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章商务应用文的翻译

时间:2022-03-31 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第十五 章商务应用文的翻译一、本章目标● 了解商务应用文的翻译现状。然而遗憾的是,由于我国翻译界长期以来对商务应用文体的翻译不甚重视,其理论探讨少见,许多商务应用文体的翻译质量不是很高,从而严重影响了我国的对外宣传。其实,商务应用文的翻译完全可以遵循“译写”的翻译原则。

第十五 章商务应用文的翻译

一、本章目标

● 了解商务应用文的翻译现状。

● 掌握商务应用文的翻译原则。

二、课堂练习

1.阅读下面的原文与译文,比较译文1和译文2有什么不同。

2.哪个译文符合译入语的习惯,翻译效果更好一些?

原文

存包处使用说明

1.请按“存”键。

2.取密码纸,自动开箱。

3.存入物品,关好箱门。

1.密码纸靠近读码口自动开箱。

2.取物后,请关好箱门。

译文1

Deposit

1.Please press the key deposit.

2.Take the password paper.

Door opened automatically.

3.Deposit your articles and close the door.

Withdrawal

1.The password paper is tight near the scan.

Door opened automatically.

2.Please close the door after withdrawal notice.译文2

Public Lock

To use

1.Press the“deposit”key.

2.Take the barcode and the door opens.

3.Place articles inside and close the door.

To remove contents

1.Press the barcode against the scanner.

2.Remove the things and close the door.

三、商务应用文的译写原则

我国加入世贸组织后,商务应用文的翻译在翻译工作中所占的比例越来越大,地位也越来越重要。然而遗憾的是,由于我国翻译界长期以来对商务应用文体的翻译不甚重视,其理论探讨少见,许多商务应用文体的翻译质量不是很高,从而严重影响了我国的对外宣传。例如,有的学者曾收集了深圳市和上海市出现的英语弊病及翻译谬误,以大量的译例充分证明了我国对外宣传翻译中的种种问题(参见李克兴的《试分析深圳的英语弊病及翻译谬误》载《上海科技翻译》2000年第1期,以及万正方等的《必须重视城市街道商店和单位名称的翻译》载《中国翻译》2004年第2期)。

出现这种现象的原因是多方面的。一,译者的素质本身就低,如翻译中存在的严重语法错误。二,译者缺乏良好的译德和译风,像翻译中出现大量的拼写错误。三,译者对英语商务应用文的文体特点缺乏了解。前两种错误较容易纠正和克服,主要是提高译者英语的基本功和加强译者的责任心的问题。而最后一种情况在短时间内虽不能解决却又是当前所急需改善的。这是因为在我国很多对外的商务应用文如产品操作指南和使用说明书等都是先用中文撰写,然后再由翻译人员译为英文。由于译者对英语应用文体的语言特点缺乏了解,仅凭借他们的英语语言功底把中文材料转译成英文,结果是不少译文尽管很少语法错误和拼写错误,其译文因不符合商务英语应用文的文体特点,不是说英语的人所习用的格式,因而难以为西方读者所理解和接受。例如,外国顾客如果根据本章开始部分译文比较中的译文1到超市存包处去存包,就很难把东西正确地存进去或轻松地拿出来。原因很简单,这份译文不符合英语存包处使用说明书的叙述特点。下面让我们来看一则地道的英文存包使用说明是如何写的:

Public Lock

To use

1.Open the door.

2.Place articles inside.

3.Insert quarter (It will be returned).

4.Turn and remove key.

To remove contents

1.Insert key and turn.

2.Open the door.

3.Quarter returns in slot.

正是在学习了这段真实材料后,译者才理直气壮地将本章开始部分的译文1加以修改,成为我们所看到的译文2的样子(林克难2003)。从词汇上看,原文的“存”、“取”有译文1的“deposit”、“withdrawal”改为译文2的“to use”与“to remove contents”,后者的表达语言地道、自然。从总体上看,修改后的译文用词简洁,句子凝练,是简单易懂的口语体,便于英美顾客操作使用。

要译好商务应用文,译者“应尽可能地参考相关文件的英语原文,参照它们的内容、格式和文字来进行写作和翻译”。翻译时要“按照‘入乡随俗’的原则,用英语中‘约定俗成’的语言和形式来进行创造性的翻译”(恒齐、隋云2003)。只有遵循“入乡随俗”翻译原则译出的对外宣传材料才能为讲英语的读者所喜闻乐见,达到翻译的目的。有学者根据中国译者的实际情况明确提出了商务应用文应遵循“看、译、写”的翻译原则(林克难2003):“看”指的是在翻译某类应用文前,译者通过阅读相关的材料来熟悉该类应用文体的格式。“译”指的是译者在“看”的基础上,动笔翻译时,既可以采用英文中一些现成的词组或句子,也可以套用它们的格式。至于“写”,指的似乎是另外一种翻译策略:即翻译发起人将需要翻译的主要内容告诉译者,让译者充分发挥自己的主动作用,根据英语中相关的应用文体措辞和格式“改写”原文,从而译出符合说英语的人所能接受的“译文”来。其实,商务应用文的翻译完全可以遵循“译写”的翻译原则。因为即使翻译发起人没有明确交代给译者应该怎么做,他/她肯定有明确的翻译目的,即向说英语的人介绍或宣传自己的产品或发布信息等。要使译文达到翻译的目的,起到更好的宣传效果,译者应该也必须采用商务应用文体“习惯的语言表达方式”,并遵循英语国家通用的规范格式。比如下面这则项目招商通告即使没有翻译发起人的请求,其译文的处理也是参照英语国家类似的项目招商通告,对原文内容进行了重新组织才译成英文的(恒齐,隋云2003)。

原文

重庆南部新城开发建设征集策划运作单位

重庆主城区南部新城,面积33平方公里,重庆李家沱和马桑溪两座长江大桥跨越其间,是商家置业的黄金口岸。为实现国家西部大开发战略,我们计划进行全面开发建设。诚征“新城”策划(规划)运作单位,有意者请与重庆市巴南区西部办联系。

联系人:……

联系电话:……

传真:……

译文

REQUEST FOR PROPORSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANS

The“New Town”Project of Chongqing

The Office of the Development of the Western Regions in Banan District, Chongqing City, invites qualified urban planners to submit proposals to design and plan the full-scale development of the New Town in the southern section of the city proper.

The site of the project, with a total area of 33 square kilometers, is a spectacular setting strategically located, embracing the two Yangzi River bridges at Lijiatuo and Masangxi.It is a port promising unrivaled opportunities for commercial and real estate investments.

The project is part of the effort to implement the national program for the development of the western regions of the country.A decision has therefore been made to carry out a full-scale development of the“New Town”precinct, which calls for competitive proposals of development plans.Interested parties are advised to apply to the Office of Banan District for the Development of the Western Regions.

Contact Persons: ............

Phone: ............

Fax: ............

在商务应用文的翻译中,由于大多数原文所针对的读者对象是中国读者,其中有些说法直接翻译很难让外国人看懂。例如,在介绍某市景点的一本旅游画册中,有这么一段中英文对照:

中文原文

市内外有名胜古迹三百多处,市中心有赵武灵王操演兵马和观赏歌舞的武灵丛台,市郊有国家重点文物保护单位——赵王城遗址,城北有明代所建“蓬莱仙境“般的黄粱梦吕仙祠,市西南有可与龙门、敦煌媲美始凿于北齐的响堂山石窟。[这里]又是典故之城……黄粱美梦、毛遂自荐、负荆请罪、完璧归赵等众多成语典故,脍炙人口,给人启迪。

英文译文

There are over 300 scenic spots and historical sites inside and outside the city.In the civic center stands the Wuling Congtai Terrace, where the King Wuling drilled warriors and enjoyed singing and dancing performances; in the outskirts remains the ruined City of the State of Zhao, the monument specially protected by the state, in the north lies the fairy-land-like Golden Millet Dream Temple built in the Song Dynasty; in the southwest lies the Xiang Tang Caves Temple built in the Bei Qi period, which is thought to be as famous as Longman and Dunhuang.Being a town of allusions, XXXX certainly has numerous greatly inspired allusions, such as...“Golden Millet dream (pipe Dream)”,“Mao Sui Recommending Himself(Volunteering one’s services)”,“Bearing the rod for Punishment”,“Returning the Jade Intact to Zhao”, ect., which are widely loved and quoted by people.

读到这段充满了陌生的中国地名、人名,朝代名和典故的文字,一般外国人只能望“文”兴叹了。这段翻译文字因而也就谈不上有什么作用。可谓真正是“译犹不译也”(严复语)。其实,在这种情况下,译者最明智的选择,是根据原作的意图以及译文读者的需要,对原稿进行译前编辑(当然,在做这项工作之前,译者有必要把自己的处理手段告诉翻译发起人,征得对方的同意):即对中文原稿中不适合译文读者需求的内容可以进行删节、增添(补充相关的文化背景知识)或按照译文读者的审美习惯进行改写,对原稿本身存在的混乱的逻辑思路也可以加以纠正。

另外,译者可以根据自己所熟知的商务应用文的格式对原稿进行重新设计和编排,以使译文能够更好地为读者所接受。比如,无论是汉语请柬还是英语请柬,一般都沿用多年来一直使用的固定格式。这种格式由于是在长期使用中定了型的,为人们所一致公认和接受,给人一种郑重其事的印象,所以,一般都不轻易加以改动。同样,翻译请柬时,译者更应采用译入语国家的读者所习惯的格式。例如,

img19

img20

再如,下面这则招标通告的原译文虽然“忠实”于原文,但不符合英文的表达习惯和格式,因而难以使读者接受;改译则根据英语招标通告的文体特点和格式进行了适当地“改写”,使译文所针对的读者能够充分了解该通告的内容。

原译文 China National Technical Import & Export Corporation

(CNTIC)

Invitation for Bid—No.CNTIC-198147

In accordance with the Loan Agreement concluded between the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan for Nanning-Kunming Railway Project (P43), China National Technical Import & Export Corporation (CNTIC) is authorized to purchase the equipment listed below for the above-mentioned project by way of International Competitive Bidding (IFB).All the purchases shall be financed with the proceeds of the Loan.

We hereby invite sealed bids from manufacturers and/or trading companies organized by and registered in and controlled by eligible source countries According to the stipulations of the Loan Agreement, the eligible source countries refer to all regions and countries of the world.

Interested manufacturers and/or trading companies are kindly requested to contact the Third Division of CNTIC for obtaining the qualification and bidding documents between 9:00 and 11:00 am (Beijing) from September 21 to 23, 1998 upon non-refundable payment of RMB 2 340 for all the following equipment in one book.The bid will be opened on October 28, 1998.

List of Equipment

(omitted)

The Third Division, China National Technical Import & Export Corporation Address: Jiulin Building,, 21 Xisanhuan Beilu, Beijing, China

Telex:22244 CNTIC CN

Tel: (0010)68404909

Fax: (010)68404921, (010)68414877

Cable: TECHIMPORT (abroad),1199(domestic)

Post Code:100081

改译文(黑体部分为修改处):

China National Technology Import & Export Corporation

(CNTIC)

Call for Tenders/Invitation for Bids

No.CNTIC-198147

In accordance with the Loan Agreement concluded between the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan for Nanning-Kunming Railway Project (P43), China National Technical Import & Export Corporation (CNTIC) is authorized to purchase through international tendering /International Competitive Bidding (ICB) the equipment listed below.All the purchases shall be financed through the loan arrangement mentioned above.

List of Equipment

(omitted)

Sealed tenders/bids are invited from tenderers/bidders-manufacturers and/or trading companies organized by and registered in and controlled by eligible source countries, which refers to all countries and regions of the world ac cording to the stipulations of the Loan Agreement.

General terms and conditions together with qualification requirements are set out in a book which is obtainable from the Third Division of CNTIC between 9:00 and 11:00 am(Beijing) from September 21 to 23, 1998 against non-refundable payment of RMB ¥2 340.

All tenders/bids are to be validly received by the Third Division, China National Technical Import & Export Corporation before 1200 hours on the specified opening date at the address below.Tenders/bids will be opened on October 28, 1998.

Any offer submitted after th e c losing date of the t ender/bid, or which does not comply with the above terms, will not be accepted.

The Third Division, China National Technical Import & Export Corporation

Address: Jiulin Building, 21 Xisanhuanbeilu, Beijing, China

Telex:22244 CNTICCN

Tel/Phone: (0010)68404909

Fax: (0010)68404921/68414877

Cable: TECHIMPORT (outside China),1199(within China)

Post Code/Zip:100081

综上所述,商务应用文的翻译要想达到好的效果,就必须遵循商务应用文的翻译原则,采用译入语中相应的应用文的文体格式和表达习惯。就汉译英来说,还要求译者有意识地学习商务英语应用文的知识,研究它们的语言特点和文体风格,争取用说英语的人所喜闻乐见的表达方式来翻译,从而使商务应用文的翻译真正做到与国际接轨。

四、课后翻译作业

1.阅读下面这则英文坐便器冲洗剂使用说明,然后修改一则同类产品的英文译文。英文使用说明:

1) Clean toilet bowl thoroughly including under the rim.

Do not remove wrapping around product...it dissolves.

2) To remove toilet product, peel backing from blister package.

Do not remove wrapping around product...it dissolves..

3) Remove toilet tank top.Flush toilet.

Before tank refills, place product against the rear tight corner of tank under float.

4) Initial blue color will appear after several flushes.

5) No removal necessary.Simply add a new 2000 Flushes Brand Blue, when color is gone.

中文原文

1)使用前请先刷净坐便器。

2)按图式,掀开水箱盖,从靠近浮球处投入洁厕灵,须远离水箱入口处,三面紧贴水箱壁(置入后,切勿再动)。

3)抽水时发现蓝色消失,请按前方法,再投入一块洁厕灵即可。

英文译文

1) First brush toilet bowl clean.

2) Remove the cistern cover.Drop the block to the bottom of the cistern with two sides against the cistern wall near the float but away from the water inlet and keep it still (see diagram).

3) Add the new toilet cleaner when the blue color of flushing water disappear.

2.学习有关英语国家公证书和营业执照的格式,修改下面的两则译文。

(1)         NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE

(98)J.H.Z.Z.; No.01812

This is to certify that the translation of Notarial Certificate (98)J.H.Z.Z.; No.01812 attached

hereto is in conformity with the original.

Notary:                     

Notary Public Office, Haidian District, Beijing.

The People’s Republic of China        

February 9, 1998                

(2)          Business License No.

Permit is hereby granted to the under-named enterprise according to relevant regulations of the People’s Republic of China.

Name of the enterprise:           Address of the enterprise:

Scope of business:             Registered capital:

Chairman of the Board of the Directors:   Vice-Chairman of the board of the Directors.

President:                 Vice President:

Term of validity:    Issued on_____

State Administration for Industry and Commerce

The People’s Republic of China

3.参考英语国家的请柬格式,翻译下面的汉语请柬。

img21

4.参考英语国家有关优惠卡的说明,将下面某音像连锁超市会员卡译成英文。

(1)使用本卡购买音像制品可以享受八折优惠,特价商品和非打折商品本卡无效。

(2)本卡只限本人使用,结账时请出示本卡。

(3)本卡有效期为一年,遗失不补。

五、翻译知识拓展

我国食品外包装翻译中存在的问题(下)

在我国食品外包装翻译中,除了前面提到的的翻译错误外,还有以下两方面的问题:

四、译法不地道,字译、直译、死译现象严重

此类情况主要出现在食品的食用(饮用)方法、保存(贮存)方法说明的翻译中。

1.不求甚解,按照字面意思机械直译、字译

该种情况多出现在小厂产品包装上,极不规范。

例1

某番茄酱:生产日期见罐盖打印

Produce the date see the bottle the cover to print

本译文纯粹生搬硬译。不仅语法不通,而且逻辑混乱。

建议译文 Production Date: Printed on the tin cover

例2

某绿鸟鸡:食用方法:白切鸡、清炖、锅仔、烤、调理均可。

Edible Methods:can be used as plain chicken, stew without soy sauce, bowl, deep fried, barbecue and nurse you health.

该译文可谓每处都是错误。首先机械对应原文,缺主语;Stew时态错误;“锅仔”翻译成bowl,“调理”翻译成nurse your health,是根本没有理解原文,字对字直译。建议修改为:

Directions: You can cook it as plain chicken, stew it without soy sauce, cook it in hot pot, roast it or just eat it with seasonings.

例3

某酱菜:保存方法:常温保存,开袋后尽快食用。如发生胀袋,请勿食用。

Storage: Normal temperature preserve, open the bag behind for as soon as possible use.As happen bulge bag, please not edible.

此译文完全是机械按照原文词序的翻译,荒谬可笑。

建议修改为:

Storage: Keep it under room temperature and after opening the bag, you’d better use it up as soon as possible.In case of package swelling, it gets unfit for consumption.

2.译文不地道,中式英语比比皆是

调查中发现,多数外包装翻译都无法摆脱中文表达习惯,望文生义,导致大量中式英语的出现。

例4

某豆粉:食用方法:本品内有小袋包装,每次取一小袋兑以200毫升左右的温开水,稍加搅拌即可饮用。

20 teabags.Allow one bag per person and leave to infuse for two to three minutes in freshly boiled water.Try adding honey for some extra sweetness.

Directions: It contains small packets.Each time empty one packet into a mug, pour 200 ml warm boiled water, stir well and enjoy.

温开水,在中文中就是指温水,应当译为lukewarm water.

汉语为“意合”语言,而英语为“形合”语言,重视语言表层的逻辑连结性,因此英语句式中大量使用关联词。但在汉译英过程中,译者受中文表达习惯的影响,往往不译关联词。如:

例5

每次饮用后应将袋口封紧,存放于阴凉干燥处。

Close the bag tightly after each use and store it in a cool dry place.

应当改为“in a cool and dry place”.

很多译文冗长拖沓,不符合英文表达习惯。

例6

某酸梅晶:取本品一份,兑水六至八份,经搅拌均匀即可饮用。夏令季节若经冷藏后饮用,口味更佳。

Take this product one, add six, eight water.After mix it even, you can drink.

In summerseason, drinking it after cooled, you can feel it better.

该译文存在多处错误:six, eight 修饰 water本身就不恰当,summerseason连写且重复,缺乏连接词,整句话逻辑混乱。

建议译文 Mix this product with water in the proportion of 1 to 6 or 8, stir well and serve.In summer days, it tastes better after being refrigerated.

五、文化关照意识不足

文化因素在翻译中起着举足轻重的作用。食品外包装的翻译,也是一种跨文化的交流,绝不仅仅是两种语言文字的机械对译,而要考虑到目标语言习惯和消费者审美价值、思维方式以及消费观念等。例如,“猴王牌茉莉花茶”用拼音译为Hou Wang Pai Molihuacha.这就无法体现其文化意蕴,外国消费者看了也不会有任何联想。若译为Monkey King,则会对品牌宣传起到积极作用。

另一例是“北大荒的真情龙王食品”,生产商“黑龙江农垦龙王食品有限责任公司”,包装上译为Heilongjiang Dragon Enterprise Corp.汉语中“龙”是中华民族的象征,但在英文中,dragon 是邪恶的怪物,还有“悍妇,凶暴的人”等含义。将该公司译为dragon Corp 将会使顾客心理上难以接受,建议处理为 Heilongjiang Long Wang Food Co., Ltd.

六、原因分析

由上可见,当前食品外包装翻译中存在的问题还是很严重的。笔者认为造成这些问题的原因主要有三方面:

——企业质量意识不高,缺乏参与国际市场竞争的主动性

产品形象是企业的门面。这不仅体现在产品的软件即质量上,更体现在产品的外观上,如包装设计、文字说明、材质等。很多公司仅注重外观设计却忽视了产品说明。而产品说明恰恰是消费者所最关注的。当前,随着“走出去”战略的实施,越来越多的公司参与到国际市场的竞争中。而包装文字是外国消费者接触我们产品的第一个途径,像上文中那样低劣的翻译怎能吸引消费者的眼球?企业又如何能打开国际市场?企业要想走出国门,推销自己的产品,必须在提高产品质量的同时,在硬件上下功夫,勇于创新,追求音美、形美、意美,符合市场需要和消费者喜好的产品译文。

——盲目跟风,把英文说明当作哗众取宠的噱头

目前很多商品都配有英文说明,一个主要原因是盲目跟风。许多企业的产品根本就不对外出口,其目标消费者是国内大众,而非外国人。但是由于英语在中国的普及越来越广,产品包装上附上英文似乎成了潮流,甚至可以提高产品的档次和价格。在这一心理下,广大生产商趋之若鹜,纷纷给自己的产品裹上“金装”。实际上,他们根本不重视翻译的质量,认为只要让人看到有英文就可以了。这种投机心理反而影响了消费者对该产品的信任度,从而导致商品的名誉和销量受到影响。在国际市场上,也就体现为损害中国产品的整体形象。

——对翻译工作的错误认识

目前社会上对翻译工作有种误区,即认为只要学过英文,手头有本词典,任何人都可以做翻译。殊不知翻译其实是一项极为严肃的工作,不仅要求译者具备扎实的双语功力,通晓两种文化以及广阔的知识面,还要求其具备良好的职业道德,对翻译任务能够尽职尽责。这种错误观念也导致许多厂家不去挑选好的译者,造成许多质量低劣的译文。这样的翻译只能成为充斥商场的“英语垃圾”。

商品外包装说明的翻译关系到商品和企业的形象和信誉,也关系到中国产品在国际市场上的竞争力。要想改善商品外包装说明的翻译质量,我们可以从两方面着手:一方面译者要加强对自己的要求,树立良好的职业道德,提高责任感,保证翻译的质量。另一方面,有关部门应当加强监督力度,建立完善的审核审查机制。严把质量关,对于外包装翻译质量低下的产品不予审批,以此促使企业提高产品质量、外包装翻译质量,从而增强国内产品的国际竞争力。

(本文作者为北京外国语2006级研究生吴秀萍)

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