【摘要】：Licence Raj许可证统治;牌照制度Licence Raj，the Permit Raj，refers to the elaborate licenses，regulations and accompanying red tape thatwere required to set up and run businesses in India betwee
Licence Raj许可证统治;牌照制度
Licence Raj，the Permit Raj，refers to the elaborate licenses，regulations and accompanying red tape thatwere required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990．
The Licence Raj was a result of India's decision to have a planned economy where all aspectsof the economy are controlled by the state and licences are given to a select few．Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something and，if granted，the governmentwould regulate production．
Reforms since the mid-1980s have significantly reduced regulation，but Indian labour laws still preventmanufacturers from reducing theirworkforce without prohibitive burdens．
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