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巴基斯坦海事安全局()

时间:2022-03-02 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:时至今日,政府各部门所有关于海事政策的事情都会涉及巴基斯坦海事安全局。巴基斯坦海事安全局负责规范和保护巴基斯坦的海上利益,在自己的海事区域内,强调和行使国家的司法权,保证国家的主权完整。巴基斯坦海事安全局为维护海洋秩序做出了巨大的贡献。巴基斯坦海事安全局长官与印度海岸警卫队长官之间建立了热线联系。为了应对各种突发状况,巴基斯坦海事安全局的水上和空中单位定期参加本国海事军事演习。
巴基斯坦海事安全局()_瓜达尔:地区战略转型中的平衡点

巴基斯坦海事安全局的建立源于巴基斯坦对《联合国海洋法公约》(UNCLOS)的履行。为了巩固《联合国海洋法公约》给巴基斯坦带来的优越条件,巴基斯坦需要在自己的海洋区域内执行国家和国际海洋法律。1983年,为了调查研究《联合国海洋法公约》为巴基斯坦海洋发展提供的新渠道,政府成立了国家海事委员会。委员会履行相应职能,分析整个海事活动的参与范围以及给出相关建议,建立相关机构以满足《联合国海洋法公约》的要求。

1986年5月,国家海事委员会经过深思熟虑,初步建议国防部成立一个海事部门。随后,根据具体条款,委员会最终建议成立一个专门机构去维护巴基斯坦专属经济区的利益。该机构名为“海事安全局”(MSA)。该局于1987年1月成立,隶属于国防部。随后,1994年,巴基斯坦通过了《海事安全法案》,海事安全局被赋予了必要的合法权力,以执行相关任务,借此契机,海事安全局能够代表各机构进行陆地执法,比如警察执法权[87]、缉毒权[88]、缉私权[89]、关税权[90]和渔业管理权[91]等。时至今日,政府各部门所有关于海事政策的事情都会涉及巴基斯坦海事安全局。

巴基斯坦海事安全局拥有一个水上部门,该部门的设施装备包括4艘轻巡洋舰、9艘刚刚购入的美国原装快速反应艇和各种快艇。海事安全局还有一个航空部门,其下拥有一个空军中队,中队则拥有3架诺曼防卫海事侦察机。为了支持沿海区域不同任务的执行,海事安全局分别在瓜达尔、伯斯尼、卡拉奇建立基地,在戈伦吉也建立了一个小型基地。沿海基地有各种小艇和飞机在海上巡逻。[92]其控制室位于卡拉奇巴基斯坦海事安全局的总部,是整个海上活动运作的中枢,指挥室同样在海事救援协调中心(MRCC)和灾难反应中心的指挥、调度方面发挥着作用。

巴基斯坦海事安全局负责规范和保护巴基斯坦的海上利益,在自己的海事区域内,强调和行使国家的司法权,保证国家的主权完整。1994年巴基斯坦国家海事安全局出台的安全法令主要内容包括:

·在国家的海事区域内,执行国家和国际法律、协议和协定。

·在本国海域内,未经本国许可,不允许任何国家和势力在海域内开采任何具有经济价值的资源。

·在本国海域内,保护本国渔船和船员不受任何国家和势力的威胁。

·对在海中遇到危险的船只、财产以及生命进行援助和联合营救。

·支持并与国内外机构合作阻止和控制包括污染在内的任何海上灾难。

·支持并与国内外机构合作进行水文和海洋调查以及其他科学活动。

·支持其他部门与机构保卫和保护近海专属经济区的设施和建筑。

·为全国海事区域内的石油和矿产勘探提供援助。

·与其他海洋部门和机构进行合作,在它们履行职务和责任时,为其提供帮助。

·履行政府安排的工作任务,保护巴基斯坦的海洋利益。

巴基斯坦海事安全局为维护海洋秩序做出了巨大的贡献。2005年至2010年,海事安全局缴获了价值15.95亿卢比的大麻海洛因,价值2.69亿卢比的走私禁运品(主要是酒水和柴油)。[93]

巴基斯坦海事安全局还积极与地区周边国家寻求海事协调合作。在这方面,巴基斯坦政府还同印度政府签署备忘录,处理双边议题。巴基斯坦海事安全局长官与印度海岸警卫队长官之间建立了热线联系。2012年9月,巴基斯坦海事安全局长官参观了印度海岸警卫队。作为互访,2013年6月,印度海岸警卫队长官率队参观了巴基斯坦海事安全局总部。2013年,沙特阿拉伯边境警卫队司令、土耳其海岸警卫队司令、斯里兰卡海岸警卫队司令、也门主席、丹麦海岸警卫队司令参观了巴基斯坦海事安全局,此行的目的就是加强双方在海事领域内的合作。除此之外,为了加强双边合作,巴基斯坦也正在与也门、斯里兰卡、坦桑尼亚、中国和阿曼积极商讨双边备忘录的签订。巴基斯坦海事安全局还定期积极参与亚洲海岸警卫机构首脑论坛(HACGAM),以及参与各种国际座谈会和研讨会,就海事安全等议题同各国交换意见和经验。[94]

所有国家都坚持海事安全局和海岸警卫队属于预备部队,在危机时刻、战时以及冲突时编入海军,以壮大国家的国防力量。为了应对各种突发状况,巴基斯坦海事安全局的水上和空中单位定期参加本国海事军事演习。巴基斯坦海事安全局代表各部门行使以下主要职能[95]

缉毒               缉毒部

缉私               财政部

人口贩卖             内政部

有害物质控制           港口运输部

调查营救             港口运输部

生物资源保护           食品农业部

环境保护             环境部

非生物资源保护          科技部/石油自然资源部

外国渔民遣返           外交部/内政部

海军力量预备队          国防部

【注释】

[1]According to the last census held in 1998,Pakistan’s population was 132.5 million.However,as per UNDP and independentestimates,the population of the country has exceeded 180 million.

[2]The Nation(Islamabad),May 07,2009.Issue of extension of Continental Shelfwas submitted in UN in May 2009.The UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf has principally approved the case,and forwarded it to a sub-commission for detailed technical scrutiny.

[3]Preface to the Proceedings of the Conference on the Arabian Sea:Living Marine Resources&the Environment(Karachi:National Institute of Oceanography,June 1993).

[4]Ali Tabrez,Director General National Institute of Oceanography,in discussion with the author,Karachi,March 5,2012.

[5]Ather Ali Khan et al.,“Non-Living Marine Resource Prospects of Pakistan Exclusive Economic Zone”,in Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Utilization of Marine Resources(Karachi:National Institute of Oceanography,2004),201-202.

[6]Ather Ali Khan et al.,“Non-Living Marine Resource Prospects of Pakistan Exclusive Economic Zone”,in Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Utilization of Marine Resources(Karachi:National Institute of Oceanography,2004),201-202.

[7]Qamar Raza and Muhammad Wasim,“Marine Fisheries Resources and their Sustainable Development”,in Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Utilization of Marine Resources,94.

[8]Paul Fanning,et al.,“Surveys of the Offshore Fisheries Resources of Pakistan-2010”(Karachi:United Nations Food&Agriculture Organization,2011),FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1065.

[9]Niaz Rizvi et al.,“Marine Resource Potential of the Coastal Zone and their Exploitation Levels in Pakistan”,in Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Utilization of Marine Resources,91.

[10]Khalid Amin Cdre et al.,Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone:Prospects and Challenges,Group Research Paper,(Islamabad:National Defence University,2006),14.

[11]Qureshi,M.R.,1961 quoted in Muzammil Ahmed,Marine Fisheries of Pakistan(Karachi:Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology,University of Karachi,1985),1.

[12]Handbook of Fisheries Statistics(Karachi:Marine Fisheries Department,2009),75.The canning plants were designed for small size shrimps,but gradually closed down for not being cost effective.

[13]Data received from DGMarine Fisheries Department(MFD),April1,2012.

[14]Shaukat Hussain,DG Marine Fisheries Department,in discussion with the author,Karachi,March 5,2012.

[15]United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Coastal Environmental Management Plan for Pakistan(New York:United Nations,1996),105-124.

[16]Khalid Amin et al.,Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone,17.However,the figures seem overoptimistic.

[17]该表中各总量数据无法由单项加总得出,出于对英文原文的尊重,在翻译过程中未对总量进行更改。——译者注

[18]Muzammil Ahmed,Marine Fisheries of Pakistan,10-11.

[19]Data received from DG MFD.

[20]Hamid Badr,MFD,in discussion with the author,Karachi,March 5,2012.

[21]For details see,Muzammil Ahmed,Marine Fisheries of Pakistan,5-9.

[22]Shaukat Hussain,in discussion with the author.

[23]UN Commission,Coastal Environmental Management Plan,86-96.

[24]S.M.Saifullah,“Utilization of Mangrove Resources in Pakistan”,in proceedings of Utilization of Marine Resources,148-149.

[25]Snedaker,S.C.,“Mangroves:A Summary of Knowledge with emphasis on Pakistan”,Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian Sea and Coastal Pakistan(New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1984)quoted in Khalid Amin et al.,21.

[26]Hina Saeed et al.,“Sea weed Resources of Pakistan”,in Utilization of Marine Resources,159-165.

[27]Khalid Amin et al.,Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone,24.

[28]Hina Saeed et al.,“Sea weed Resources”,164.

[29]Ather Ali et al.,“Non-Living Marine Resource”,201.

[30]“Pakistan and Offshore Energy Exploration”,http://viewstonews.com/index.php/pakistan-and-offshore-energy-exploration/pakistan,accessed on April 10,2012.

[31]Sher Muhammad Khan,DG Petroleum Concessions,in discussion with the author,Islamabad,April 9,2012.

[32]“Pakistan and Offshore Energy Exploration”.

[33]Gul Munir Ghumro,Director Exploration,Ministry of Petroleum&Natural Resources,in discussion with the author,Islamabad,April12,2012.Also see Petroleum Exploration and Production Policy 2009,1,2,40.

[34]According to www.marisec.com the shipping industry transported an estimated 7.7 billion tonnes of cargo in 2008.

[35]Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal,“The Significance of Shipping”,Dawn Oct 17,2004.

[36]Iqbal Bajwa,Pakistan Mercantile Marine Neglected Sector-Policy Options for Pakistan,Individual Research Paper(Islamabad:National Defence University,2004),9.

[37]Iftikhar Malik,Pakistan National Shipping Corporation,e-mailmessage to author,May 2012.

[38]Haroon Ibin Ali,Uncharted Waters:A Journey Through Living History(London:Avon Books,1998),155.

[39]Haroon Ibin Ali,Uncharted Waters:A Journey Through Living History(London:Avon Books,1998),158.

[40]S.M.Obaidullah,e-mailmessage to author,May 2012 and Bajwa,Pakistan Mercantile Marine,10.

[41]Haroon Ibin Ali,Uncharted Waters,165.

[42]Mohammad Iqbal,“The Significance of Shipping”.

[43]Bajwa,Pakistan Mercantile Marine,10.

[44]Anwar Shah and Iftikhar Malik,e-mailmessages to author,May 2012.

[45]Masood Alam,“Decline of Investment in Ports and Shipping by Pakistan Entrepreneurs”,Mariner(June 2000),38.

[46]Anwar Shah,former DG Ports&Shipping,e-mailmessage to author,May 2012,and Shakil Naz,GM(Submarine Construction)Karachi Shipyard&EnggWorks Ltd,presentation to Maritime Industry Task Force(Dec 2009).

[47]Rahat Qaseem,“Decline of Shipping in Port and Shipping Sector by Pakistan Entrepreneur”,PIMA Magazine,(June 2000).

[48]Iftikhar Malik,e-mailmessage to author.

[49]S.T.H.Naqvi,Chairman PNSC,“Role&Development of PNSC”,Paper presented at PNWar College(Karachi:October 10,2003).

[50]Obaidullah,e-mailmessage to the author.

[51]Azhar Hussain,MD KS&EW,Presentation to Prime Minister(November 13,2003).

[52]Information retrieved from officialwebsite of KS&EW on May 9,2012.

[53]Ibid.

[54]Haleem A.Siddiqui,Chairman Task Force,Prime Minister Task Force Report on Ports and Shipping,45.

[55]http://www.flickr.com/photos/tree_elf/5422696495/accessed on April 17,2012.

[56]Intizar Mehdi,“Taxability of Pakistani Seamen Serving Onboard Foreign Flag Ships”,Mariner(June 2000),18.

[57]James Bird,Seaports and Seaport Terminals(London:Hutchinson&Co,1971),13.

[58]A.K.C.Beresford et al.,“The UNCTAD and WORKPORT Models of Port Development:Evolution or Revolution?”Maritime Policy&Management 31,no.2(April-June 2004),94.

[59]Rabnawaz,“Maritime Strategy in Pakistan”,43 and Abdul Rehman,KPT,e-mailmessage to the author,May 18,2012.

[60]Dawn(Karachi),July 29,2004.

[61]http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/ports.html accessed on February 9,2012.

[62]Rabnawaz,“Maritime Strategy in Pakistan”,43.

[63]The News International(Islamabad),April 15,2012.

[64]http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/ports.

[65]Sheikh Javaid,“Gwadar:The Dream City of South Asia,”Pakistan and Gulf Economist,July 9-15,2001.Also see Aamna Syed,“The Population of Karachi has Doubled in 15 Years”,The Express Tribune,January 13,2014.

[66]Pak Tribune,October 3,2004,http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=79349.

[67]Abdul Raziq Durrani,DG Operations,Gwadar Port Authority,e-mailmessage to the author,February 4,2013.

[68]Ibid.

[69]Recommendations of the Maritime Industry Task Force,June 2009.

[70]Babar Bilal,Pakistan’sMaritime Assets,Individual Research Paper(Islamabad:National Defence University,2006),10.

[71]The claim is not substantiated by any historical record.

[72]http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/ports.html,accessed on February 9,2012.

[73]Ibin Ali,Uncharted Waters,56.Also see PN History Cell,Story of Pakistan Navy(1947-1972)(Karachi:Elite Publishers,1991),48.

[74]Sentinels of the Sea:The Pakistan Navy PR Directorate,Naval Headquarters(1947-1997)(Islamabad:Barqsons,1997),11.

[75]Ibin Ali,Uncharted Waters,56-58.

[76]Story of Pakistan Navy,59,164.

[77]Ibid.,161.

[78]Sentinels of the Sea,18.

[79]Cheema,Pakistan’s Defence Policy,2.

[80]Ibid.,181.

[81]Sentinels of the Sea,79.

[82]Rabnawaz,“Maritime Strategy”,75.

[83]Sentinels of the Sea,79.

[84]Pakistan Navy official website,http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/destroyer.htm,accessed on March 15,2012.

[85]Sentinels of the Sea,81-83.

[86]Muhammad Asif Sandila,Chief of the Naval Staff,in discussion with the author,Islamabad:March 12,2013.

[87]Pakistan Maritime Security Agency Act,1994,section II(1)(iii).

[88]Narcotics Substances Act,1997,under section 22,23,37(ii)&38.

[89]Federal Government SRO No.42(I)/2014 and SRO No.43(I)/2014,dated January 20,2014.

[90]Federal Government SRO 346(KE)/1991 dated October26,1991 and Pakistan Maritime Security Agency Act,1994,section II(1)(i).

[91]Federal Government SRO 44(KE)/92 dated January 28,1992 and Pakistan Maritime Security Agency Act,1994,section II(1)(ii).

[92]PMSA OfficialWebsite www.msa.org.pk accessed on September 16,2014.

[93]Data is collated from the DG PMSA address at Pakistan Navy War College(PNWC)(Lahore,December 26,2012)and officialwebsite of PMSA.

[94]DG PMSA e-mailmessage to author,September 17,2014.

[95]Ibid.

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