高中英语议论文的写法指导

陈　丽

【摘　要】　学法指导，一直是教育中最为学生受用的环节，是真正的“授之以渔”。对于语言学科的写作而言，总结规律，寻找适合自己的写作模式，进行写作方法的归纳，可以使学生受益无穷。本文就试图以“英语议论文的写法”为突破口，进行写法的指导，进而让学生掌握一整套的规律，打好知识衍生的基础这一实践进行探索。

【关键词】　英语写作　学法指导

随着英语高考改革的进一步加深，英语写作的重要性已经不言而喻，其中尤以议论文的写作屡屡成为考试的重头戏。高中生如何写好议论文，可以从以下几个方面着手。

一、着重落实议论文的基本框架

写英语议论文，首先要落实议论文的基本框架。议论文基本框架一般包括三个部分：

第一部分，引用题目，通过当代社会现象引出论点，精略写出自己的看法。

第二部分，分段论述分论点，最好每个论点一段。

第三部分，总结分论点，强调总论点。

现以我修改后的“对面对面交流看法”主题的一篇文章来说明议论文写作框架的落实：

With the development of technology，the means of communication have changed a lot，from traditional ways，such as face-to-face communication，to online communication.Tools as phone calls，emails and instant messaging，now have become the newest trend.However，I firmly hold the belief that face-toface communication is never out of date and still important because of its unique nature summed as below.

First of all，face-to-face communication gives us an intimacy that online communication　can　never　be　compared　of.　Feelings　expressed　during conversation are much more genuine and sometimes people tend to get offensive online because they can hide under the anonymous cover of Internet.

In addition，　face-to-face　communication　guarantees　authenticity of conversation.Facial expressions，body language and change in voice or tone greatly contribute to the mutual comprehension.Although instant messaging is of great convenience，it may cause great misunderstanding without those important signs.

Last but not least，face-to-face communication is a more formal way.The most important conferences and discussions are all based on conversation between people to people.Contradictions can be more easily resolved by negotiation between sides and as a result，agreement can be more easily achieved.

In summary，face-to-face communication contributes to the exchange of feelings，mutual understanding and formality.Therefore，it is an essential means of communication and will never be left behind time.

这篇文章是议论文基本框架的一个极好的例子，从中我们可以看到议论文可以大致上分为三个部分：

首先是第一部分的开头，从题目入手，先介绍社会背景、描述社会现象，写身边人的一些观点，精略提出自己的观点，并引出下文。比如例文的第一段中就是先提及由于科学技术的发展，远距离交流渐渐普及了起来，手机网络等通讯媒介似乎大部分掌握了我们的生活，从而提出当面交流因其特殊性而重要存在的总论点。

紧接着是作为文章主体的第二部分，分段论述分论点，分论点的阐述主要由time，money，health，emotion等角度入手展开，例文中提出了当面交流更能促进感情交融、保证交流可信度以及是最为正式的交流方式。每个分论点都独立一段进行论述，并在段落开头有关联词如First of all，In addition和Last but not least表示分论点之间的并列关系。每段基本结构是第一句总起概括分论点，接着解释说明并用例子等论据支持自己的分论点，同时也可驳斥相反观点的不足。如第三段中通过举例即时通讯虽方便快捷却不能保证可信度，来反向凸显当面交流的优势所在。

而作为结尾的第三部分中归纳第二部分中的分论点，并再次强调总论点，对于文章起到总结强调的作用，不拖沓，两三句即可，如果对于某些问题的有解决建议用一句概括。

二、锤炼文章相关字句

在议论文写法中，文章相关文字的锤炼亦是我教学关注的焦点，其重要性也不言而喻。下面通过我对学生作文的修改，说明文字锤炼的必要性。

题目要求：最近，关于“高中是否取消文理分科”的网上调查吸引了26万余名网民的积极参与。赞同文理分科（46%），不赞同文理分科（54%）。请根据所给的信息写一篇词数不少于120的英文报道，描述被调查者的不同看法，并表明你的看法。

学生习作：

Recently the website launched an online survey on the topic whether science and arts education should be separated.

From the survey，46% of the people in favor of the separation of science and arts educations.They hold the belief that being occupied with loads of schoolwork，students hardly have time to learn so many subjects well.In the course of time，students may feel tired of learning even to give up.On the contrary，54% of the people hold the other opinion.They think the separation will lead students have a narrow range of knowledge which does no good to their full development.In addition，it may cause them lose chances to learn various knowledge.

In my eyes，science and arts separation are of equal importance.Neither of them can be ignored.Under the examination orientated education system，we can't learn every subject completely well.Therefore，the situation can't be improved just by separated science and art education easily.The college entrance examination should be reformed！ May be in the future，we can learn new knowledge just for learning instead of coping with a test.

从这篇文章不难看出：原文基本结构掌握地较好，数据分析，先就调查入手，分析持有各观点的比例，以及分析各方面产生的原因，最后给出自己的想法或者建议。但是文章也出现了用词偏简单，语句多用简单句型等学生常见的问题，因此在写法指导中，我主要对语言词汇进行了润色，而主题意见和文章架构进行了保留。

第一段对题干中提到的背景情况进行了大致介绍，其中主语由website改为netizens，显得更加客观，而课程可用词汇curriculum更为准确。

第二段中主语相同的两句话可合并为一句，使行文更紧凑，也可用定语从句、同位语从句等语法结构直接将简单句串联起来。如46% of the people in favor of the separation of science and arts educations.They hold the belief that being occupied with loads of schoolwork，students hardly have time to learn so many subjects well.在修改后成为46% of the netizens are in favor of the separation of science and arts educations with the belief that being occupied with loads of schoolwork，students can hardly learn so many subjects well.语言更为精炼，句型同时也更加复杂。而后半部分，对于语言进行了提炼，高考分科使学生能学习到的知识面变少和学生全面发展受到限制其实是一个因果关系，因此对这两部分进行了综合，并使用了定语从句的语法结构。

文中分科会减轻学生负担，不分科能让学生有更广的知识面，这两个方面都是优点。而在最后建议中，首先肯定不分科的观点，提出全面教育的观念，教育不应该只是受限于几个考试，而是全面的发展提升。其次提出建议改革能让学生更灵活运用知识，不死记硬背，从另一个方向上努力而减轻学生的负担。

修改后：

Recently more than 260，000 netizens have participated in the survey about whether the curriculum of senior high school should be divided into arts and science.

From the survey，46% of the netizens are in favor of the separation of science and arts educations with the belief that being occupied with loads of schoolwork，students can hardly learn so many subjects well.Students may feel too much pressure and gradually become tired of learning and some even give up in the end.On the contrary，the other 54% hold the opposite opinion that dividing curriculum into two parts tend to cause students to have a narrow range of knowledge，which jeopardizes their full development.

In my point of view，science and arts courses are of equal importance therefore neither of them can be ignored.The purpose of education should never be restricted to some tests； it should benefit students by supplying them knowledge.Reforming the college entrance examination would be the first step to change the examination orientated education system.

由以上诸篇文章不难看出：议论文除了遵循基本写作要领外，文字的推敲亦是不可或缺，因而平常的写作练习以及对于文章的词汇、语法、句型结构的积累同样缺一不可。为提高学生写作质量，写作的教学必须扎扎实实从高一抓起，通过练习、批改、总结才能有所收获。