首页 理论教育 第十三章主谓一致(-

第十三章主谓一致(-

时间:2022-04-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:“主谓一致”规则是:“单则单,复则复”,即主语为单数时,谓语动词也用相应的单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词也用相应的复数形式。1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。

“主谓一致”规则是:“单则单,复则复”,即主语为单数时,谓语动词也用相应的单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词也用相应的复数形式。其具体用法分为语法、意义一致原则和就近原则。

1. 语法一致

语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

Her mother is working in the factory.

她的母亲在工厂工作。

To study French well is not easy.

学好法语不容易。

What she said is very important for us all.

她所说的话对我们很重要。

The children were playing on the playground at the moment.

孩子们正在操场玩。

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

在太阳底下看书对眼睛不好。

注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:

What I bought were four Chinese books.

我买的是四本汉语书。

What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

我所说和做的对你都是有益的

2)由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:

Lucy and Lily are twins.

露西和丽丽是双胞胎。

She and I are roommates.

我和她是室友。

The boy and the girl were very happy when they won the match.

当他们赢了这场比赛时都非常地高兴。

Both she and he are Communist Party.

他俩都是共产党

注意:

⑴若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:

Bread and butter is my favorite food.

面包和黄油是我喜欢吃的食物。

The mother and teacher is very serious.

这位兼任老师的母亲非常认真。

⑵由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every, more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

Every boy and girl was given a present.

每个男孩和女孩都给了一份礼物。

No boy and no girl like it.

没有人喜欢它。

Many a representatives is attending the meeting.

很多代表都参加了这个会议

3)主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:

Mr Green, together with his wife and children, is going to visit places of historical interest in China.

格林先生和他的妻子、孩子们一起准备参观中国的名胜古迹

Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground。

除了吉姆和迈克外,没人在操场上。

She, like you and Lucy, is very beautiful.

她如同露西、你一样,漂亮。

My friends, rather than I, are expecting to have a party.

不是我,而是我的朋友们期望举行一个聚会。

4)either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词用作主语或者修饰主语时,都作单数看待。如:

Each of us has a present.

我们每人都有一份礼物。

Everything around us is matter.

围绕在我们身边的一切都是物质。

Every man and woman is treated in the same way in the same work with the same payment.

男女都应该同工同酬

No one is willing on duty in holidays.

没人愿意在假期值班。

Some man at the door is asking to see you.

在门口的人要求见你.

注意:

① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.

② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.

5)在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:

She is one of my friends who are studying hard.

她是我的朋友当中其中一位学习刻苦的人。

He is the only one of my friends who is studying hard.

他是唯一一个刻苦学习的人。

6)如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:

Class three is on the third floor.

三班在第三层。

Class Three are planting trees on the campus.

三班学生们正在校园植树。

注意:people, police, cattle, public, poultry, militia等名词一般都用作复数。如:

The police are looking for the lost child.

警察正在寻找丢失的孩子。

The Chinese people are brave and hard-working.

中国人既勇敢又勤劳。

7)由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:

There are a lot of people in the street.

街上有很多人。

80% of the students in our class are girls.

我们班的80%都是女孩。

The rest of the lecture is wonderful.

这个演讲的剩余部分很精彩。

Half of the fruit is bad.

水果的一半都是坏的。

注意: a number of“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the number of“…的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。如:

A number of people have finished the work.

许多人都完成了工作。

The number of the population in this area has been increasing.

这个地区人口的数量一直在增长。

8)在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:

There comes the bus.

汽车来了。

On the wall are many photos.

墙上有很多照片。

Such is the result.

这就是结果

Such are the facts.

这就是事实。

2. 意义一致

逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。

1)what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要由意思来决定。如:

Which is your bike?

哪个是你的自行车?

Which are your bags?

哪些是你们的袋子?

All is going well.

一切进展顺利。

All have gone to Hong Kong.

所有的人都去了香港。

2)表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式, 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:

Twenty minutes is enough for the work.

二十分钟的时间对于这个工作足够了。

Ten times ten makes a hundred.

十乘于十等于一百。

One thousand million dollars is a large sum of money.

十亿美元是一大笔钱。

3)若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:

“The New York Times”is a popular magazine all over the world.

纽约时报在全世界都受到欢迎。

The United States is a developed country. 美国是发达国家。

4)表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数)。如:

One and a half watermelons is (are) left on the table.

桌子上剩下了一个半西瓜。

5)算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:

Twenty plus ten is thirty.

二十加十等于三十。

Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

五十六除于八等于七。

6)一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

The cement works was built in 2005.

水泥厂建立于2005年。

I think mathematics isn’t easy to study.

我认为数学不好学。

No news is good news.

没有消息就是好消息。

7)trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:

My trousers are broken.

我的裤子烂了。

The pair of red shoes under the bed is hers.

在床底下的那双红鞋是她的。

8)“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数;“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”,表示物时,动词用单数。如:

The young are more vigorous than the old.

年轻人比老年人更有活力。

The old is out of date and useless.

旧东西过时无用。

3.就近一致原则

在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1)当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如:

Either the teacher or the students are very tired.

或许老师,或许学生都很累。

Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.

质量和价格都发生了变化。

Is neither he nor they wholly right?

他和他们都不对吗?

2)there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与就近的那个主语保持一致。如:

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

这个房间里有2把椅子和一张桌子。

4.主谓一致原则的应用

1)名词作主语

⑴某些集体名词,如family, team, class, audience, committee,club,company,crew,enemy,crowd,government,group,party,public,team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

My family is a happy one.

我家是一个快乐之家。

The whole family are watching TV.

这家的全体成员都在看电视。

The audience was enormous.

观众是众多的。

Our class are having Chinese lesson.

我们班的每个人都在上语文课。

(这时候谓语动词用复数,代表的是班级这个集体中的每一个人)

Our class is the best in this sports game.

我们班在这次的运动会中是最棒的。

(这里的谓语动词用单数,因为代表的是班级这个集体.)

The crowd were running for their lives.

这群人为了生命而逃跑。

⑵某些集体名词,如people, police, cattle, folk, youth, personnel等,一般是表示有生命的词。只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。如:

The police are searching for the thief.

警察们正在搜寻贼。

Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.

家牛给我们提供牛奶,牛肉,牛皮。

Some people are very selfish.

有些人非常自私。

The personnel are watching football match.

全体人员都在观看足球赛。

⑶单、复数同形的名词主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如:

A sheep is over there.

一只绵羊在那边。

Some sheep are over there.

一群羊在那边。

⑷用作不可数名词的集体名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。这类词一般都是表示无生命的名词。常见的有:furniture, machinery, scenery, clothing, stationary, footwear, underwear, hardware.

All the machinery in the factory is made in China.

所有在这个工厂生产的机器都是中国制造。

The equipment is very expensive.

这设备很昂贵。

The furniture in the room was placed askew.

屋子里的家具摆得歪歪斜斜。

The scenery is too beautiful for words.

风景优美,非文字所能形容。

Our clothing protects us from the cold.

衣服帮我们御寒。

⑸名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。如:

The doctor’s is across the street.

医生的住宅穿过这个街道。

My uncle’s is not far from here.

我叔叔的住宅离这里不远。

常见的省略名词有:the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Zhang’s等。

表示店铺的名词,一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。如:

Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell.

⑹当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。如:

Ten years has passed since they got married.

他们结婚已有10年了。

Twenty years is a long time.

20年是一段很长的时间。

Three kilometers is a long way to go on foot.

步行三千米是一段很长的路程。

Ten dollars is too much for this old coin.

这个古币没有10块钱这么高的价格。

Ten minutes is enough to do this exercise.

十分钟足够锻炼了。

⑺不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:

Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.

每个男孩和女孩都想去电影院看电影。

Every train and bus was crowded with many people.

每辆火车和公交车上都挤满了人。

Every man and woman knows that.

每个男人和女人都知道那事。

⑻如果主语有more than one…或many a…构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:

More than one student has read the book.

不止一个学生看过那本书。

More than one person is involved in this.

与此事有牵连的人不止一个。

Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.

许多船在暴风雨中遭到了破坏。

Many a famous pop singer has been ruined by drugs.很多著名的流行音乐歌手都因吸毒而毁了自己。

但是,“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如:

More members than one are for your plan.

不止一个人赞成你的计划。

More than one student has seen the film.

不止一个学生看了这个电影。

⑼一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式,例如:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:

The new trousers are good for me.

这条新裤子我穿着正好。

The scissors are very sharp.

这个剪刀很锋利。

A pair of shoes was on the desk.

桌子上有一双鞋。

The pair of glass has been broken by Tom.

这幅眼镜已经被汤姆打破了。

A knife and fork is on the table.

一副刀叉在桌子上。

⑽this kind of book =a book of this kind(这种书),其谓语动词用单数;短语this kind of men =men of this kind =these kind of men(口语)(这一类人),但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数,men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语动词用复数,all kinds of后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

This kind of animals is dangerous.

这种动物很危险。

Animals of this kind are dangerous.

这种动物很危险。

All kinds of animals are protected by people now.

各种各样的动物现在都被人们保护。

All kinds of flowers come into bloom in spring。

各种各样的花在春天开放。

⑾复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致原则,作用单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有:means(方法),works(工厂),species(种类),Chinese,Japanese等。如:

Every means has been tried but without much result.

每种办法都试了,但是效果不大。

The means of communication between us are interrupted.

我们的联系中断了。

The (This) glass works was set up in 1980.

这家玻璃厂建于1980年。

The(These)glass works are near the railway station.

这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。

当它们前面有a, such a , this, that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all, such, these, those修饰时,谓语用复数,但means, no means, the means等词前没有以上修饰词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。

⑿如果名词词组中心词是all,most, half, rest等词语,所指的复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。如:

All of my classmates like sport.

我们班的同学都喜欢运动。

All of the water is gone.

所有的水都消失了。

在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:

Between the two windows hangs a picture.

这个窗户之间挂着一幅画。

2)以并列结构作主语的主谓一致

⑴用and或both…and连接并列主语,如果意义为复数,谓语动词用复数形式;如果并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时意义为单数,谓语动词用单数形式;如:

Lucy and Lily are twins.

露茜和莉莉是孪生姐妹。

Chapter three and the last chapter are written by Professor Li.

第三章和最后一章是由李教授写的。

Walking and riding are good exercises.

散步和骑车是好的锻炼方式。

Truth and honesty is the best policy.

真诚是最好的策略。

The boy’s teacher and friend is a young lawyer.

这个男孩的老师和朋友都是这个年轻的律师。

To love and to be loved is great happiness.

爱和被爱都是件幸福的事情。

Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

睡得早和起得早都是好习惯。

A knife and fork is on the table.

一副刀叉在桌子上。

⑵当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数根据主语而定。如:

The mother as well as the children was walking in the park.

母亲同孩子们在公园散步。

The professor rather than his students knows the truth.

这个教授而不是他的学生们知道真相。

All Boys together with one coach are playing in the playground.

所有的男孩和一个教练在操场上锻炼。

Football players with a referee were having a rest at the moment.

足球运动员和裁判正在休息此刻。

⑶以or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词(代词)作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如:

Mary or her sisters are singing in the room.

玛丽或者是她的姐姐们在房间里唱歌。

Neither he nor I am to blame.

既不能怪他,也不能怪我。

Either you or he is about to clean the room.

你或者他将要打扫房间。

You or he is in the wrong.

不是你错了,就是他错了。

Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan.

不仅学生们,还有那位老师都反对该项计划。

3)代词作主语

⑴名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如:

Ours (Our Party) is a great party.

我们的党是一个伟大的党。

His (bag) is red.

她的包是红色的。

Theirs (books) are very new.

他们的书很新。

Your trousers are brown, and mine (=my trousers) are white.

你的裤子是棕色的,我的是白色的。

⑵such, the same起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如:

Such is my idea.

这是我的主意。

Such are their pens.

这是他们的笔。

⑶关系从句的一致

①关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。先行词是复数,谓语动词用复数; 先行词是单数,谓语动词用单数. 如:

Who laughs last laughs best.

最后笑的人笑的最开心。

There are many apples which are hanging in the tree.

树上挂满了很多苹果。

Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.

人们使用的很多能量来自于太阳。

②关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作宾语时,从句中的谓语动词的数应与从句中的主语的数一致。如:

Here is the bike which you are looking for.

这就是你正在寻找的自行车。

This is the place in which Lucy was born.

这就是露西出生的地方。

③疑问代词who, what, which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如:

Who lives next door? It is Xiao Li.

谁住在隔壁。小李只在隔壁。

Who live next door? It is Zhang and Li.

谁都住在隔壁,小李和小张。

What produce(s) heat?

什么可以产生热量?

④不定代词any, either, neither, none, all some, more等作主语时,有以下两种情况:

单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词用单数或复数形式,例如:

All of the students are there.

所有的学生都在那。

All the flowers are gone.

所有的花都谢了。

All (of) the milk is there.

所有的牛奶都在那。

either, neither单独作主语时,谓语通常用单数。

但后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词当然用单数形式,若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。如:

Do any of you know his address?

你们谁知道他的地址

None of them has (have) seen the film.

他们中没人看过那个电影。

Neither of the two boys is clever.

两个男孩都不聪明。

Either of the two boys is clever.

两个男孩都很聪明。

4)分数、量词作主语

⑴“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语,例如:

Lots of damage was caused by fire.

火灾造成了很大的破坏。

About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.

地球表面的3/4都是水。

Three-fifths of the workers here are women.

工人中的3/5都是妇女.

Fifty percent of the apples are good.

苹果的50%是好的。

和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数”,但是,“the number of +名词”的中心词却是number, 试比较:

A number of students have gone home.

很多学生都已经回家了。

The number of pages in this book is two hundred.

这本书的页数是200。

A large quantity of people is needed here.

这里需要很多人。

注意:(large)quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数,例如:

Quantities of fruit were on the table.

桌子上有很多水果

短语in quantity, in large quantities意为“大量”;in small quantities意为“少量”。

⑵a great deal of , a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数,例如:

A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.

在很短的时间内,破坏程度很大。

Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.

修建这座桥花了很多钱。

⑶表示数量的one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,例如:

One and a half hours is spent in doing the homework.

做这个作业需要一个半小时。

One and a half apples is left on the table.

桌子上有一个半苹果。

One and a half bananas has been eaten by the child

这孩子已经吃了一根半香蕉。

⑷half of, (a) part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。

Half of the orange is bad.

橘子的一半是坏的。

Half of the building is finished.

这幢大楼已经建了一半。

Part of these books are broken.

这些书的一部分是烂的。

Part of the glasses in the store are made in Suzhou.

店里部分玻璃杯是苏州产的。

5)名词化的形容词作主语

如果主语由“the+形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任主语时,谓语通常用复数,这类词有:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等;但也有少数的形容词和过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别或表示抽象的概念时,则用单数。如:

The blind study in special schools.

盲人在特殊学校学习。

The young are more active than the old in the work.

做这项工作青年人比老年人积极。

The injured in the accident is an engineer.

在这次事故中受伤的那人是位工程师。

The beautiful attracts all the tourists.

美景吸引住了所有的游客。

这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就要与名词man, person或表示人的单数连和,如:an old man, a rich person, the(a)wounded soldier

6)从句作主语

⑴由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式,例如:

What we need is more time.

我们需要的是更多的时间。

What we need are professor.

我们需要的是教授。

⑵在“one of+复数名词++who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,因此,从句中的动词应该是复数形式。如:

This is one of the most delicious foods that have eaten.

这是他们吃过的最好吃的食物。

Tom is one of those who are invited.

汤姆是被邀请人中的其中一位。

She is one of the girls who like to sing songs.

她是女孩子中喜欢唱歌的其中一位。

但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时,关系代词的先行词是one,而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如:

She was the only one of the girls who was late.

她是唯一迟到的女孩子。

He is the only one of those boys who likes to stay at home.

他是男孩子中唯一喜欢待在家里的。

Nancy was the only one of the teachers who was very strict to her students.

南希是老师中对学生非常严格的人。

7)there+be句型中并列主语的谓语动词形式

在“there+be”句型中,there+be之后的名词是句子的主语。主语是单数则谓语动词为is/was,主语是复数则动词为are/were。如果句子的主语是两个以上的名词,又有单数和复数的区别,则采取就近一致原则。即邻近动词的名词是单数则动词用is/was,邻近动词的名词是复数则动词用are/were。如:There is no harm in doing that.

那样做并无害处。

There is a flower in the bottle.

瓶里有一朵花。

There is some money in the purse.

钱包里有些钱。

There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.

桌上有一支钢笔、两本书和好些铅笔。

There are two books, a pen and many pencils on the desk.

桌子上有两本书,一支笔和很多铅笔。

There are some children in the garden.

花园里有几个孩子。

8)分裂句中的主谓一致

在分裂句中"It is…that/who一分句"中的动词形式通常依先行项而定。例如:

It is Jim who is going to do it.

是吉姆去做这项工作。

It is I who am to blame.

应受责备的是我。(但在非正式语体中,此分裂句中心成分可用宾格代词me,这时,随后的 that一分句动词通常用第三人称单数。)例如:

It is me that is to blame.

应受责备的是我。

It is me that was injured in the accident.

在事故中受伤的是我。

It is I who have been to France twice.

我去过法国两次。

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