首页 理论教育 髋关节脱位的预防

髋关节脱位的预防

时间:2022-04-15 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:否则可因判断错误导致假体位置不良,出现髋关节脱位。Osmani等认为将坚强的后外侧关节囊的修复将大大降低术后髋关节脱位的发生率。而对于假体位置良好的髋关节不稳定,仅由于关节周围软组织张力较低,可采用关节限制性假体,防止髋关节脱位。

1.髋关节脱位的预防应该从患者住院开始就应该着手进行 了解既往的病史和手术情况,通过检查,掌握患者目前存在的畸形和问题。通过X线片了解患者关节的位置及假体的状况,必要时进行CT检查或通过螺旋CT重建股骨的状况。

2.根据患者的具体情况制定出预防和治疗髋关节脱位的具体方案 充分估计各种治疗可能遇到的困难,制定出相应的解决办法,在遇到问题时可采取有效的预防措施。

3.在手术时首先一定要将患者的体位固定确切(无论是采用侧卧位还是平卧位) 这对术中判断假体的位置非常重要。否则可因判断错误导致假体位置不良,出现髋关节脱位。

在选择手术入路时,大多采用医师自己所熟悉的入路,在观察假体位置时,不易发生错误,但在切开关节囊后应尽可能保留关节囊等软组织。对关节周围的软组织和瘢痕组织根据置入关节的需要逐步松解,按照松松看、看看松的方法逐步进行,不要过度松解,否则易出现关节不稳定。作者通常采用后外侧入路,保留后外侧关节囊,在关闭伤口时将关节囊缝合在大粗隆后缘,并同时修复外旋肌群。Osmani等认为将坚强的后外侧关节囊的修复将大大降低术后髋关节脱位的发生率。作者也发现采用后外侧入路的患者,前脱位的发生率并不低。研究发现部分原因是由于切除了前关节囊,其次是髋臼前倾角过大造成。

为了正确地放置髋臼假体,术中可以采用分步确定髋臼的角度,首先将髋臼放置在外倾35°~45°,然后再向前转动15°~25°,这样就能保证髋臼的正确位置,而不出现后倾。由于体位的变动,有时髋臼位置确定有一定的难度。作者认为观察髋臼骨性边缘与假体的关系对判断髋臼假体的位置更加可靠。一般认为在髋臼发育正常的情况下,髋臼假体放置在与髋臼前缘平行的位置较好。当假体前缘低于骨性边缘时,则假体前倾角可能大了,易出现髋关节前方不稳定。当假体突出在骨边缘外时则前倾角很小或后倾,易出现髋关节后方不稳定。利用假体与髋臼周边骨质的关系对确认假体的位置,是一种可靠的方法。要特别注意假体股骨头与髋臼间匹配关系,不要被关节的角度困惑。必要时可采用导航技术以提高假体安放位置的准确性,从而减少术后脱位的发生率。在保证髋臼假体覆盖的前提下,清除髋臼周围增生的骨赘,防止它与股骨假体发生碰撞。由于杠杆作用,将股骨头翘出髋臼窝,导致髋关节脱位。通过调整假体位置的高低,调整髋关节的张力。一般来说,无领关节对调整假体位置的高低相对较容易。如果仅仅采用增加股骨颈的长度调节髋关节股骨头与髋臼间的张力,易出现肢体不等长,且调整的范围也是有限的。而对于假体位置良好的髋关节不稳定,仅由于关节周围软组织张力较低,可采用关节限制性假体,防止髋关节脱位。此外,在假体的选择上可以采用带帽檐或超半径的髋臼增加稳定,但要注意安放的位置,位置不当会出现碰撞。Shapire等认为限制性髋臼假体可以有效地降低术后脱位的发生率。术后3个月内应注意不要过度屈髋盘腿(如坐低凳、洗盆塘等),以防止髋关节脱位。

(徐 辉 吕 明)

参考文献

[1]Williams JF,Gottesman MJ,Mallory TH,et al.Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty:treatment with an above-knee hip spica cast.Clin Orthop,1982,(171):53-58

[2]Fackler CD,Poss R.Dislocation of total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop,1980(151):169-178

[3]Zwartele RE,Brand R,Doets HC.Increased risk of dislocation after primary total hip arthroplasty in in-flammatory arthritis:aprospective observational study of 410hips.Acta Orthop Scand,2004(75):684-690

[4]Woo RY,Morrey BF.Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1982(64):1295-1306

[5]Osmani O,Malkani A.Posterior capsular repair following total hip arthroplasty:a modified technique. Orthopedics,2004(27):553-555

[6]Lazovic D,Kaib N.Results with navigated bicontact total hip arthroplasty.Orthopedics,(28)(10Suppl):2005:s1227-1233

[7]Widmer KH,Grutzner PA.Joint replacement-total hip replacement with CT-based navigation.Injury,35Suppl 1:2004:S-A84-89

[8]Siera RJ,Raposo JM.Dislocation of primary THA done through a posterolateral approach in the elderly.Clin Orthop Relat Res,2005(441):262-267

[9]Shapiro GS,Weiland DE.The use of a constrained acetabular component for recurrent dislocation.J Arthroplasty,2003(18):250-258

[10]Soong M,Rubash HE,Macaulay W.Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty.J Am Acad Orthop Surg.2004(12):314-321

[11]McElfresh EC,Coventry MB.Femoral and pelvic fractures after total hip arthroplasty.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1974,56:483-492

[12]Johansson JE,McBroom R,Barrington TW,et al.Fracture of the ipsilateral femur in patients with total hip replacement.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1981,63:1435-1442

[13]Bethea JS,DeAndrade JR,Fleming LL,et al.Proximal femoral fractures following total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop,1982,170:95-106

[14]Cooke PH,Newman JH.Fractures of the femur in relation to cemented hip prostheses.J Bone Joint Surg Br,1988,70:386-389

[15]Zenni EJ,Pomeroy DL,Caudle RJ.Ogden plate and other fixation for fractures complicating femoral endoprostheses.Clin Orthop,1988,231:83-90

[16]Serocki JH,Chandler RW,Dorr LD.Treatment of fractures about hip prostheses with compression plating.J Arthroplasty,1992,7:129-135

[17]Dave DJ,Koka SR,James SE.Mennen plate fixation for fracture of the femoral shaft with ipsilateral total hip and knee arthroplasties.J Arthroplasty,1995,10:113-115

[18]Moran MC.Treatment of periprosthetic fractures around total hip arthroplasty with an extensively coated femoral component.J Arthroplasty,1996,11:981-988

[19]Haddad FS,Marston RA,Muirhead-Allwood SK.The Dall-Miles cable and plate system for periprosthetic femoral fractures.Injury,1997,28:445-447

[20]Chandler HP,Tigges RG.The role of allografts in the treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1997,79:1422-1432

[21]Tower SS,Beals RK.Fractures of the femur after hip replacement:The Oregon experience.Orthop Clin North Am,1999,30(2):235-247

[22]MacDonald SJ,Paprosky WG,Jablonsky WS,et al.Periprosthetic femoral fractures treated with a longstem cementless component.J Arthroplasty,2001,16:379-383

[23]Berry DJ.Periprosthetic fractures after major joint replacement epidemiology:Hip and Knee.Orthop Clin North Am,1999,30(2):183-190

[24]Beals RK,Tower SS.Periprosthetic fractures of the femur:An analysis of 93fractures.Clin Orthop,1996,327:238-246

[25]Rockwood CA,Green DP,Bucholz RW,et al.Fractures in adults.4th Edition.Lippincott-Raven,1996:576-586

[26]Steinberg ME,Garino JP.Revision total hip arthroplasty.Lippincott Williams&Wilkins,1999:493-503

[27]Haddad FS,Masri BA,Garbuz DS,et al.The prevention of periprosthetic fractures in total hip and knee arthroplasty.Orthop Clin North Am,1999,30(2):191-207

[28]Scott RD,Turner RH,Leitzes SM,et al.Femoral fractures in conjunction with total hip replacement.J.Bone and Joint Surg,1975;57-A:494-501

[29]Talab YA,States JD,Evarts CM.Femoral shaft perforation:A complication in of total hip reconstruction.Clin Orthop,1979,141:158-165

[30]Gill TJ,Sledge JB,Orler R,et al.Lateral insufficiency fractures of the femur caused by osteopenia and varus angulation:A complication fo total hip arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty,1999,14:982-987

[31]Larson JE,Chao EYS,Fitzgerald RHJ.Bypassing femoral cortical defects with cemented intramedullary stems.J Orthop.Res,1991,9:414

[32]Pellicci PM,Inglis AE,Salvati EA.Perforation of the femoral shaft during total hip replacement:Report of twelve cases.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1980,62:234-240

[33]Fitzgerald RH,Brindley GW,Kavanagh BF.The uncemented total hip arthroplasty:Intraoperative femoral fractures.Clin Orthop,1988,235:61-66

[34]Kanis JA.Osteoporosis.Blackwell Heathcare Com-munications,1997:81-113

[35]Brady OH,et al.Periprosthetic fractures after major joint replacement:Classification of the hip.Orthop Clin North Am,1999,30(2):215-220

[36]Maloney WJ.Common threads in hip,knee,and shoulder arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty,2002,17(4)Suppl:2

[37]Berry DJ.Management of periprosthetic fractures:The hip.J Arthroplasty,2002,17(4)Suppl:11-14

[38]Mont MA,Maar DC.Fractures of the ipsilateral femur after hip arthroplasty:A statistical analysis of outcome based on 487patients.J Arthroplasty,1994,9:511-519

[39]Duncan CP,Masri BA.Fractures of the femur after hip replacement.Instr Course Lect,1995,45:293-304

[40]Schmidt AH,Kyle RF.Periprosthetic fractures of the femur.Orthop Clin North Am.2002,33(1):143-152

[41]Schwartz JT,Mayer JG,Engh CA.Femoral fracture during non-cemented total hip arthroplasty.J Bone Joint Surg Am.1989,71:1135-1142

[42]Adolphson P,Jonsson U,Kalen R.Fractures of the ipsilateral femur after total hip arthroplasty.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,1987,106:353-357

[43]Fredin HO,Lindberg H,Carlsson AS.femoral fracture after hip arthroplasty.Acta Orthop Scand,1987,58:20

[44]Taylor MM,Meyers MH,Harvey JP.Intraoperative femur fractures during total hip replacement.Clin Orthop,1978,137:96-103

[45]Whittaker RP,Sotos LN,Ralston EL.Fractures of the femur about femoral endoprostheses.J Trauma,1974,14:675

[46]Harrington IJ,Tountas AA,Cameron HU.Femoral fractures associated with Moore's prosthesis.Injury,1979,11:23-32

[47]Nolan DR,Fitzgerad RH,Beckenbaugh RD et al.Complications of total hip arthroplasty treated by reoperation.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1975,57:977

[48]Pellicci PM,Wilson PDJ,Sledge CB.Revision total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop,1982,170:34

[49]Ali Khan MA,O'Driscoll M.Fractures of the femur during total hip replacement and their management.J Bone Joint Surg Br,1977,59:36

[50]Jensen TT,Overgaard S,Mossing NB.Partridge cer-clene system for femoral fractures in osteoporotic bone with ipsilateral hemi/total arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty,1990,5:123-126

[51]Dysart SH,Savory CG,Callaghan JJ.Nonoperative treatment of a postoperative fracture around an uncemented porous-coated femoral component.J Arthroplasty,1989,4:187-190

[52]Parrish TF,Jones JR.Fractures of the femur following prosthetic arthroplasty of the hip.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1964,46:241-248

[53]Pankovich AM,Tarabishy I,Barmada R.Fractures below no-cemented femoral implants:Treatment with Ender nailing.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1981,63:1024-1025

[54]Kolstad K.Revision THR after periprosthetic femoral fractures:An analysis of 23cases.Acta Orthop Scand,1994,65:505-508

[55]Peters CL,Rivero DP,Kull LR,et al.Revision total hip arthroplasty without cement:subsidence of proximally porous-coated femoral components.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1995,77:1217-1226

[56]Berry DJ,Harmsen WS,Istrup D,et al.Survivorship of uncemented proximally porous-coated femoral components.Clin Orthop,1995,319:168

[57]Malkani AL,Lewallen DG,Cabanela ME,et al.Femoral component revision using an uncemented,proximally coated,long-stem prosthesis.J Arthroplasy,1996,11:411-418

[58]Mulliken BD,Rorabeck CH,Bourne RB.Uncemented revision total hip arthroplasty:A 4-to-6-year review,Clin Orthop,1996,325:156-162

[59]Kavanagh BF.Femoral fractures associated with total hip arthroplasty.Orthop Clin North Am,1992,23(2):249-257

[60]Amstutz HC,Ma SM,Jinnah RH,et al.Revision of aseptic loose total hip arthroplasties.Clin Orthop,1982,170:21-33

[61]Callaghan JJ,Salvati EA,Pellicci PM,et al.Results of a revision for mechanical failure after cemented total hip replacement.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1985,67:1074-1085

[62]Kavanagh BF,Ilstrup DM,Fitzgerald RH.Revision total hip arthroplasty.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1985,67:517-526

[63]Kershaw CJ,Adkins RM,Dodd CAF et al.Revision total hip arthroplasty for aseptic failure:a review of 276cases.J Bone Joint Surg Br,1991,73:564-568

[64]Retpen JB,Jensen JS.Risk factors for recurrent aseptic loosening of the femoral component after cemented revision.J Arthroplasy,1993,8:471-479

[65]Sandhu SS,Fern ED,Parsons SW.An improved cementing technique for revision hip surgery after peri-prosthetic fractures.Injury,1999,30:195-198

[66]Yablon I:The effect of methylmethacrylate on fracture healing.Clin Orthop,1976,114:358-363

[67]Chandler H,Clark JC,Murphy S,et al.Reconstruction of major segmental loss of the proximal femur in revision total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop,1994,298:67-74

[68]Wong P,Gross AE.The use of structural allografts for treating periprosthetic fractures about the hip and knee.Orthop Clin North Am,1999,30(2):259-264

[69]Incavo SJ,DiFazio F,Wilder D,et al.Longitudinal crack propagation in bone around femoral prosthesis.Clin Orthop,1991,272:175-180

[70]Jones DG.Bone erosion beneath Partridge bands.J Bone Joint Surg Br,1986,68:476

[71]Tadross TSF,Nanu AM,Buchanan MJ,et al.Dall-Miles plating for periprosthetic B1fractures of the femur.J Arthroplasty,2000,15:47-51

[72]Dennis MG,Simon JA,Kummer FJ,et al.Fixation of periprosthetic femoral shaft fractures occurring at the tip of the stem:A biomechanical study of 5techniques.J Arthroplasty,2000,15:523-528

[73]Radcliffe SN,Smith DN.The Mennen plate in periprosthetic hip fractures.Injury,1996,27:27-30

[74]Noorda RJP,Wuisman PIJM.Mennen plate fixation for the treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures:A multicenter study of thirty-six fractures.J Bone Joint Surg Am,2002,84:2211-2215

[75]Head WC,Malinin TI,Mallory TH,et al.Onlay cortical allografting for the femur.Orthop Clin North Am,1998,29(2):307-312

[76]Brady OH,et al.Periprosthetic fractures after major joint replacement:The treatment of periprosthetic fractures of the femur using cortical onlay allograft struts.Orthop Clin North Am,1999,30(2):249-257

[77]Haddad FS,Duncan CP,Berry DJ,et al.Periprosthetic femoral fractures around well-fixed implants:Use cortical onlay allografts with or without a plate.J Bone Joint Surg Am,2002,84:945-950

[78]Emerson RH Jr,Malinin TI,Cuellar AD,et al.Cortical strut allografts in the reconstruction of the femur in revision total hip arthroplasty:A basic science and clinical study.Clin Orthop,1992,285:35-44

[79]Park JH,Paprosky WG,Jablonsky WS,et al.Femoral strut allografts in cementless revision total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop,1993,295:172-178

[80]Springfield DS.Massive autogenous bone grafts.Orthop Clin North Am,1987,18:249-256

[81]Poss R,Ewald FC,Thomas WH,et al.Complications of total hip-replacement arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1976,58:1130-1133

[82]Lawrence JM,Engh CA,Macalino GE,et al.Outcome of revision hip arthroplasty done without cement.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1994,76:965-973

[83]Moreland JR,Bernstein ML.Femoral revision hip arthroplasty with uncemented,porous-coated stems.Clin Orthop,1995,319:141-150

[84]Sydney SV,Mallory TH.Controlled perforation:A safe method of cement removal from the femoral canal.Clin Orthop,1990,253:168-172

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈