be/Pdf/BASRegl_FR.pdf,2006-11-20.

[154]See Aaron NWise and Bruce S.Meyer.International Sports Law and Business.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1997,at 1109.

[155]See Paul Dahan.Concerning the Request Lodged by a Sportsman before an Ordinary Court of Law.In Dr.Urs Scherrer(ed.).Preliminary Remedies in International Sports Law.Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag AG,Zurich 1999,at60.

[156]See André-No 3l Chaker.Study on National Sports Legislation in Europe.Council of Europe Publishing,1999,at 92.

[157]39 CA Paris,3 December 1986,Rev.arb.1987,352,with annotation Ch.Jarrosson.

[158]See Andrea Pinna.The Trials and Tribulations of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.Contribution to the Study of the Arbitration of Disputes concerning Disciplinary Sanctions.International Sports Law Journal,2005(1/2),at11.

[159]See Summary of the ENGSO Country Reports 2003.http://www.engso.com/ members/Wcedf1fc8a194f.htm,2006-05-07.

[160]See André-No 3l Chaker.Study on National Sports Legislation in Europe.Council of Europe Publishing,1999,at 94-95.

[161]See Paul Dahan.Concerning the Request Lodged by a Sportsman before an Ordinary Court of law.In Dr.Urs Scherrer(ed.).Preliminary Remedies in International Sports Law.Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag AG,Zurich 1999,at 70-71.

[162]See Ian Blackshaw.Sport and Mediation.International Sports Law Journal,2002(2),at 18.

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