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关于宇宙学的各种理论

时间:2022-02-02 百科知识 版权反馈
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主题索引_宇宙的琴弦

所有页码均为原版书的页码,即本书的边码,斜体页码指图表所在的页。

accelerated motion,加速运动29,44—45

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~58—75,125,376

after the bang(ATB),大爆炸以后(ATB)347,348,349,350—352,358—360

algebraic geometry,代数几何259

amplitude of waves,波的振幅,同wave amplitude

anthropic principle,人存原理368,369

antimatter, matter vs.,反物质与物质(比较)8—9,120,159,176,223,292

antiparticles,反粒子8—9,120,159,176,223

antiquarks,反夸克223

antistrings, strings vs.,反弦与弦(比较)359,360

astronomers,天文学家224,225,234,251,348

ATB,见after the bang

atoms,原子3,14,136,226

model of,~模型7

nuclei of,~核7,11,13,141,170

Bekenstein-Hawking entropy,贝肯斯坦-霍金熵19,333—340

early arguments regarding,关于早期论证335-336

second law of thermodynamics and,热力学第二定律和~334—335,336,337

string theory confirmation of,~的弦理论证明338—340

big bang,大爆炸4,51,81—83,84,117,122,151—152,155,177,224,254,320,346—370

and critical density of universe,~和宇宙临界密度234—235

as eruption of spacetime,作为时空喷发的~83,346

in standard model of cosmology,宇宙学标准模型的~345—356

in string cosmology,弦宇宙学的~254,357—370

big crunch,大收缩234—236

string theory and,弦理论和~235—236,239,252—254

binary stars,双星5,32—33

black hole entropy,黑洞熵333—340,参见Bekenstein-Hawking entropy

black holes,黑洞4,78—81,79,84,117,226

branes and,膜与~329—331,330, 338—340

determinism and,决定论与~340—343

elementary particles and,基本粒子和~320—322,329—333

entropy of,~熵,见黑洞熵,贝肯斯坦-霍金熵

event horizons of,~的事件视界,见事件视界

evidence for existence of,~存在的证据80—81

extremal,极端~339—340,343 formation of,~的形成339

gravitational force of,~的引力75,79—80,265,336,337,343

lost information and,失去的信息和~342—343

mass of,~的质量79,80,81,321,330—331,337,338

naming of,~的命名79

and new universe formation,~和新宇宙的形成369—370

phase transitions of,~的相变331,332

radiation emitted by,~发出的辐射81,336—337,338,340,342

string theory and,弦理论和~19,320—344

and tearing of spacetime,~和时空的破裂265

temperature of,~的温度336,337—338

as time machines,作为时间机器的~80

bosonic string theory,玻色弦理论180—181

bosons, spin of,玻色子,~的自旋175,180,182

bottom quarks,底夸克8

BPS states:BPS态:

appearance of,~的表现316—317

extremal black holes and,极端黑洞和~339

string duality and,弦对偶和~303—306

supersymmetry and,超对称和~303,304,309,316

branes,膜316—317,324,339

mass of,~的质量317,330—331

as space-protective shields,作为时空保护屏障的~323,324,325,329—330

wrapped configurations of,~的缠绕构形329—331,330

Calabi-Yau spaces(shapes),卡拉比-丘(成桐)空间(形态)207—208,207,208,216,248

conifold transitions of,~的锥形变换325—333,360—361

cosmology and,宇宙学和~360—361,365

electric charge fractions and,电荷比和~223—224

flop-transitions and,翻转变换和~266—278,266,267,273,322,323,325,329

gravitational force and,引力和~363—364

messenger particles and,信使粒子和~218

mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~

255—262,269,273—278,273,299 orbifolding of,256—258,257,269

particle families and holes in,粒子族和~孔洞216—221,255—256,257—258,280

particle mass and,粒子质量和~217—218,259,281

CERN,欧洲核子研究中心136,178

chaos theory,混沌理论17

charm quark,粲夸克8

chirality,手征性401

circles,圆周326

and conifold transitions,~和锥形变换326—327,327

measured on flat vs. curved surfaces,平直与弯曲面上测量的~63—65,64,65

clocks, light,时钟,光,见光子钟

COBE(Cosmic Background Explorer)satellite,宇宙背景探测卫星349

coherent state of strings,弦的相干态377—378

Coleman-Mandula result,科里曼-曼都拉结果170,172

conifold transitions,锥形变换329

of Calabi-Yau spaces,卡丘空间的~325—333,360—361

dimension and,维和~325—327

spheres and,球和~322,323—327,326,327

参见翻转变换

constant-velocity motion,常速运动28-29,73

light clocks and,光子钟和~38—40

in special theory of relativity,狭义相对论的~24—25,26—27,28—30,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,58,75

cosmic background radiation,宇宙背景辐射348—349

temperature of,~的温度353—356

cosmic rays,宇宙线8

cosmological constant,宇宙学常数82,346

value of,~值225

cosmology:宇宙学:

Calabi-Yau spaces and,卡-丘空间和~360—361,365

standard model of,~的标准模型345—356

string theory and,弦理论和~357—370

T. O.E.and speculation on,包罗万象的理论(TOE)和~沉思364—370,385—386

curled-up dimensions,卷缩维186,187—192,188,189,191,196,197,199—209,199,200,215—221,248,280,358

fractionally charged particles and,分数电荷粒子和~223—224

geometrical forms of,~的几何形式191,191,199—200,199,200

and resonance patterns of string,~和弦的共振模式206

size of,~的大小191—192,400

supergravity and,超引力和~307—312

time and,时间和~204—205

参见卡-丘空间

curvature of spacetime,时空曲率,见spa-cetime, warping of

dark matter,暗物质225,235

“designer”black holes,“设计者”黑洞339—340

determinism:决定论:

and black holes,~和黑洞340—343

classical vs. quantum,经典~与量子~340—342

deuterium,氘(重氢)347,349

dimensions:维:

in conifold transitions,锥形变换的~325—327

in flop transitions,翻转变换的~281

in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~186—203,186,188,189,191

in Lineland,直线国的~192—196,194,195,236,359

in special relativity,狭义相对论的~49—51,185

in string theory,弦理论的~6,18,184—210,216—221,236,248—249,254—262,263—282,307,308—312,323—333,378—379

in supergravity,超引力的~307—312

varieties of,~的种类,见curled-up dimensions;extended dimension

distance,距离33

in string theory,弦理论的~249—254

Dixon-Lerche-Vafa-Warner conjecture,狄克松-勒克-瓦法-瓦纳猜想255—258 double-slit experiments,双缝实验97—102,98,99,100,101

electrons in,~中的电子104,109—114,118

Feynman's approach to,~的费曼方法109—112,110

interference pattern in,~的干涉图样

100—102,101,104,105,109

light as particles in,光粒子的~98—99,98,99,101—103

light as waves in,光波的~99—101,100,102—103

water waves and,水波和~99—100,101

down-quarks,下夸克7,9

duality,对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382

mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~299

and quantum geometry,~和量子几何312—314

string coupling constants and,弦对偶常数和~303—306,315—316

strong-weak,强弱~299—300,304—305,318

supersymmetry and,超对称性和~301—303,306,382

duration,持续时间33

earth,地球67,169,235,386

and gravitational influence of sun,~和太阳的引力效应68—70,70,71,72,73,75,289—290

E=mc2,51—52,103—104,120,121,145,149,238,317

Einstein, Albert,爱因斯坦,A.3,20,62,88,94—97,104,114,272,387

and cosmological constant,~和宇宙学常数82,225,346

on experimental confirmation of general theory,~关于广义相对论的实验验证166

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,197

on probability in physics,~关于物理学中的几率107—108,201

and unified field theory,~关于统一场论4—5,15,283

参见general theory of relativity;photoe-lectric effect;special theory of relativity electric charge,电荷10,12,171

and Calabi-Yau spaces~和卡-丘空间205—206,223—224

of point particles,点粒子的~223

electromagnetic field,电磁场23—24,377

electromagnetic force,电磁力10,11,12,15,126,374,384

in early universe,早期宇宙的~350,352

electric charges and,电荷和~10,12,171

gravitational force vs.,引力与~12

intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度176—177

in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,196—197,287

messenger particles of,~的信使粒子,见photons

and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学121—122

strong force and,强力和~175—176,198

electromagnetic waves,电磁波88—90,89

composition of,~的组成97

energy of,~的能量88—89,90,92—93,94,97

light as,作为~的光24,97,98,99—101,100,102—103

electron-neutrinos,电子中微子,见neutrinos

electrons,电子3,7,8,9,14,15,42,54,146,150,153,218,347

in double-slit experiments,双缝干涉实验的~104,109—114,118

interaction of positrons and,质子和~的相互作用159—160,159

in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~94—97

quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122

spin of,~的自旋170—172

in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理的~112—115,118—119

electron waves,电子波,见probability wa-ves

electroweak force,弱电力122—123, 175—176,352

elementary particles,基本粒子,见partic-les, elementary

energy,能量51

of electromagnetic waves,电磁波的~88—89,90,92—93,94,97

mass and,质量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238

of photons in photoelectric effect,光电效应中的光子~96—97

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式144—145,144,145,148—152,155,216—218,220—221,239—247,244,245,291—292

and wave frequency,~和波频率92—93,94—95,104

entropy:熵:

black hole,黑洞~333—340

high vs. low,~的高与低333—334参见Bekenstein-Hawking entropy

equivalence principle,等效原理58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382

symmetry and,对称性和~169—170,374—375

Euclidean geometry,欧几里得几何64,65,231

Euler beta-function,欧拉β函数137

event horizon,事件视界79—81,79,342,344

area-increase law and,面积增加定理和~335,336,340

gravitational force and,引力和~79—80,265,336,337

extended dimension,延展维186,186,187—192,188,191,204,208,248—249,251

in M-theory, M理论的~165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324, 325,379

tearing of spacetime in,~时空的破裂281,323,324,325,327

extremal black holes,极端黑洞339—340,343

families, of elementary particles,族,基本粒子的~9,9,123,216—221,219,255—256,257—258,280

fermions, spin of,费米子,~的自旋175,180,182

Feynman, Richard,费曼,R.86—87,97,102,120,157,212—213

and alternative formulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的新形式108—112,279—280

final theory,最后的理论,见theory of everything

first superstring revolution,第一次超弦革命139—140,297

flat space,平直空间67—68,68,73,127

flop transitions,翻转变换266—282,266,267,273,322,323,325,329

mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~267,268—278,273

参见conifold transitions

force charges,力荷10—13,15,321

of black holes,黑洞的~321

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—144,145—146,205—206,222

force-free motion,自由运动,见constant——velocity motion

force particles,力(传播)粒子11,11,13,142,147,172

spin of,~的自旋172,173,222

in standard model,标准模型的~123

and string theory,~和弦理论16,142,150,218

参见messenger particles;specific force particles

forces, fundamental,力,基本~10—13,15

common features of,~的共性11—12 differences in intrinsic strength of,~内禀强度的差别12

distance and intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度和(作用)距离176—178,178

in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352

and enforcing symmetries,~和加强对称性124—126

force particles of,~的传播粒子,见force particles

grand unification and,大统一和~175—178

M-theory and merging of, M理论和~的融合363—364,363

supersymmetry and intrinsic strengths of,超对称性和~的内禀强度178,179参见specific forces

frequency wave,频率波89,102,103

energy and,能与~92—93,94—95,104

fusion,(核)聚变13,51

galaxies,星系3,4,54,234,235,348,368

formation of~的形成13,347

Garden-hose universe:花园水管宇宙:

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—196,186,188,194,195,236

point particles in,~中的点粒子236—237,237

quantum geometry and,量子几何和~236—248

gauge symmetry,规范对称性124—126,170,374,375

general theory of relativity,广义相对论53—84,87,126,169,210,289,343,377

aesthetics of,~的美学75—76,166

applications of,~的应用78—83

equivalence principle and,等效原理和~,见equivalence principle

expansion and contraction of universe and,宇宙的膨胀、收缩和~81—83,225,346,357

experimental verification of,~的实验验证75—78,83—84,166

identification of agent of gravity in,~中引力作用的认定67,71

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287

mathematics of,~的数学81,231—233,263

Newton's theory of gravity and,牛顿的引力理论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231

quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322

scale in,~的尺度127—130

warping of spacetime in,~中的时空弯曲6,53,62—75,233,376

gluinos,胶子中微子174

gluons,胶子11

spin of,~的自旋172

as strong force messenger particle,作为强力信使粒子的~123—124,138

superpartners of,~的超对称伙伴174

grand unification,大统一175—178,180

distance and intrinsic strength of forces in,~中力的作用距离和内禀强度176—178,178

gravitational field,引力场377

gravitational force,引力15,54,67,122,135

of black holes,黑洞的~75,79—80,265,336,337,343

Calabi-Yau spaces and,卡-丘空间和~218,363—364

critical density and,临界密度和~234—235

electromagnetic force vs.,电磁力与~12

in equivalence principle,等效原理下的~58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382

event horizon and,事件视界和~79—80,265,336,337

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,126,233,376

intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度175

in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,197

mass and,质量和~10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81

of moon and sun,月亮和太阳的~68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290

in Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论下的~,见New-ton's universal theory of gravity

quantum field theory of,~的量子场论124—130,138,158,320

on space stations,太空站的~3

and stellar formation and collapse,~与星体的形成和坍缩13,339

string theory and,弦理论和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320

gravitons,引力子11,12,125,377

as messenger particles of gravitational force,作为引力信使粒子的~138,150,163,172,218

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式145,148,158,165,210

spin of,~的自旋172

Greenwich observatory,格林尼治天文台77

heavy string modes,重弦模式251—254

Heterotic-E string theory(Heterotic E8×E8string theory),杂化E弦理论(杂化E8×E8弦理论)183,284,286,287,306,308,309—311,309,313,313,315,316,405—406

Heterotic-O string theory(Heterotic O(32)string theory),杂化O弦理论(杂化O(32)弦理论)182,284,286,287,303—304,305,306,308,313,313,314

high entropy, low entropy vs.,高熵,低熵与~333—334

higher-dimensional supergravity,高维超引力199—201,199,200

holographic principle,全息原理401

horizon problem,视界问题353—356,362

inflation and,暴胀和~355—356 human life expectancy, and effect of motion on time,人类寿命,~和运动对时间的影响41—43

inflationary cosmology,暴胀宇宙学355—356,362

infrared radiation,红外辐射94

Institute for Advanced Study,(普林斯顿)高等研究院270,271—272,274,277

interference patterns,干涉图样100—102,101,104,105,109,111,112,118

Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—203

Garden-hose universe analogy and,花园水管宇宙类比和~186—196,

186,188,194,195,236

general relativity and electromagnetic the ory unified by,~统一的广义相对论和电磁理论187,196—197,199,287

quantum mechanics and,量子力学和~191—192

Klein-Gordon equation,克莱茵-戈登方程341

light:光:

black holes and,黑洞和~79,81

color of,~的颜色26,94—95,96

composition of,~的组成96,97—103

参见electromagnetic waves

light, speed of,光速354

constancy of,~不变性32—33,34,35,36,40,41,47,52,56

in E=mc2,E=mc2中的~51—52,105

gravitational disturbances and,引力扰动和~56,74

and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,~和麦克斯韦电磁理论5,24,27,32

and Newton's laws of motion,~和牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33

and special theory of relativity,~和狭义相对论5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74

light clocks,光子钟38—41,38,39

“ticks”of,~的“滴答”38

time differences between moving and sta-tionary,运动~与静止~的时间差39—41

light paths, solar eclipses and bending of,光的路径,日食和~的弯曲77

light string modes,轻弦模式251—254 light waves,光波,见electromagnetic waves light-years,光年248

loops of strings,弦圈14,14,292—294,293,381

Lorentz contraction,洛伦兹收缩26—27,63

low entropy, high entropy vs.,低熵与高熵333—334

lumps of energy, electromagnetic wave energy as,能量包,表现为~的电磁波能,见quanta

magnetism,磁171

mass,质量51

of black holes,黑洞的~79,80,81,321,330—331,337,338

of branes,膜的~317,330—331

of elementary particles,基本粒子的~9—10,11,12,15,205—206,217—218,224

energy and,能量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238

and gravitational force,~和引力10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81

of particles in Calabi-Yau spaces,卡-丘空间中的~217—218,259, 281

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—145,151,205—206,220

of stars,星体的~339

and string tension,~和弦张力149—152

of superpartners,超伙伴的~179,222

and warping of spacetime and time,~和时空与时间的弯曲68—74,69,75

and wave-particle duality,~与波粒二象性103—104

of wrapped strings,缠绕弦的~238—239

matter,物质14,14,54

antimatter vs.,反物质与~8—9,120,159,176,223,292

composition of,~的组成7—10,226 waves of,~波103—105,106

Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,麦克斯韦电磁理论5,23—24,27,32,89,103,121

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287

messenger particles,信使粒子123—124,125,138,150,167,218

参见force particles;specific messenger particles

microwaves,微波348—349

mirror manifolds,镜像流形256—258,259—261,269,273—278,273

in mathematics vs.,physics construction,数学的~与物理学结构的比较270—271

mirror symmetry,镜像对称255—262

duality and,对偶性和~299

flop-transitions and,翻转变换和~267,268—278,273

mirror manifolds in,~下的镜像流形,见mirror manifolds

physics and mathematics of,~的物理和数学259—262

momentum,动量119,120,155

moon,月亮169

gravitational influence of earth and sun on,地球和太阳引力对~的影响70,289—290

in solar eclipse,日食中的~77

motion:运动;

and effect on time,~和对时间的影响,见time, effect of motion on

predicted in Newton's theory of gravity,牛顿引力理论预言的~55,56,289—290

in principle of relativity,相对性原理下的~28—30

参见accelerated motion;constant-velo-city motion

M-theory, M理论20,283—319,373—387

and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368

duality in,~中的对偶性312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382

extended objects in,~中的延展物165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324,325,379

formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370

future challenges for,~未来的挑战318—319

interconnections in,~的内在联系312—315,315,332—333

and merging of fundamental forces,~和基本力的结合363—364,363

multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387

name of,~的名字312

supergravity and,超引力和~307—312,314

参见string theory

multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387

and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368

formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370

symmetry and,对称性和~367

and T. O.E.,~和T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)368—370

muon-neutrino,μ子中微子8

muons,μ子8,9,52,174

motion and life expectancy of,~的运动和寿命42

neutrinos,中微子8,9,42,146,224,226

superpartners of,~的超伙伴174

neutrons,中子7,11,13,14,54,124,347

neutron stars,中子星75,226

Newton, Isaac,牛顿,I.5—6,53—57,377,380—381

on light as particles,~的光粒子观97,98—99,101,102

Newton's laws of motion,牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33,103,340—41,377

Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论5—6,53—57,101,169,210,289—290

attraction in,~中的吸引54—55,56,58—59,70

general theory of relativity and,广义相对论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231

nature of gravity and,引力的本性和~56—57

predictions of bodily motion in,~中的物体运动的预言55,56,76

special relativity vs.,狭义相对论与~5—6,24,33,53,55—56,73—74,84

noncommutative geometry,非对易几何379—380

non-constant-velocity motion,非匀速运动,见accelerated motion

nuclear forces,核力,见strong force;weak force

nuclei, of atoms,原子核7,11,13,141,170

one-branes,1-膜,见strings

orbifolding,轨形256,257,269

ordinary vibrations of strings,弦的一般振动240,246—247

particle accelerators,粒子加速器42,52,136,137,141,143,151,179,215,222,370,384

probe particles and,探针粒子和~153—154

paticles, elementary,基本粒子7—10,143,147,167

antiparticles and,反粒子和~8—9,120,159,176,223,292

black holes and,黑洞和~320—322,329—333

“fabric”of,~的结构146

families of,~族9,9,123,216—217,219,255—256,257—258,280 force charges of,~的力荷,见force charges

of forces,力的~,见force particles

light as,作为~的光96,97—103

mass of,~的质量9—10,11,12, 15,205—206,217—218,224

messenger,信使123—124

quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122

spin of,~的自旋170—172,173,175,180,182,222

in standard model,标准模型中的~,见point particles

and string theory,~和弦理论14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280

in strong force,强力的~10,13,125—126,136—137

superpartners of,~的超伙伴,见su-perpartners

in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113—114,115—116,118,154—155

参见specific particles

p-branes, p-膜316—317

perturbation theory,微扰论218,288—297

and classical physics,~和经典物理学289—290

cosmology and,宇宙学和~357

failure of,~的失败290

string theory and,弦理论和~288—289,291—297,357

phase transitions:相变:

of black holes,黑洞的~331,332

in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352

photinos,光子中微子174

photoelectric effect,光电效应94—97

and particle properties of light,~和光的粒子性95—96,97,103

photon energy in,~中的光能96—97

speed of ejected electrons in,~中出射电子的速度94—95,96—97

photons,光子11,32,51,56,74,77,123,150,153,159,161,251,377

as bundles of quanta,作为量子束的~97

in early universe,早期宇宙中的~347,348

as electromagnetic messenger particles,

作为电磁信使粒子的~123—124 in light clocks,光子钟里的~38—41,96

in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~96—97

as quanta of light,作为光量子的~96,97—103

and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学122

spin of,~的自旋172

superpartners of,~的超伙伴174

in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113,118,119

physical laws, symmetries of nature and,物理学定律,自然的对称性和~124—126,168—170,173

physics, classical:经典物理学:

perturbation theory and微扰论和~289—290

quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~107,112,114,115,340—342

参见Maxwell's electromagnetic theory;Newton's laws of motion;Newton's universal theory of gravity

physics, field of:物理学领域:

accomplishments of,~的成就117

determinism in,~中的决定论340—342

pivotal conflicts in,~中的重大问题5—6

problem-solving differences in mathema-tics vs.,数学与~解决问题的不同271,275

theory construction in,~中的理论建设380—381

Planck, Max,普朗克,M.23,86,104,114

and resolution of infinite-energy paradox,~和无穷大能量疑难的解决88—93

Planck energy,普朗克能量149,150,151,220,350

Planck length,普朗克长度130,135,136,141,142,148,155,177,192,215,224,232,234,235,239,242,243,248,252,253—254,358,380,387,396

Planck mass,普朗克质量149,151,176,224,317,321—322

Planck's constant(h),普朗克常数93,105,113,114,116,130

Planck tension,普朗克张力148

Planck time,普朗克时间346,350

参见inflationary cosmology;standard mo-del of cosmology;string cosmology

point-particle quantum field theory,点粒子量子场论224—225,350

particle interaction in,~中的粒子相互作用158—161,159,162—163,164

point particles,点粒子135,136,137,141,142—143,157—158,170—172

dimensionality of,~的维165,237,240

electric charge of,~的电荷223

probing sensitivity of,~的探测灵敏度154—155,158

strings approximated by,点粒子近似的弦307—308

superpartners of,~的超伙伴173—174

参见particles, elementary

points:点:

in Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何中的~232—234

universe originating as,~起源的宇宙83

参见point particles

positrons,正电子8,120

interaction of electrons and,电子与~的相互作用159—160,159

primordial nucleosynthesis,原初核合成346,349

principle of relativity,相对性原理28—30,40,61

probability,几率118

in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342

testing of,~的检验107

and wave nature of matter,~和物质的波动性,见probability waves

probability waves,几率波105—108,106,109,115,118,342

probe particles,探针粒子153—157

probing sensitivity:探测灵敏度:

of point particles,点粒子的~154—155,158

of strings,弦的~155—157,158,250—252

protons,质子7,11,13,14,54,124,150,153,224,322,347

quanta,量子91—97,118

quantum chromodynamics,量子色动力学122,137

quantum electrodynamics:量子电动力学:

electrons in,~中的电子121—122

photons in,~中的光子122

quantum electroweak theory,量子弱电理论122—123

quantum field theory,量子场论120—123

of gravitational force,引力的~124—130,138,158,320

special relativity and,狭义相对论和~120—122,226

参见quantum chromodynamics;quantum electrodynamics;quantum electroweak theory

quantum foam,量子泡沫127—129,128

quantum geometry,量子几何231—262,298—299

duality and,对偶性和~312—314

Garden-hose universe analogy in,~中的花园水管宇宙类比236—248

interchange of winding number and vibra-tion number in,~中缠绕数与振动数的交换239—247

minimum size in,~中的最小尺度252—254

mirror symmetry and,镜像对称性和~255—262

stock market analogy of string energy in,~中弦能量股市类比241—242

quantum mechanics,量子力学15,86—116

classical physics vs.,经典物理学与~107,112,114,115,340—342

Feynman's alternative formulation of,~的费曼形式108—112,279—280 general relativity vs.,广义相对论与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322

Kaluza-Klein theory and,卡鲁扎—克莱茵理论和~191—192

mathematical framework of,~的数学框架103—108

meaning of,~的意义108

precision and inherent difficulty of,~的精度和内在困难86—88

probability in,~中的几率105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342

scale in,~中的尺度6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198

string theory and reformulation of,弦理论和~的重建380—382

string theory vs.,development of,弦理论与~,~的发展226

universe in,~中的宇宙107—108,118—120,127—130,135

quantum smearing,量子抹平152,155,156,158,163—164

quantum tunneling,量子隧道115—116

quantum wavelength, probing sensitivity of particles and,量子波长,粒子探测灵敏度与~154—155

quarks,夸克3,5,14,124,150,223,224,384

discovery of,~的发现7

naming of,~的命名7,12

strong force and,~和强力10,13,125—126

superpartners of,~的超伙伴174

types of,~的类型7,8,9

quasars,类星体81,384

radioactive decay,辐射衰变11,124

reductionism, string theory and,还原论,弦理论和~16—17

relativistic quantum field theory,相对论

量子场论,见quantum field theory resonanse patterns:共振模式:

dark matter and,暗物质和~225, 235

in sound waves,声波的~143,144,145,145

of strings,弦的共振模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378

Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何231—234

and cosmological studies,~和宇宙学研究234

distortions in distance relations analyzed in,~中分析的距离关系的扭曲232—234,263

and general of relativity,~和广义相对论81,231—233,263

string theory and,弦理论和~231—232,234,249—254

rotational symmetry,旋转对称性125—126,170,173

scale:尺度:

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论中的~127—130

in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198

in string theory,弦理论中的~14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387

Schrödinger equation,薛定谔方程105—107,109,120—121,341

second law of thermodynamics,热力学第二定律334—335,336,337

second superstring revolution,第二次超弦革命140,165,285,286—288,298

selectrons,超电子174

singularities,奇性343—344 string theory and,弦理论和~344

sneutrinos,超中微子174

solar eclipses,日食76—77

sound, speed of,声速55—56

sound waves,声波90,90,93,143,145

space:空间:

fabric of,~的结构,见spacetime

flat,平直~67—68,68,73,127

smoothness of substrate of,~基底的光滑性263

spacetime,时空66

big bang as eruption of,~的大爆炸喷发83,346

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~,见

general theory of relativity, warping of spacetime in nature of,~的本性376—380

in special theory of relativity,狭义相对论的~5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377

string theory and nature of,弦理论和~本性377—380

warping of,~的弯曲,见spacetime, warping of

spacetime, tearing of,时空,~的破裂263—282

black holes and,黑洞和~265

branes as protective barrier in,~中起屏障作用的膜324,325,329—330

conifold transitions and,锥形变换和~281,325—333,360—361

in extended dimension,展开维中的~281,323,324,325,327

flop transitions and,翻转变换和~266—282,267,273,329

in point particle theory vs. string theory,点粒子理论的~与弦理论的~278—279

in the present,~现状281—282

world-sheet of string as protective barrier in,作为~保护屏障的世界叶279—280,323

wormholes and,虫洞和~264—265,264

spacetime, warping of:时空,~的弯曲:

big bang and,大爆炸和~81—83,234—235

black holes and,黑洞和~75,78—81

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,233,376

mass and,质量和~68—74,69,75

neutron stars and,中子星和~75

Riemannian geometry and analysis of,黎曼几何和~分析231—234,233

rubber membrane-bowling ball analogy of,~的橡皮碗状膜类比67—73,69,70,72,73

starlight paths as proof of,作为~证明的星光路径77

special theory of relativity,狭义相对论23—52,78,87

apparent counterintuitiveness of,~明显的反直觉表现25—26,27,36,50,53

dimensions in,~的维49—51,185

light speed and,光速和~5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74

Newton's universal theory of gravity vs.,牛顿万有引力理论与~5—6,24, 33,53,55—56,73—74,84

observers in constant-velocity motion and,匀速运动观测者和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,58,75

in quantum field theory,量子场论的~120—122,226

spacetime in,~的时空5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377

speed,速度33

and effects of special relativity,~和狭义相对论效应25—26,27,36—37,41,42—43,50—51,53

of light,光速,见light, speed of spheres,球326,327

extradimensionality and,多维和~199,199

one-dimensional,1维~,见circles

two-dimensional,2维~266—268,322,325,326,326,327,331

three-dimensional,3维~323—326,326,327,331

zero-dimensional,0维~326,326 spin,自旋173

of black holes,黑洞的~321

of bosons,玻色子的~175,180,182

of elementary particles,基本粒子的~170—172,173,175,180,182,222

squarks,超夸克174

standard model of cosmology,宇宙学标准模型345—356

cosmic background radiation and,宇宙背景辐射和~348—349

horizon problem and,视界问题和~353—356,362

primordial nucleosynthesis in,~中的原初核合成346,349

string theory vs.,弦理论与~357

symmetry breaking in,~中的对称破缺350—352

standard model of particle physics,标准模型和粒子物理学123,198,381

elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子,见point particles

shortcomings of,~的缺点135,142—143

string theory vs.,弦理论与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225

supersymmetry and,超对称性和~174—175,181,222

stars,恒星3,4,5,32—33,54,290

apparent vs. actual position of,~的视位置与实际位置77

collapse of,~的坍缩13,339

formation of,~的形成13,347,365,367,369

strange quarks,奇异夸克8

string cosmology,弦宇宙学357—370

cosmological initial conditions and,宇宙学初始条件和~365—366

dimension in,~的维357,358—361,365

pre-big bang scenario in,~大爆炸前的图景362

standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357

T. O.E.and, T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)和~364—370,385—386

string coupling constant,弦耦合常数294—297,300—306

BPS states and, BPS态和~303,304,316

size of,~的大小294—295

values of,~的值295—297,303306,308—312,309,315,317,318

strings:弦:

antistrings vs.,反弦与~359,360

approximated by point particles,点粒子近似的~307—308

brane mass vs. mass of,膜质量与~质量317

coherent state of,~的相干态377—378

composition of,~的组成141—142

dimensionality of,~的维165,310—311,309,311,324

interaction of,~的相互作用160—165,160,162,163,164,291—297,291,292,293

loops of,~圈292—294,293,381

probing sensitivity of,~探测灵敏度155—157,158,250—252

resonance patterns of,~的振动模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378

size of,~的大小14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,155—157,206,212,215,224,379,398

superpartners and,超伙伴和~173,175

tension of,~的张力148—152

unwrapped,未缠绕~238—239,238,249—250,359

vibrational motion of,~的振动240—246,244,245

world-sheet of,~的世界叶160,161—163,162,279—280,323

wrapped,缠绕的~,见wrapped strings Strings 1995 Conference,弦1995年会140

string theory,弦理论14

big crunch and,大收缩和~235—236,239,252—254,

black holes and,黑洞和~19,320—344

cosmology and,宇宙学和~,见string cosmology criticism of,~的批评211—213

current state,~的现状18—21

development of quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学的发展和~226

dimensions in,~的维6,18,184—210,216—221,236,248—249,254—262,263—282,307,308—312,323—333,378—379

distance measured in,~测量的距离294—254

duality in,~中的对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382

elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280

equations of,~的方程285,295—97,318,319

experimentalists vs. theorists and,实验家与理论家和~213—215

experimental signatures in,~中的实验信号210—227,383—384

force particles and,力粒子和~16,142,150,218

future of,~的未来373—387

gravitational force and,引力和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320

history of,~的历史136—140

loops of string in,~中的圈,见strings

mathematics of,~的数学19,140, 202,203—204,218,参见quantum geometry

as merger of general relativity and quan-tum mechanics,融合广义相对论与量子力学的~4—5,6,14,18,136,138,152—165,181—182,201,218,221,226,227,266,333,344,357,379,383,387

musical metaphors for,~的音乐比喻15—16,135,146

and nature of spacetime,~和时空本性377—380

notion of distance in,~中的距离概念249—252

perturbation theory and,微扰论和~288—289,291—297,357

probability values in,~中的几率值202

and reformulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的重建380—382

scale in,~中的尺度14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387

and singularities,~和奇性343—344

spin in,~中的自旋172,173,175,180,182,222

standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357

standard model vs.,标准模型与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225

and strong force,~和强力137,138

strong-weak duality in,~中的强弱对偶性299—300,304—305,318

supersymmetry in,~中的超对称性,见superstring theory;supersymmetry as T.O.E.,作为T.O.E.的~15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364

topology-changing transitions and,拓扑改变变换和~266—282,322—333,360—361

参见M-theory;string cosmology;supers-tring theory

strong force,强力10—11,12,13,15,122,123,136—137,199,350,351

electromagnetic force and,电磁力和~175—176,198

quarks and,夸克和~10,13,125—126

string theory and,弦理论和~137,138

strong force symmetry,强力对称性~126

“sum over paths,”“路径求和”111

sun,太阳56,67

eclipses of,日食,见solar eclipses

gravitational influence of,~的引力影响68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290

Superconducting Supercollider,超导超级对撞机215

supergravity,超引力307—312,314

dimensions in,~的维307—312

strings approximated by point particles in,~中点粒子近似的弦307—308

superpartners:超伙伴:

mass of,~的质量179,222

supersymmetry and,超对称性和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384

superstring theory,超弦理论167,181—183

inception of,~之初181

versions of,~的形式182—183,284,286—287,286,287

参见M-theory;string theory

supersymmetric quantum field theories,超对称量子场论174—175,181,307

supersymmetric string theory,超对称弦理论,见superstring theory

supersymmetry,超对称性173—183,375

arguments for,~的讨论174—180

desired confirmation of,~需要的证明384

duality and,对偶性和~301—303,306,382

experimental signals of,~的实验信号221—222

and higher-dimensional supergravity,~和高维超引力200—201

and intrinsic force strengths,~和力的内禀强度178,179

resonance patterns and,共振模式和~180—181,182

standard model and,标准模型和~174—175,181,222

superpartners and,超伙伴和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384

symmetry,对称性168—170,173,301

and equivalence principle,~和等效原理169—170,374—375

gauge,规范~124—126,170,374,375

mirror,镜像~255—262,267,268—278,273,299

multiverse and,多重宇宙和~367 rotational,旋转~125—126,170,173参见supersymmetry

symmetry breaking,对称破缺122—123

early universe and,早期宇宙和350—352,358—360

tachyons,快子180—181,182

tau-neutrinos,τ子中微子8

taus,τ子8,9

temperature of black holes,黑洞的温度336,337—338

of cosmic background radiation,宇宙背景辐射的~353—356

theories, scientific:理论,科学的~:

aesthetics of,~的美学166—167

typical construction of,~的典型结构380—381

参见各具体理论

theory of everything(T. O.E):包罗万象的理论(T.O.E):

cosmological speculation and,宇宙学沉思和~364—370,385—386

and deviations from inevitability,~与不可避免性的差距283—285

string theory as,作为~的弦理论15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364

three-branes,3-膜324

in wrapped configuration,缠绕构形的~329—331,330

time:时间:

black holes and,黑洞和~80

as dimension,~维49—50,185,204—205

time, effect of motion on:时间,运动对~的影响:

human life expectancy and,人类寿命和~41—43

as measured by light clocks,光子钟测量的~37—41

muon life expectancy and,μ子寿命和~42

observers'differing perspectives and,观测者的不同视点和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,50,58,60—61,63—64,65,66—67,74—75,125

time warping and,时间弯曲和~,见general theory of relativity;spacetime, warping of

time dilation,时间膨胀27

T. O.E.,见theory of everything

topology changing transitions,拓扑改变变换,见conifold transitions;flop transitions top quarks,顶夸克8,10,150

torus,环199—200,200

as Calabi-Yau space(shape),作为卡-丘空间(形态)的~216—218,216,255

and conifold transition,~和锥形变换326—327,327

trinary star systems,三星系统290

two-branes,2-膜324,324,330

Type I string theory,Ⅰ型弦理论182,284,286,287,304,305,306,313,314,405—406

Type IIA string theory, IIA型弦理论182,284,286,287,308,310—311,313,313,315—316,405—406

Type IIB string theory, IIB型弦理论182,284,286,287,305—306,308,313,313,405—406

ultimate theory,终极理论,见theory of everything

ultraviolet light,紫外光94

uncertainty principle,不确定性原理112—116,118—120,127,150,154,341

particle measurements in,~下的粒子测量113—114,115—116,118,154—155

unified field theory:统一场论;

Einstein and,爱因斯坦和~4—5,15,283

uniform vibration,均匀振动240,242—246

universe,宇宙3—5

critical density of,~的临界密度234—235

dimensions of,~的维,见dimensions expansion and contraction of,~的膨胀和收缩,见big bang;big crunch

limits of comprehensibility of,~的可理解极限384—386

microscopic properties of,~的微观性质,见scale, in quantum mechan-ics;scale, in string theory

multiverse and,多重宇宙和~366—370

originating as point,源于一点的~83 origin of,~的起源345—370

size of,~的大小248,252

stability of,~的稳定性168

strong force symmetry of,~的强力对称性126

timeline of,~的历史356

two-dimensional,2维的~,见Gar-den-hose universe

wormholes and U-shaped universe,虫洞和U形宇宙264—265,264

unwound strings,未缠绕弦,见unwrapped strings

unwrapped strings,未缠绕弦359

wrapped strings vs.,缠绕弦与~238—239,238,249—250

up-quarks,上夸克7,9,10,15

uranium,铀51

vibration number,振动数243

virtual string pairs,虚弦对291—294,292,293,381

water, waves of,水,~波99—100,100,109

wave amplitude,波幅89,90,90,144

of electromagnetic waves,电磁波的~89,89,90

wave functions,波函数,见probability waves

wavelength,波长89,90,144

of matter waves,物质波的~105

wave-particle duality,波粒二象性121

light and,光和~97—103

matter and,物质和~103—105,106 waves:波:

frequency,频率89,92—93,94—95,102,103,104

light,光~,见electromagnetic waves matter,物质~103—105,106

peaks and troughs of,~峰和~谷89,90,99—100,104,143,149

probability,几率~105—108,106,109,115,118,342

sound,声~90,90,93,143,145

of water,水~99—100,100,109

W boson, W玻色子174

参见weak gauge bosons

weak force,弱力10—11,12,15,199,374

in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352

messenger particle of,~的信使粒子123—124

weak gauge bosons,弱规范玻色子11

spin of,~的自旋172

superpartners, of,~的超伙伴174

as weak force messenger particle,作为弱力信使粒子的~123—124

winding energy of strings,弦的缠绕能239—246

winding mode,缠绕模式237—239,238,252

winding number,缠绕数242

winos, W微子174

Witten, Edward,惠藤,E.19,140,165,183,203—204,207,210—211,213,215—217,224,256,270,324,364,374,379,382

and duality,~和对偶性298—306

and flop transitions in string theory,~和弦理论的翻转变换270,275—276,278—281

M-theory and, M理论和~309—312,319

productivity of,~的丰硕成果274

world-sheet,世界叶160,161—163,162

as protective barrier in spatial tears,作为空间破裂保护屏障的~279—280

wormholes,虫洞264—265,264

wound strings,缠绕弦,见wrapped strings wrapped strings,缠绕弦237,238,252

and dimensional expansion,~和维的展开359—360

energy of,~的能量239—247,244,245

and geometrical properties of wrapped di-mensions,~和卷缩维的几何性质237,239

mass of,~的质量238—239

unwrapped strings vs.,未缠绕弦与~238—239,238,249—250

X rays, X射线81,94

Z boson, Z玻色子174

参见weak gauge bosons

zero-branes,0-膜379

zinos, Z微子174

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