[学习建议:第12天完成]
Section 1:线索定位训练
下面的真题中已将已知线索加粗,主要目标是训练同学们养成寻找已知线索的习惯。
In the 1960, Douglas McGrego, one of the key thinkers in the art of managemen, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any cas, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believ, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectivel, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. Thi, of cours, makes for authoritarian(专制的)managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian managemen, some culture, particularly in Asi, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing thing, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiativ, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment(授权)has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this wa, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior manager, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation(委托)much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followe, and that operations become more profitable under the new organizatio, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 managemen, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for project, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared
12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
Section 2:答案详解
文章大意:本文是说明文,作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯•麦格雷戈所提出的管理艺术的X理论和Y理论,并在下文介绍了现代社会中的一种新型管理理论:授权管理。授权管理与传统的管理模式不同,省去了中间环节,鼓励员工在做决定的时候不必请示上级经理,自己做出决定。
1. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 渴望;B. 寻找;C. 失去;D. 不喜欢
解题分析:根据下文线索will do anything to avoid it可知,X理论认为人们不愿意工作,会尽可能地逃避工作,所以正确答案为D。
2. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 相反的事物;B. 期待;C. 程度;D. 极端
解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。文章提到了X理论认为人们本能地讨厌工作,而Y理论认为每个人都有可能在工作中找到满足感。这是两种完全相反的理论。由空格前的despite和空格后的still agree to可知,空格处所填词为contrar, 本句意为“尽管有很多的证据都证实了相反的理论(Y理论),很多管理者仍然同意X理论。”所以正确答案为A。
3. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 反之亦然;B. 例如;C. 然而,但是;D. 否则
解题分析:根据下文线索可知,许多管理者同意X理论,他们认为如果想要员工高效工作,就需要对他们进行不断的监督。这属于对上文“很多管理者仍然同意X理论”的举例说明,所以正确答案为B。
4. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 外面;B. 里面;C. 下面;D. 上面
解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索imposed和下文线索makes for authoritarian managers可知,专制的管理方法是把决策强加给员工,当然是上级强加给下级,所以正确答案为D。
5. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 取代;B. 评估;C. 管理;D. 鼓励
解题分析:考查原词重现和全文主题。本文讨论的是管理学的理论,本句是第三段主题句,意为“不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。”所以正确答案为C。
6. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 提到,谈到;B. 做贡献;导致;C. 反对;D. 适用
解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据下文线索management by the collective opinion可知,亚洲人使用的是集体协商式的管理方法,所有人都被要求对制定决策的过程做出贡献,所以正确答案为B。
7. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 同意;B. 练习;C. 选举;D. 印象
解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索management by the collective opinion可知,亚洲人的管理方法是基于集体协商的,也就是说达成一致意见,所以正确答案为A。
8. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 专横的;B. 有经验的;C. 西方的;D. 男性的
解题分析:根据上文线索women will become more effective managers than men可知,有些专家认为女性管理者比男性管理者更高效。本句是在拿女性管理者与男性管理者做对比。所以正确答案为D。
9. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 询问;B. 训练;C. 警告;D. 解雇
解题分析:根据上文线索encourage employees to use their own initiativ, to make decisions on their own可知,此处是说鼓励员工在做决定的时候不必事先询问上级,有自己做决定的主动权,所以正确答案为A。
10. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 使加倍;B. 保持;C. 减少;D. 估计
解题分析:考查同义重现与上下文逻辑。根据上文线索the trend towards downsizing和冒号可知,冒号后的内容是对这一趋势的进一步解释:精简公司管理层,downsize和reduce意义接近,所以正确答案为C。
11. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. (be)honoured(with)被授予;B. (be)left(with)留下,剩下;C. (be)crowded(with)挤满;D. (be)compared(with)与……相比
解题分析:考查因果逻辑关系。根据上文线索After de-layering in this way可知,通过精简管理层,公司可能只剩下高层管理者,还有与公众直接打交道的一线管理者和员工。所以正确答案为B。
12. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 经济地;B. 传统地;C. 不充分地;D. 偶然地
解题分析:根据下文线索mean new forms of management control可知,授权管理是一种新型的管理模式,与传统的管理模式不一样,所以正确答案为B。
13. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 否认;B. 承认;C. 假定;D. 保证
解题分析:根据上下文语义,本句是说新型的授权和委托管理模式要保证整体商业计划被遵循,所以正确答案为D。
14. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 虚拟的;B. 无效的;C. 日常的;D. 现场的
解题分析:根据下文线索people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知,在这种新型的管理模式下,人们通过网络和邮件进行联系,说明这是在虚拟职场环境下的管理模式,所以正确答案为A。
15. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 观点;B. 冒险;C. 表现;D. 吸引力,魅力
解题分析:根据下文线索in terms of what they produce for project, rather than the amount of time they spend on them可知,此处是说“项目经理评价员工表现”,所以正确答案为C。
Section 1:真题精练
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从各题所给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Body language is the quie, secret and most powerful language of all!It speaks 1 than words. According to specialist, our bodies send out more 2 than we realize. In fac, non-verbal communication(非言语交际)takes up about 50%of what we really 3 , and body language is particularly 4 when we attempt to communicate across cultures(文化). Indee, what is called body language is so 5 a part of us that it's actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. 6 , different societies treat the 7 between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having 8 contact(接触)even with friend, certainly not with 9 . People from Latin American countrie, 10 , touch each other quite a lot. Therefor, it's possible that in 11 , it may look like a Latino is 12 a Norwegian all over the room. The Latin, trying to express friendshi, will keep moving 13 . The Norwegia, very probably seeing this as pushines, will keep 14 —which the Latino will in return regard as 15 .
Clearl, a great deal is going on when people 16 . And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from 17 culture, there's a strong possibility of 18 . But whatever the situatio, the best 19 is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be 20 .
1. A. straighter B. louder C. harder D. further
2. A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages
3. A. hope B. receive C. discover D. mean
4. A. immediate B. misleading C. important D. difficult
5. A. well B. far C. much D. long
6. A. For example B. Thus C. However D. In short
7. A. trade B. distance C. connections D. greetings
8. A. eye B. verbal C. bodily D. telephone
9. A. strangers B. relatives C. neighbours D. enemies
10. A. in other words B. on the other hand C. in a similar way D. by all means
11. A. trouble B. conversation C. silence D. experiment
12. A. disturbing B. helping C. guiding D. following
13. A. closer B. faster C. in D. away
14. A. stepping forward B. going on C. backing away D. coming out
15. A. weakness B. carelessness C. friendliness D. coldness
16. A. talk B. travel C. laugh D. think
17. A. different B. European C. Latino D. rich
18. A. curiosity B. excitement C. misunderstanding D. nervousness
19. A. chance B. time C. result D. advice
20. A. noticed B. treated C. respected D. pleased
Section 2:答案详解
文章大意:本文是一篇说明文。作者认为身体语言比言语更有效用,在进行跨文化交流的过程中,身体语言尤为重要。作者以拉丁美洲人和挪威人为例进行了阐述。最后作者指出,不管什么情况,与人交往时最好的建议是:你想别人怎么对待你,你就怎样对待别人。
1. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 更直接的;B. 声音更大的;C. 更努力的;更艰难的;D. 更远的
解题分析:根据上文线索Body language is the quie, secret and most powerful language of all可知,身体语言比语言表达本身更有说服力。空格所在句是根据谚语Action speaks louder than words(事实胜于雄辩)改编的。所以正确答案为B。
2. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 声音;B. 邀请;C. 情感;D. 信息
解题分析:语言是传达信息的,身体语言也是,所以此处是说“我们的身体传达出的信息比我们意识到的更多。”所以正确答案为D。
3. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 希望;B. 接收;C. 发现;D. 意指,意思是
解题分析:本句意为“事实上,在我们真正想表达的意思里,非言语交际占了约50%。”所以正确答案为D。
4. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 立即的;B. 误导的;C. 重要的;D. 困难的
解题分析:考查全文主题。本文的主题是身体语言,当我们进行跨文化交流时,身体语言应该是尤为重要的。所以正确答案为C。
5. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 好;B. 远;C. 多;D. 长
解题分析:根据下文线索it's actually often unnoticed可知,身体语言如此多地存在于我们的生活中,以至于我们常常不会特别注意到它。所以正确答案为C。
6. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 举例来说;B. 因此;C. 但是;D. 简而言之,总之
解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。上句提到,不同文化中,身体语言的不同含义会造成误解。而本句应该是举例,下文也主要讲了拉丁美洲人和挪威人的例子。所以正确答案为A。
7. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 交易;B. 距离;C. 联系;D. 问候
解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据下文线索可知,不同的社会群体对人们之间身体接触的限度有不同的看法,也就是说对人们之间应该保持什么样的距离持不同看法。所以正确答案为B。
8. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 眼睛;B. 言辞的;C. 身体的;D. 电话
解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据下文线索People from Latin American countries…touch each other quite a lot可知,与此相反,北欧人通常不喜欢与人有身体接触。所以正确答案为C。
9. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 陌生人;B. 亲戚;C. 邻居;D. 敌人
解题分析:考查递进逻辑关系。本句是说,北欧人通常不喜欢与人有身体接触,甚至是朋友,当然更不用说是陌生人了。所以正确答案为A。
10. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 换句话说;B. 然而,另一方面;C. 以相似的方法;D. 用一切办法
解题分析:考查反义转折逻辑。根据上下文线索可知,北欧人不喜欢身体接触,而拉丁美洲国家的人们相互接触得就很多,前后是语义转折关系,所以答案选B。
11. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 麻烦;B. 对话,交谈;C. 沉默;D. 实验
解题分析:下文是讲述拉丁美洲人和挪威人在交谈过程中所体现出的身体语言上的差异。所以正确答案为B。
12. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 打扰;B. 帮助;C. 指引;D. 跟随
解题分析:根据下文线索The Norwegia, very probably seeing this as pushiness可知,在交流过程中,挪威人想要保持距离,所以往后退;而拉丁美洲人为了表示友好,想要向前靠近,两个人一个后退,一个向前,就会出现拉丁美洲人跟在挪威人后面满屋子走的现象。所以正确答案为D。
13. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 更近的;B. 更快的;C. 进入;D. 离开
解题分析:前文说拉丁美洲人喜欢与人有身体接触,所以在与人交流时他们会不断与人靠近来表示友好之情。所以正确答案为A。
14. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 前进;B. 继续;C. 后退;D. 出来
解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,拉丁美洲人不断想要靠近挪威人,而挪威人想要保持距离,身体会往后退。所以正确答案为C。
15. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 虚弱;B. 粗心;C. 友谊;D. 冷漠
解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,拉丁美洲人为了表示友好想要向前靠近,而挪威人想要保持距离,所以往后退,这样拉丁美洲人肯定会认为挪威人很冷漠。所以正确答案为D。
16. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 谈话;B. 旅行;C. 大笑;D. 思考
解题分析:根据后文线索in the words themselves可知,此处是说人们谈话时的情况。所以正确答案为A。
17. 【答案】A
选项翻译:A. 不同的;B. 欧洲的;C. 拉丁裔的;D. 富有的
解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑。根据上面的例子可以看出,拉丁美洲人和挪威人来自不同的文化背景。所以正确答案为A。
18. 【答案】C
选项翻译:A. 好奇;B. 兴奋;C. 误解;D. 紧张
解题分析:考查上下文语义逻辑和原词重现。根据上面的例子可以看出,当双方来自不同的文化背景时,产生误解的可能性就会很大,而且第一段第五句提到了misunderstandings。所以正确答案为C。
19. 【答案】D
选项翻译:A. 机会;B. 时间;C. 结果;D. 建议
解题分析:根据前后语义逻辑可知,作者在文章最后应该是给出了在不同文化背景下与人交往的建议。所以正确答案为D。
20. 【答案】B
选项翻译:A. 注意;B. 对待;C. 尊敬;D. 使开心
解题分析:考查原词重现。此处作者建议遵循“黄金原则”:你想别人怎么对待你,你就怎样对待别人。所以正确答案为B。
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